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Culture of Lebanon
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Culture of Lebanon
The culture of Lebanon and the Lebanese people emerged from Phoenicia and through various civilizations over thousands of years. It was home to the Phoenicians and was subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Persians, the Arabs, the Crusaders, the Ottomans and the French. This variety is reflected in Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different religious groups, and features in the country's festivals, literature, artifacts, cuisine and architecture.
The Maronites and the Druzes founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifite. Despite the religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese, they "share an almost common culture". Article 11 of the Constitution of Lebanon states: "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The spoken Lebanese Arabic dialect used in public mixes Arabic with French. Cuisine and literature are deep-rooted "in wider Mediterranean and Levantine norms".
The hilly Mediterranean geography of Lebanon has played a role in shaping the history of Lebanon and its culture. Archaeology of Lebanon is conducted to explore the region's past.
By the turn of the 20th century, Beirut was vying with Cairo to be the major centre for Near Eastern and Middle Eastern thought, with many newspapers, magazines and literary societies. Additionally, Beirut became a thriving epicenter of Armenian culture with varied productions that was exported to the Armenian diaspora.
Daoud Corm (1852-1930), Habib Serour (1860-1938) and Khalil Saleeby (1870-1928) are considered the first successful professional studio artists in Lebanon, with careers extending to Europe. All were trained outside Lebanon, with Corm and Serour attending Roman academies and Saleeby British and American ones. They were known for portraiture of Lebanese high society and men of religion, as well as Christian sacred art in the case of Corm and Serour.
Mustafa Farroukh (1901-1957) was one of Lebanon's most important painters between the 1920s and the 1950s. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.
Jean Khalife (1923-1978) was one of Lebanon's most important painters as of the early 60s. Formally trained in Lebanon in the "Academie Libanaise Des Beaux Arts" (ALBA) under the two masters "Cesar Gemayel" and "Ferdinando Manetti". Following his gifted skills and remarkable style he received two scholarships to Paris and Rome where he was influenced by the western art however without loosing his oriental roots. He exhibited in these two capitals and received clear admiration due to his oriental spirit shown is his choice of strong and warm colors. He rapidly became a teacher in his home university (ALBA) and between 1967 and 1971 he chaired the Lebanese Artists Association for Painters and Sculptors (LAAPS) and achieved the LAAPS affiliation to the UNESCO International Foundation for Fine Arts. Jean Khalife played a key role in the Lebanese and Middle East cultural and artistic field noting that he participated in Group exhibitions and Biennales as well as Solo exhibitions mainly in Lebanon, France, England, Japan, Egypt, Syria, Italy, Brazil... and his masterpieces are spread worldwide.
Farid Mansour (1929-2010) was a Lebanese multi-talented painter and sculptor . Being trained in Italy and England, Mansour mastered several painting and sculpting techniques. His works were exhibited in London, Paris, New York as well as Lebanon and Syria.
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Culture of Lebanon
The culture of Lebanon and the Lebanese people emerged from Phoenicia and through various civilizations over thousands of years. It was home to the Phoenicians and was subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Persians, the Arabs, the Crusaders, the Ottomans and the French. This variety is reflected in Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different religious groups, and features in the country's festivals, literature, artifacts, cuisine and architecture.
The Maronites and the Druzes founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifite. Despite the religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese, they "share an almost common culture". Article 11 of the Constitution of Lebanon states: "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The spoken Lebanese Arabic dialect used in public mixes Arabic with French. Cuisine and literature are deep-rooted "in wider Mediterranean and Levantine norms".
The hilly Mediterranean geography of Lebanon has played a role in shaping the history of Lebanon and its culture. Archaeology of Lebanon is conducted to explore the region's past.
By the turn of the 20th century, Beirut was vying with Cairo to be the major centre for Near Eastern and Middle Eastern thought, with many newspapers, magazines and literary societies. Additionally, Beirut became a thriving epicenter of Armenian culture with varied productions that was exported to the Armenian diaspora.
Daoud Corm (1852-1930), Habib Serour (1860-1938) and Khalil Saleeby (1870-1928) are considered the first successful professional studio artists in Lebanon, with careers extending to Europe. All were trained outside Lebanon, with Corm and Serour attending Roman academies and Saleeby British and American ones. They were known for portraiture of Lebanese high society and men of religion, as well as Christian sacred art in the case of Corm and Serour.
Mustafa Farroukh (1901-1957) was one of Lebanon's most important painters between the 1920s and the 1950s. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.
Jean Khalife (1923-1978) was one of Lebanon's most important painters as of the early 60s. Formally trained in Lebanon in the "Academie Libanaise Des Beaux Arts" (ALBA) under the two masters "Cesar Gemayel" and "Ferdinando Manetti". Following his gifted skills and remarkable style he received two scholarships to Paris and Rome where he was influenced by the western art however without loosing his oriental roots. He exhibited in these two capitals and received clear admiration due to his oriental spirit shown is his choice of strong and warm colors. He rapidly became a teacher in his home university (ALBA) and between 1967 and 1971 he chaired the Lebanese Artists Association for Painters and Sculptors (LAAPS) and achieved the LAAPS affiliation to the UNESCO International Foundation for Fine Arts. Jean Khalife played a key role in the Lebanese and Middle East cultural and artistic field noting that he participated in Group exhibitions and Biennales as well as Solo exhibitions mainly in Lebanon, France, England, Japan, Egypt, Syria, Italy, Brazil... and his masterpieces are spread worldwide.
Farid Mansour (1929-2010) was a Lebanese multi-talented painter and sculptor . Being trained in Italy and England, Mansour mastered several painting and sculpting techniques. His works were exhibited in London, Paris, New York as well as Lebanon and Syria.
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