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Kipryian Kandratovich
Kipryian Antonovich Kandratovich (Belarusian: Кіпрыян Кандратовіч, Kipryjan Kandratovič, Lithuanian: Kiprijanas Kondratavičius), (April 29, 1859 – October 31, 1932) was an Imperial Russian corps commander and the appointed commander of the armed forces of the short-lived Belarusian Democratic Republic.
Born in what is now Belarus, he joined the military in 1875 and served in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). He graduated from the General Staff Academy in 1884. He participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion and protection of the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern China. At the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Kondratovich was tasked with the formation of the 9th East Siberian Brigade. He saw action in the Battle of Te-li-Ssu and Battle of Liaoyang, suffered a severe chest injury, and was promoted to lieutenant general. He served in Russian Turkestan and Caucasus Viceroyalty in 1907–1913. In December 1910, at the age of 51, he was promoted to general of the infantry becoming the youngest full general in the Russian Empire. In August 1913, Kandratovich was appointed commander of the 23rd Army Corps that participated in the Russian invasion of East Prussia and was nearly destroyed in the Battle of Tannenberg. After this defeat, Kandratovich was dismissed from the command and demoted to the reserve ranks. He inspected military units and briefly commanded the 75th Infantry Division in 1917.
In October 1918, Kandratovich worked to organize Belarusian military units that were approved by the Russian Provisional Government. He joined the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in April 1918 and became the Minister of the Interior in the government of Raman Skirmunt. After the German surrender in November 1918, Kandratovich worked on organizing military units to defend against the Soviet westward offensive. As the Red Army pushed forward, he evacuated to Vilnius where he briefly joined the Lithuanian government of Augustinas Voldemaras before retreating further to Hrodna in December 1918. In 1919–1920, he represented Belarus at the Paris Peace Conference. He lived a few years in Paris before retiring to his estate in Paharodna near Voranava where he died in 1932.
Kandratovich was born in the Lidsky Uyezd to a family of local nobles in 1859. According to a family legend, he was, in fact, an illegitimate son of Yuri from the princely Trubetskoy family. Kandratovich attended the Lida County Noble School. He joined the military service in May 1875 in the 105th Orenburg Infantry Regiment and enrolled into the Konstantinovsky Military School in St. Petersburg. He graduated in April 1878 and was sent to serve in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). In 1884, he graduated from the General Staff Academy as a captain. He wrote his thesis on the Siege of Plevna. He later contributed articles on military topics to Moskovskiye Vedomosti until 1900.
From November 1884 to April 1888, he served as an officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the Grenadier Corps when he was reassigned to the headquarters of the Moscow Military District. In 1893, he was promoted to colonel. In November 1897, he was reassigned as the Chief of Staff of the 2nd Grenadier Division. In 1900, he participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion and protection of the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern China and was promoted to major general for his actions. In February 1901, he became commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, but returned to China and served in the Kwantung Leased Territory and Viceroyalty of the Far East until January 1904.
At the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Kondratovich was tasked with the formation of the 9th East Siberian Brigade. The brigade was formed in February 1904 and became part of the 1st East Siberian Corps. In summer 1904, the 9th Brigade was replenished with new battalions and became the 9th East Siberian Division. The division suffered a defeat at the Battle of Te-li-Ssu. For his actions in the Battle of Liaoyang, Kondratovich was awarded the Order of Saint George (4th degree). He was also promoted to lieutenant general. In January 1905, he was severely wounded in the chest in the Battle of Sandepu.
He was the Chief of Staff of the 9th East Siberian Division from March 1905 to July 1906. He then briefly served in the General Staff of the Imperial Russian Army and commanded the 2nd Army Corps headquartered in Grodno, before returning to Asia. In January 1907, he became assistant to the Governor-General of Turkestan Alexander Samsonov and Chief of Staff of the Semirechye Cossacks Army. This was more of an administrative role, and Kandratovich dealt with suppression of the revolutionaries (remnants of the Russian Revolution of 1905) and a peasant revolt near Bishkek. In January 1910, he was reassigned as assistant to Governor-General of Tiflis Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov and commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps. In December 1910, he was promoted to general of the infantry, the highest military rank of the Russian Empire in peacetime. In 1913, when there were 177 full generals in the Russian Empire, Kandratovich (at the age of 54) was the youngest among them.
In August 1913, Kandratovich was appointed commander of the 23rd Army Corps. It was part of the 2nd Army which was commanded by his old boss Alexander Samsonov. During the Russian invasion of East Prussia, the 2nd Army was essentially destroyed in the Battle of Tannenberg and Kandratovich was dismissed from the command and demoted to the reserve ranks at the headquarters of the Minsk Military District on 30 August 1914. Between February and November 1915, he was dismissed from active military duty. After the Great Retreat, Kandratovich returned to active duty and for some time inspected troops and visited the trenches on behalf of the commander of the Western Front. For his diligent services, he was awarded the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky in June 1916. In May 1917, after the February Revolution, he was given the command of the 75th Infantry Division stationed in Belarus. According to the memoirs of general Vladimir Dzhunkovsky, in June–September 1917, Kandratovich was also an interim commander of the 3rd Siberian Army Corps stationed in Mir. These units were demoralized and soldiers were increasingly disobedient.
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Kipryian Kandratovich
Kipryian Antonovich Kandratovich (Belarusian: Кіпрыян Кандратовіч, Kipryjan Kandratovič, Lithuanian: Kiprijanas Kondratavičius), (April 29, 1859 – October 31, 1932) was an Imperial Russian corps commander and the appointed commander of the armed forces of the short-lived Belarusian Democratic Republic.
Born in what is now Belarus, he joined the military in 1875 and served in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). He graduated from the General Staff Academy in 1884. He participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion and protection of the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern China. At the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Kondratovich was tasked with the formation of the 9th East Siberian Brigade. He saw action in the Battle of Te-li-Ssu and Battle of Liaoyang, suffered a severe chest injury, and was promoted to lieutenant general. He served in Russian Turkestan and Caucasus Viceroyalty in 1907–1913. In December 1910, at the age of 51, he was promoted to general of the infantry becoming the youngest full general in the Russian Empire. In August 1913, Kandratovich was appointed commander of the 23rd Army Corps that participated in the Russian invasion of East Prussia and was nearly destroyed in the Battle of Tannenberg. After this defeat, Kandratovich was dismissed from the command and demoted to the reserve ranks. He inspected military units and briefly commanded the 75th Infantry Division in 1917.
In October 1918, Kandratovich worked to organize Belarusian military units that were approved by the Russian Provisional Government. He joined the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in April 1918 and became the Minister of the Interior in the government of Raman Skirmunt. After the German surrender in November 1918, Kandratovich worked on organizing military units to defend against the Soviet westward offensive. As the Red Army pushed forward, he evacuated to Vilnius where he briefly joined the Lithuanian government of Augustinas Voldemaras before retreating further to Hrodna in December 1918. In 1919–1920, he represented Belarus at the Paris Peace Conference. He lived a few years in Paris before retiring to his estate in Paharodna near Voranava where he died in 1932.
Kandratovich was born in the Lidsky Uyezd to a family of local nobles in 1859. According to a family legend, he was, in fact, an illegitimate son of Yuri from the princely Trubetskoy family. Kandratovich attended the Lida County Noble School. He joined the military service in May 1875 in the 105th Orenburg Infantry Regiment and enrolled into the Konstantinovsky Military School in St. Petersburg. He graduated in April 1878 and was sent to serve in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). In 1884, he graduated from the General Staff Academy as a captain. He wrote his thesis on the Siege of Plevna. He later contributed articles on military topics to Moskovskiye Vedomosti until 1900.
From November 1884 to April 1888, he served as an officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the Grenadier Corps when he was reassigned to the headquarters of the Moscow Military District. In 1893, he was promoted to colonel. In November 1897, he was reassigned as the Chief of Staff of the 2nd Grenadier Division. In 1900, he participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion and protection of the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern China and was promoted to major general for his actions. In February 1901, he became commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, but returned to China and served in the Kwantung Leased Territory and Viceroyalty of the Far East until January 1904.
At the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Kondratovich was tasked with the formation of the 9th East Siberian Brigade. The brigade was formed in February 1904 and became part of the 1st East Siberian Corps. In summer 1904, the 9th Brigade was replenished with new battalions and became the 9th East Siberian Division. The division suffered a defeat at the Battle of Te-li-Ssu. For his actions in the Battle of Liaoyang, Kondratovich was awarded the Order of Saint George (4th degree). He was also promoted to lieutenant general. In January 1905, he was severely wounded in the chest in the Battle of Sandepu.
He was the Chief of Staff of the 9th East Siberian Division from March 1905 to July 1906. He then briefly served in the General Staff of the Imperial Russian Army and commanded the 2nd Army Corps headquartered in Grodno, before returning to Asia. In January 1907, he became assistant to the Governor-General of Turkestan Alexander Samsonov and Chief of Staff of the Semirechye Cossacks Army. This was more of an administrative role, and Kandratovich dealt with suppression of the revolutionaries (remnants of the Russian Revolution of 1905) and a peasant revolt near Bishkek. In January 1910, he was reassigned as assistant to Governor-General of Tiflis Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov and commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps. In December 1910, he was promoted to general of the infantry, the highest military rank of the Russian Empire in peacetime. In 1913, when there were 177 full generals in the Russian Empire, Kandratovich (at the age of 54) was the youngest among them.
In August 1913, Kandratovich was appointed commander of the 23rd Army Corps. It was part of the 2nd Army which was commanded by his old boss Alexander Samsonov. During the Russian invasion of East Prussia, the 2nd Army was essentially destroyed in the Battle of Tannenberg and Kandratovich was dismissed from the command and demoted to the reserve ranks at the headquarters of the Minsk Military District on 30 August 1914. Between February and November 1915, he was dismissed from active military duty. After the Great Retreat, Kandratovich returned to active duty and for some time inspected troops and visited the trenches on behalf of the commander of the Western Front. For his diligent services, he was awarded the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky in June 1916. In May 1917, after the February Revolution, he was given the command of the 75th Infantry Division stationed in Belarus. According to the memoirs of general Vladimir Dzhunkovsky, in June–September 1917, Kandratovich was also an interim commander of the 3rd Siberian Army Corps stationed in Mir. These units were demoralized and soldiers were increasingly disobedient.
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