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Liberal Party (Mexico)
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Liberal Party (Mexico)
The Liberal Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal, PL) was a loosely organised political party in Mexico from 1822 to 1911. Strongly influenced by French Revolutionary thought, and the republican institutions of the United States, it championed the principles of 19th-century liberalism, and promoted republicanism, federalism, and anti-clericalism. They were opposed by, and fought several civil wars against, the Conservative Party.
The federalist Constitution of 1824 represented a triumph for liberal thought. During the First Mexican Republic era, the party's chief ideologists were Lorenzo de Zavala and José María Luis Mora. When President Valentín Gómez Farías sought to pursue an anti-clerical campaign in 1833, among other liberal reforms, his government was overthrown, and the triumphant conservatives replaced the constitution with the Siete Leyes inaugurating a decade of the Centralist Republic of Mexico.
By the time the federalist constitution was restored during the Mexican–American War, a new generation of liberals had grown to public prominence. After a constitutional convention was inaugurated in 1856, men such as Melchor Ocampo, Benito Juárez, Ignacio Ramírez, and Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, pursued unprecedented liberal reforms, including a continuation of the anti-clerical measures which were first attempted in 1833. These measures would be known as La Reforma and ultimately be codified in the Constitution of 1857. The War of Reform with conservatives ensued and the conflict blended into the Second French intervention in Mexico and the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire. Still, it ended with a decisive liberal triumph in 1867.
Porfirio Díaz, who became president in this era, had been a noted partisan of the liberals during the era of La Reforma, and even as he became in practice a dictator for life, his administration, and his intellectual supporters the Cientificos, continued to view themselves as the progressive heirs of La Reforma. The Constitution of 1857 would remain in effect until the Mexican Revolution.
The Liberals supported organizing the nation as a federation where each state contained an element of sovereignty shared with the federal government. The liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, promulgated during the last years of colonial rule, divided New Spain into provincial deputations with popularly elected assemblies. Federalism can trace itself back to these provincial deputations or committees which fostered a spirit of provincialism and formed local political oligarchies reluctant to relinquish their newfound influence. Jalisco, the states of the North, and Yucatán were already beginning to form their own prominent local identities during colonial times. The Mexican provinces of Central America broke away on their own during the fall of the First Mexican Empire.
A de facto state of federalism already existed during the Supreme Executive Power, tasked with drafting the first constitution for independent Mexico. The arguments for integrating federation into the new constitution prevailed, motivated by the long struggle during the war of independence to seek as much autonomy as possible, and also an eagerness to reap the salaries that would accompany local bureaucracies.
Federalism would end for the moment in 1836, when the Conservatives promulgated the Siete Leyes, which replaced the states with departments controlled from Mexico City. In response, many states revolted against such an arrangement which led to the secession of Texas and eventually Yucatan. Revolts to secede or to restore the Liberal system of federalism would continue to agitate the Conservative Centralist Republic of Mexico to its very end, and the Constitution of 1824 would be restored in 1846 after the outbreak of the Mexican–American War.
The Plan of Ayutla overthrew the dictatorship of Santa Anna and brought a Liberal government to power in 1853. A motion to once again restore the Constitution of 1824 failed by one vote, and work once again began on drafting a new constitution. The subsequent Constitution of 1857 would once again be federalist, and would remain in effect until the Mexican Revolution in the early twentieth century.
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Liberal Party (Mexico)
The Liberal Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal, PL) was a loosely organised political party in Mexico from 1822 to 1911. Strongly influenced by French Revolutionary thought, and the republican institutions of the United States, it championed the principles of 19th-century liberalism, and promoted republicanism, federalism, and anti-clericalism. They were opposed by, and fought several civil wars against, the Conservative Party.
The federalist Constitution of 1824 represented a triumph for liberal thought. During the First Mexican Republic era, the party's chief ideologists were Lorenzo de Zavala and José María Luis Mora. When President Valentín Gómez Farías sought to pursue an anti-clerical campaign in 1833, among other liberal reforms, his government was overthrown, and the triumphant conservatives replaced the constitution with the Siete Leyes inaugurating a decade of the Centralist Republic of Mexico.
By the time the federalist constitution was restored during the Mexican–American War, a new generation of liberals had grown to public prominence. After a constitutional convention was inaugurated in 1856, men such as Melchor Ocampo, Benito Juárez, Ignacio Ramírez, and Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, pursued unprecedented liberal reforms, including a continuation of the anti-clerical measures which were first attempted in 1833. These measures would be known as La Reforma and ultimately be codified in the Constitution of 1857. The War of Reform with conservatives ensued and the conflict blended into the Second French intervention in Mexico and the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire. Still, it ended with a decisive liberal triumph in 1867.
Porfirio Díaz, who became president in this era, had been a noted partisan of the liberals during the era of La Reforma, and even as he became in practice a dictator for life, his administration, and his intellectual supporters the Cientificos, continued to view themselves as the progressive heirs of La Reforma. The Constitution of 1857 would remain in effect until the Mexican Revolution.
The Liberals supported organizing the nation as a federation where each state contained an element of sovereignty shared with the federal government. The liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, promulgated during the last years of colonial rule, divided New Spain into provincial deputations with popularly elected assemblies. Federalism can trace itself back to these provincial deputations or committees which fostered a spirit of provincialism and formed local political oligarchies reluctant to relinquish their newfound influence. Jalisco, the states of the North, and Yucatán were already beginning to form their own prominent local identities during colonial times. The Mexican provinces of Central America broke away on their own during the fall of the First Mexican Empire.
A de facto state of federalism already existed during the Supreme Executive Power, tasked with drafting the first constitution for independent Mexico. The arguments for integrating federation into the new constitution prevailed, motivated by the long struggle during the war of independence to seek as much autonomy as possible, and also an eagerness to reap the salaries that would accompany local bureaucracies.
Federalism would end for the moment in 1836, when the Conservatives promulgated the Siete Leyes, which replaced the states with departments controlled from Mexico City. In response, many states revolted against such an arrangement which led to the secession of Texas and eventually Yucatan. Revolts to secede or to restore the Liberal system of federalism would continue to agitate the Conservative Centralist Republic of Mexico to its very end, and the Constitution of 1824 would be restored in 1846 after the outbreak of the Mexican–American War.
The Plan of Ayutla overthrew the dictatorship of Santa Anna and brought a Liberal government to power in 1853. A motion to once again restore the Constitution of 1824 failed by one vote, and work once again began on drafting a new constitution. The subsequent Constitution of 1857 would once again be federalist, and would remain in effect until the Mexican Revolution in the early twentieth century.