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In the Catholic Church, a member of the clergy who is created a cardinal is assigned a titular church in Rome, Italy. These are Catholic churches in the city, within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Rome, that serve as honorary designations signifying the relationship between cardinals and the pope, the bishop of Rome.[1][2] According to the Code of Canon Law, a cardinal may assist his titular church through counsel or patronage, although "he has no power of governance over it, and he should not for any reason interfere in matters concerning the administration of its good, or its discipline, or the service of the church".[3]
There are two ranks of titular churches: titles and deaconries. A title (Latin: titulus) is a titular church that is assigned to a cardinal priest, whereas a deaconry (Latin: diaconia) is normally assigned to a cardinal deacon.[a][3] A cardinal may request that he be transferred to another titular church in a consistory; in addition, when a cardinal deacon opts to become a cardinal priest (usually after ten years), he may request either that his deaconry be elevated pro hac vice ('for this occasion') to a title or that he be transferred from his deaconry to a vacant title.[2][3] Occasionally, a titular church may be retained in commendam ('in trust') by a cardinal who has been transferred to another titular church or a suburbicarian diocese.[2][5]
If a cardinal priest or a cardinal deacon is later made a cardinal bishop, he may be transferred from his deaconry or titular church and assigned the title of a suburbicarian diocese in the vicinity of Rome.[b] The only cardinals who are assigned neither a titular church nor the title of a suburbicarian diocese are patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches: their respective patriarchates are considered to be their titles.[3][8][c]
As of 4 November 2025,[update] there are 255 extant titular churches, 184 of which are titles and 71 of which are deaconries, and 7 suburbicarian dioceses. Currently, 18 titular churches (11 titles and 7 deaconries) are vacant. The tables below also indicate the 58 titular churches (45 titles and 13 deaconries) that are designated as basilicas.
Titles
[edit]As of 4 November 2025,[update] there are 184 titles, eleven of which are vacant.
† Vacant
Deaconries
[edit]As of 30 June 2025,[update] there are 71 deaconries, seven of which are vacant.
† Vacant
Suburbicarian dioceses
[edit]As many as six cardinal bishops may be assigned titles not to a titular church or deaconry but instead to suffragan dioceses known as suburbicarian dioceses. These are dioceses located within the ecclesiastical province of the Diocese of Rome. Suburbicarian dioceses are not titular churches, but serve a similar function as honorary assignments that signify the cardinals' relationship with the pope.[259]
Since 1914, the title of a seventh suburbicarian diocese, that of Ostia, has been assigned ex officio to the dean of the College of Cardinals, in addition to that of his first suburbicarian diocese.[3][260]
† Vacant
| Suburbicarian diocese | Cardinal | Since | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albano | Luis Antonio Tagle | 24 May 2025 | [261] |
| Frascati | Tarcisio Bertone | 10 May 2008 | [262][263] |
| Ostia | Giovanni Battista Re | 18 January 2020 | [264][265] |
| Palestrina | José Saraiva Martins | 24 February 2009 | [250][266] |
| Porto–Santa Rufina | Beniamino Stella | 1 May 2020 | [267][268] |
| Sabina–Poggio Mirteto | Giovanni Battista Re | 1 October 2002 | [264][269] |
| Velletri–Segni | Francis Arinze | 25 April 2005 | [270][271] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The body of all cardinals, collectively known as the College of Cardinals, is divided into three orders: cardinal bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons, with precedence in that sequence.[3][4]
- ^ On occasion, cardinal priests or cardinal deacons may be "co-opted" as cardinal bishops without being transferred from their titular churches or deaconries. This first occurred on 28 June 2018, with no change to the status of three titular churches and one deaconry when their assigned cardinals being made cardinal bishops.[6] On 1 May 2020, one titular church was unchanged in similar circumstances.[7]
- ^ As of 28 March 2022,[update] two Eastern Catholic patriarchs are cardinals: Béchara Boutros Raï[9] and Louis Raphaël I Sako.[10]
- ^ a b c Of suburbicarian rank pro hac vice since 28 June 2018
- ^ Created a cardinal on 21 February 1998; transferred from the deaconry of Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola
- ^ Created a cardinal on 25 May 1985; transferred from the deaconry of Sant'Eugenio
- ^ Originally created a cardinal in pectore on 21 February 1998
- ^ a b c d e f g Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 3 May 2021
- ^ a b c Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 1 July 2024
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 4 March 2022
- ^ Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 19 May 2018
- ^ a b c d Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 19 May 2018
- ^ Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 20 May 2006
- ^ Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 12 June 2014
- ^ Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 20 June 2016
- ^ Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 21 February 2011
- ^ Elevated pro hac vice to a title on 24 February 2009
References
[edit]- ^ Cossio, Aluigi (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b c Witte, Arnold (2019). "Cardinals and Their Titular Churches". A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal. Brill. pp. 333–350. doi:10.1163/9789004415447_023. ISBN 9789004415447. S2CID 213779632.
- ^ a b c d e f "The College of Cardinals General Documentazion". Holy See Press Office. 17 February 2014. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Ott, Michael (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ "Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi: Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis by which he has decided to co-opt into the Order of Bishops, equating them in all respects with the Cardinals holding the title of a suburbicarian Church, Cardinals Parolin, Sandri, Ouellet and Filoni". Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle" [Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi: Rescript of the Holy Father Francis, by which he decides to co-opt into the Order of Bishops His Eminence Cardinal Luis Antonio G. Tagle, equating him in all respects to the Cardinals who have been awarded the title of a suburbicarian Church]. Sala Stampa della Santa Sede (in Italian). 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). "Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium". The Holy See (Motu proprio) (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "Titles and Deaconry of the new Cardinals". The Holy See. Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Assignment of Titles to the new Cardinals". Holy See Press Office. 28 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "Ruini Card. Camillo". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f "Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali" [Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals]. The Holy See (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
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- ^ "Antonelli Card. Ennio". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali" [Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals]. The Holy See (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 14 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Montenegro Card. Francesco". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Ordinary Public Consistory: Assignment of Titles". Holy See Press Office. 5 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Tamkevičius Card. Sigitas, S.I." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Assignation of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals, 30.09.2023" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 30 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Ordinary Public Consistory: Assignment of Titles". Holy See Press Office. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Zerbo Card. Jean". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali" [Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals]. The Holy See (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "UPDATE - Cardinalul Lucian Mureşan, Arhiepiscop Major al Bisericii Greco-Catolice, a încetat din viaţă la vârsta de 94 de ani / Mesajele preşedintelui Nicuşor Dan şi premierului Ilie Bolojan". News.ro (in Romanian). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
- ^ "Zubeir Wako Card. Gabriel". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Ferenc pápa új címtemplomot jelölt ki Erdő Péter bíboros számára" [Pope Francis designated a new church for Cardinal Péter Erdő]. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
- ^ "Cupich Card. Blase J." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "A los 99 años falleció el cardenal Estanislao Karlic". AICA (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 August 2025.
- ^ "Okogie Card. Anthony Olubunmi". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Alencherry Card. George". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Coutts Card. Joseph". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "Costa Card. Paulo Ceza". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- ^ "Eijk Card. Willem Jacobus". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Pope John Paul II (21 February 2001). "Concistoro Ordinario Pubblico per la creazione dei nuovi Cardinali" [Ordinary Public Consistory for the creation of new Cardinals]. The Holy See (Homily) (in Italian). Libreria Editrica Vaticana. Assegnazione dei Titoli o delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Cipriani Thorne Card. Juan Luis". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali" [Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals]. The Holy See (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Bassetti Card. Gualtiero". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Puljić Card. Vinko". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Miglio Card. Arrigo". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali" [Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals]. The Holy See (in Italian). Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Marx Card. Reinhard". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Yeom Soo-jung Card. Andrew". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Omella Card. Juan José". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "da Rocha Card. Sérgio". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals, 07.12.2024" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 7 December 2024. Archived from the original on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ^ "Darmaatmadja Card. Julius Riyadi, S.I." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Menichelli Card. Edoardo". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Lutto per la Chiesa, è morto il cardinale Edoardo Menichelli". Il Resto del Carlino. 20 October 2025. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ "Scola Card. Angelo". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Jiménez Carvajal Card. Jorge Enrique, C.I.M." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- ^ "Zuppi Card. Matteo Maria". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ "Kutwa Card. Jean-Pierre". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "DiNardo Card. Daniel Nicholas". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Aguiar Retes Card. Carlos". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Tagle Card. Luis Antonio Gokim". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Rivera Carrera Card. Norberto". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Napier Card. Wilfrid Fox, O.F.M." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "McElroy Card. Robert Walter". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- ^ "Ambongo Besungu Card. Fridolin, O.F.M. Cap". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ "Langa Card. Júlio Duarte". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Sturla Berhouet Card. Daniel Fernando, S.D.B." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Salazar Gómez Card. Rubén". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Schönborn Card. Christoph, O.P." Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Langlois Card. Chibly". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Brenes Solórzano Card. Leopoldo José". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Porco Ticona Card. Toribio". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titular churches.
- GCatholic.org, Suburbicarian Sees, Cardinal Titles, Cardinal Deaconries
- Catholic-Hierarchy, Cardinal Titular Titles
- The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Suburbicarian Sees, Titles, Deaconries
- Diocesi di Roma, Enti
List of titular churches
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Overview
Definition and Purpose
Titular churches, also known as titular sees or titles, are honorary designations of specific churches or dioceses in Rome or its immediate suburbs assigned to members of the College of Cardinals by the Roman Pontiff, as outlined in Canon 350 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.[5] These assignments carry no jurisdictional authority or governance responsibilities for the cardinals, who instead provide counsel and patronage to support the spiritual welfare of the assigned church or diocese.[5] The primary purpose of titular churches is to symbolize the cardinal's spiritual and collegial bond with the Pope, who holds the title of Bishop of Rome, thereby integrating the cardinal into the local ecclesiastical structure of the Diocese of Rome despite their often distant pastoral roles elsewhere.[6] This honorary link underscores the cardinals' role as principal advisors to the Pope and participants in the governance of the universal Church, while also honoring the ancient Christian communities of Rome.[7] Assignments are differentiated by the cardinal's rank within the three orders of the College: cardinal priests receive titles (tituli) of parish churches in Rome, cardinal deacons are assigned deaconries (diaconiae) tied to ancient Roman stations for charitable works, and cardinal bishops hold suburbicarian sees—the seven dioceses surrounding Rome—along with Eastern patriarchs retaining their own patriarchal sees as titles.[5] Per the norms, these titles are limited to churches or sees within Rome's boundaries, with only one cardinal assigned per titular entity to maintain the symbolic exclusivity of the connection.[5]Current Numbers and Status
As of November 2025, the Catholic Church maintains 184 titular churches assigned to cardinal priests, 71 titular deaconries for cardinal deacons, and 7 suburbicarian dioceses for cardinal bishops, resulting in a total of 262 titular sees.[8][9][10] Among these, there are currently 18 vacancies distributed across the titular churches and deaconries, while the suburbicarian see of Ostia is automatically assigned to the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who holds it in addition to another suburbicarian diocese.[11] The distribution includes 45 basilicas designated among the titular churches, which hold special liturgical and historical significance within the Roman presbytery.[8] Additionally, titular deaconries may be elevated pro hac vice to the status of titular churches to accommodate the seniority progression of cardinal deacons, allowing them to assume the rank of cardinal priests without altering the formal structure of the sees.[5] Vacancies in titular sees are filled through new assignments made by the pope during ordinary public consistories for the creation of cardinals, ensuring that each new cardinal receives a specific title or deaconry.[12] Transfers between sees are permitted by choice made in consistory and with the approval of the Supreme Pontiff. Cardinal deacons may transfer to another deaconry after one year from their promotion to the cardinalate. Those with at least 10 years in the diaconal order may be promoted to the presbyteral order and assigned a title from a church in Rome.[5] This process maintains the stability and symbolic connection of cardinals to the Diocese of Rome.Historical Development
Origins in Early Church
The practice of titular churches, known as tituli in Latin, emerged in the Roman Church during the 4th and 5th centuries as designated presbyteral titles assigned to priests responsible for overseeing local parishes and Christian communities in Rome. These tituli originated from earlier domus ecclesiae (house churches) used clandestinely during periods of persecution, providing essential support to the Bishop of Rome by maintaining worship, sacraments, and community organization even when episcopal leadership was disrupted. By the late 5th century, approximately 25 such tituli were documented, forming the basis for the administrative subdivision of the city into ecclesiastical districts under priestly supervision.[1] Prominent early examples include the Titulus Clementis, now the Basilica di San Clemente, established in the 4th century and associated with Saint Clement I, and the Titulus Pudentianae, known today as Santa Pudenziana, linked to early Christian patrons. These ancient tituli played a crucial role in sustaining the faith community amid Roman persecutions, serving as stable bases for presbyters to distribute alms, conduct baptisms, and preserve liturgical traditions, thereby aiding the Bishop of Rome's oversight. The presbyters of these titles, termed presbyteri cardinales, began forming the nascent College of Cardinals around this period, with Pope Marcellus I (308–309) credited with organizing the tituli into structured parishes to enhance episcopal authority.[1][13][14] By the 6th century, the tituli evolved from primarily functional parish oversight to increasingly honorary designations, as the growing papal administration formalized the cardinal-priests' roles in synodal decisions and judicial matters, exemplified at the Council of 499 under Pope Symmachus. Concurrently, deaconries (diaconiae) developed as specialized institutions tied to charitable works, such as food distribution inspired by Byzantine practices like the frumentatio, with seven regional deacons initially managing aid for the poor. Under Pope Gregory the Great (590–604), these deaconries expanded to support 18 stations, strengthening the cardinal-deacons' position within the emerging College.[13][1] The Byzantine and Carolingian periods further solidified these ties to the cardinalate, as Eastern influences on liturgy and administration integrated with Western reforms; during the 8th century, under Lombard pressures and Byzantine oversight, Pope Adrian I (772–795) fixed the number of diaconies at 18, embedding them firmly in the cardinal structure for ongoing charitable and electoral functions. This formalization marked a transition where tituli and diaconiae not only symbolized but also practically bolstered the Bishop of Rome's authority amid political upheavals.[1][13]Reforms and Modern Evolution
The system of titular churches underwent significant consolidation during the medieval period, particularly in the 12th century, when the number of cardinal priests was limited to the 28 ancient tituli in Rome, reflecting the stabilization of the College of Cardinals around existing ecclesiastical structures.[13] This limit on sees helped maintain order amid the growing influence of the cardinalate, tying assignments directly to the historical parishes of the city.[13] A key standardization occurred in 1586 when Pope Sixtus V issued the apostolic constitution Postquam verus, fixing the total number of cardinals at 70, comprising 6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests assigned to titular churches (titles), and 14 cardinal deacons assigned to deaconries.[15] This decree aimed to curb the proliferation of appointments and ensure the College's functionality, with the numbers of titles and deaconries directly corresponding to these allocations.[15] In the 20th century, Pope Paul VI introduced reforms to adapt the system to modern needs, including the 1965 motu proprio Ad purpuratorum patrum collegium, which expanded the College's composition to include Eastern patriarchs as cardinal bishops without suburbicarian sees, enhancing ecumenical ties. Additionally, longstanding provisions allowed cardinal deacons, after 10 years in their order, to opt for elevation to cardinal priests with a titular church, a practice reaffirmed under Paul VI to provide career progression within the College.[16] The 1917 Code of Canon Law formalized the structure of the College of Cardinals, dividing it into episcopal, presbyteral, and diaconal orders with assignments to suburbicarian sees, titles, and deaconries, emphasizing the cardinals' role in supporting the Roman Pontiff.[17] The 1983 Code of Canon Law, in Canon 350, further clarified these divisions, stipulating that cardinal bishops are limited to the 6 senior members assigned to suburbicarian dioceses plus the Bishop of Ostia (held by the Dean), while priests and deacons receive Roman titles or deaconries, with provisions for exceptions if needed.[5] Pope John Paul II continued these evolutions by increasing the number of cardinals in consistories of 1988 and 1998, exceeding prior limits on electors and necessitating the creation of additional titular churches and deaconries to accommodate the expanded College.[18] Following the Second Vatican Council, the system gained flexibility to support a more international College, allowing assignments of non-residential titular churches to cardinals worldwide and, in cases of scarcity, permitting the Pope to designate churches outside Rome as titles or deaconries under Canon 350 §2.[5] This adaptation has enabled the integration of diverse global figures without altering the core Roman-centric tradition.[5]Categories of Titular Sees
Titular Churches for Cardinal Priests
Titular churches for cardinal priests, known as tituli, are primarily ancient parish churches located in central Rome that trace their origins to the early Christian communities, serving as historic sites of worship and often designated as basilicas due to their architectural and liturgical significance. These churches evolved from the original tituli—private homes or buildings donated for Christian use in the first centuries—subdividing Rome into districts for pastoral care, and they represent the enduring link between the College of Cardinals and the Roman clergy. Many such titular churches hold basilica status, either major (like those with papal privileges) or minor, emphasizing their role in preserving the city's sacred patrimony without involving active administrative duties for the assigned cardinal.[14][19] The selection criteria for these churches prioritize historic and symbolic value, drawing from a pool of over 900 Roman churches while excluding those serving as active parishes with resident pastors to prevent any interference in ongoing pastoral governance. This process ensures that assignments signify the cardinal's incorporation into the priestly order of the Roman Church, reflecting a tradition where cardinals act as honorary priests tied to Rome's spiritual heritage. The Pope designates these titles during a consistory, after which the cardinal takes formal possession, often through a ceremonial visit coordinated with the church's local staff. As of November 2025, there are approximately 211 such presbyteral titles (with 200 assigned and 11 vacant).[10][19][3][11] Symbolically, these churches underscore the cardinal priest's liturgical responsibilities, where the cardinal may celebrate the titular feast day annually, offer Mass, hear confessions, or lead pilgrimages, fostering a connection to Rome's pastoral solicitude without granting jurisdictional authority. Unlike titular deaconries assigned to cardinal deacons, which emphasize charitable and diaconal service at smaller stations, titular churches for priests are typically larger and more prominent structures oriented toward priestly liturgical functions, highlighting the distinct orders within the cardinalate.[19][7][10]Titular Deaconries for Cardinal Deacons
Titular deaconries trace their origins to the diaconiae established in Rome during the 7th century, which served as charitable stations for the distribution of alms to the poor under the oversight of deacons assisting the pope.[1] These institutions evolved from the early Christian practice of deacons managing the church's social services, particularly in the seven regions of Rome, where they coordinated aid and supported papal liturgical functions.[20] Over time, as the role of deacons shifted from active administration to honorary status, the diaconiae became symbolic titles, often associated with smaller chapels, oratories, or ancient sites in Rome that no longer function as primary charitable centers.[21] In the modern Catholic Church, cardinal deacons are assigned one of 71 designated titular deaconries, selected from sites that are not actively used for ongoing diaconal services, such as the seven regional deaconries that continue to support charitable works.[10] This assignment occurs upon a cleric's elevation to the cardinalate, typically honoring those serving in the Roman Curia or distinguished for their theological contributions. The process ensures that the titular deaconry reflects the diaconal tradition of service while maintaining the cardinal's connection to the Roman clergy without imposing pastoral governance.[20] The role of a titular deaconry underscores the cardinal deacon's place in the diaconal order within the College of Cardinals, emphasizing humility and service as foundational to the church's mission, in line with the biblical model of deacons as ministers to the needy.[22] Cardinals deacons may use their assigned deaconry as a base during visits to Rome, fostering a symbolic link to the city's ecclesiastical heritage and the ongoing tradition of charitable outreach, though the title carries no jurisdictional authority over the site.[20] This honorary function distinguishes cardinal deacons from higher ranks, highlighting their advisory and administrative contributions to the Holy See. A key provision in canon law allows for pro hac vice elevations, whereby after ten years as a cardinal deacon, the individual may request promotion to the order of cardinal priests, with their existing deaconry temporarily raised to the status of a presbyteral title without requiring a change in assignment. This optatio preserves continuity in the cardinal's titular affiliation while adapting to their evolving role in the college, ensuring flexibility in the hierarchical structure without altering the fundamental service-oriented nature of the deaconry.[10]Suburbicarian Dioceses for Cardinal Bishops
The suburbicarian dioceses, also known as the sees of the Roman province, consist of seven ancient ecclesiastical territories located in the vicinity of Rome, namely Ostia, Albano, Frascati (formerly Tusculum), Palestrina (Praeneste), Porto-Santa Rufina, Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, and Velletri-Segni.[23] These dioceses are reserved exclusively for cardinal bishops, the highest order within the College of Cardinals, and serve as titular sees that confer episcopal rank without requiring residential governance.[5] Established as real suburban bishoprics as early as the fourth and fifth centuries, they originally functioned as active dioceses under the metropolitan authority of Rome, with their bishops playing key roles in papal elections and consecrations.[24] The primary purpose of these assignments is honorary and symbolic, emphasizing the cardinals' proximity to the Holy See and their role in the universal Church's governance, while the actual pastoral administration of the territories remains with local ordinaries who are not cardinals.[23] Cardinal bishops holding these titles are obligated to promote the welfare of the attached dioceses through counsel, assistance, and occasional visits, but they exercise no direct authority over diocesan management or parishes.[5] This arrangement evolved from the early Church's practice of designating suburban sees to support the Bishop of Rome, transitioning over centuries into a prestigious mark of seniority that underscores the cardinal bishops' advisory and liturgical duties within the Roman Curia.[24] Assignments to these sees are strictly limited to the six most senior cardinal bishops of the Latin Church, with the Diocese of Ostia held ex officio by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who retains it in addition to another suburbicarian title.[23] The Pope may reassign these titles upon the death or resignation of a holder, ensuring rotational filling among eligible seniors to maintain continuity and precedence, with no permanent vacancies as the positions are promptly allocated based on established seniority rules.[5] Unlike the more localized urban titular churches or deaconries assigned to lower orders of cardinals, the suburbicarian dioceses encompass broader territorial jurisdictions historically tied to the Roman province, reinforcing the cardinal bishops' elevated status in matters of ecclesiastical hierarchy and papal succession.[24]Current Assignments
List of Assigned Titular Churches
The assigned titular churches for cardinal priests number 184 as of November 13, 2025, comprising a diverse array of Roman parishes, ancient basilicas, and modern structures that symbolize the cardinals' connection to the Diocese of Rome. Among these, 45 hold basilica status, conferring additional liturgical privileges and historical significance. The following table presents a representative alphabetical selection of these assignments, formatted with the church name in Latin or Italian, the current cardinal holder, the date of assignment, and relevant notes; the full catalog can be consulted via official Vatican records and Catholic directories. Recent assignments include the titular church of Santa Maria delle Grazie a Casal Boccone to Cardinal Carlos Gustavo Castillo Mattasoglio on December 7, 2024, during a consistory that elevated 21 new cardinals.[8][10]| Church Name | Cardinal | Date Assigned | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gesù Divin Lavoratore di Torre Angela | Christoph Schönborn, O.P. | 1998-02-21 | Parish church in eastern Rome |
| Gesù Divin Maestro alla Pineta Sacchetti | Roberto Repole | 2023-09-30 | Modern title created in 1969; assigned post-synod |
| Gran Madre di Dio | Angelo Bagnasco | 2007-11-24 | Basilica; minor basilica status since 1988 |
| Santa Maria delle Grazie a Casal Boccone | Carlos Gustavo Castillo Mattasoglio | 2024-12-07 | Assigned to Lima archbishop; modern suburban church |
List of Assigned Titular Deaconries
The assigned titular deaconries represent the lowest rank of cardinalatial titles, traditionally linked to ancient Roman diaconiae serving the poor and now assigned to cardinal deacons, often curial officials or distinguished theologians. As of November 2025, 33 of the 71 titular deaconries are occupied, reflecting recent consistories and transfers under Pope Francis, including seven elevations in 2024–2025 that filled key vacancies. These assignments follow the norms outlined in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis, with deaconries typically granted at the time of a cardinal's creation unless transferred later.[9] The list below is organized alphabetically by deaconry name. Establishment dates for many deaconries trace to the early Christian era (4th–8th centuries), based on historical records of diaconal stations in Rome, though precise dates are approximate and derived from ecclesiastical archives; modern deaconries established post-16th century are noted where documented. Assignment dates correspond to the consistory of creation or subsequent transfer. Notes highlight special cases, such as pro hac vice optatio allowing a deacon to hold a priestly title while retaining deaconry status.| Deaconry Name | Cardinal | Assignment Date | Establishment Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dio Padre misericordioso | Crescenzio Sepe | November 20, 2005 | 1996 | Pro hac vice elevation to priestly title in 2010; modern establishment as a parish church.[9] |
| Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola | Lazzaro You Heung-sik | August 27, 2022 | 1960 | Assigned at creation; focuses on pastoral ministry in southern Rome.[9] |
| Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore | Kurt Koch | February 18, 2012 | 1887 | Pro hac vice; cardinal heads Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity.[9] |
| Nostra Signora di Coromoto in San Giovanni di Dio | Fernando Filoni | February 18, 2012 | 1966 | Assigned at creation; linked to Venezuelan devotion.[9] |
| Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova | Walter Kasper | February 21, 2001 | ca. 1584 | Pro hac vice; former president of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.[9] |
| S. Agata de’ Goti | Raymond Leo Burke | May 24, 2008 | ca. 1594 | Pro hac vice; notable for Gothic community ties in medieval Rome.[9] |
| S. Agnese in Agone | Gerhard Ludwig Müller | February 22, 2014 | ca. 1615 | Pro hac vice; Baroque church in Piazza Navona, assigned at creation.[9] |
| S. Ambrogio della Massima | Claudio Gugerotti | September 30, 2023 | ca. 1581 | Recent elevation; cardinal serves as prefect of Dicastery for Eastern Churches.[9] |
| S. Anselmo all’Aventino | Lorenzo Baldisseri | February 22, 2014 | ca. 1100 | Pro hac vice; Benedictine abbey church, historical ties to monastic orders.[9] |
| S. Antonio di Padova a Circonvallazione Appia | George Jacob Koovakad | December 7, 2024 | 1953 | Recent assignment; one of seven 2024 elevations, Indian Syro-Malabar rite.[9] |
| S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine | Raniero Cantalamessa, O.F.M. Cap. | February 21, 1998 | ca. 500 | Ancient diaconia; preacher to papal household.[9] |
| S. Benedetto fuori Porta S. Paolo | Christophe Louis Yves Georges Pierre | June 28, 2017 | ca. 1596 | Assigned at creation; nuncio to the United States.[9] |
| S. Cesareo in Palatio | Antonio Maria Vegliò | March 22, 2008 | ca. 1100 | Pro hac vice; former president of Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants.[9] |
| S. Cuore di Cristo Re | Stanisław Ryłko | November 20, 2010 | 1955 | Pro hac vice; recent assistant in 2025 conclave preparations.[9] |
| S. Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio | Giuseppe Versaldi | February 14, 2015 | 1888 | Pro hac vice; prefect emeritus of Secretariat for the Economy.[9] |
| S. Domenico di Guzmán | Manuel Monteiro de Castro | November 20, 2010 | 1951 | Pro hac vice; former nuncio and curial official.[9] |
| S. Elena fuori Porta Prenestina | João Bráz de Aviz | February 18, 2012 | 1906 | Pro hac vice; prefect of Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life.[9] |
| S. Eugenio | Julián Herranz Casado | October 21, 2003 | ca. 1584 | Pro hac vice; founder of Pontifical Academy for Life.[9] |
| S. Eustachio | Rolandas Makrickas | December 7, 2024 | ca. 575 | Recent elevation; Lithuanian diplomat, one of 2024 consistory.[9] |
| S. Filippo Neri in Eurosia | Fabio Baggio, C.S. | December 7, 2024 | 1960 | Recent assignment; under-secretary for Migrants and Refugees.[9] |
| S. Francesco Saverio alla Garbatella | Franc Rodé, C.M. | March 24, 2006 | 1927 | Pro hac vice; former prefect of Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life.[9] |
| S. Giorgio in Velabro | Gianfranco Ravasi | November 20, 2010 | ca. 600 | Pro hac vice; president emeritus of Pontifical Council for Culture.[9] |
| S. Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana | Robert Sarah | November 20, 2010 | 1964 | Pro hac vice; former prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship.[9] |
| S. Giovanni della Pigna | Raffaele Farina, S.D.B. | June 30, 2007 | ca. 1587 | Pro hac vice; former prefect of Vatican Apostolic Library.[9] |
| S. Giuliano dei Fiamminghi | Walter Brandmüller | November 20, 2010 | 1610 | Pro hac vice; German historian and church president emeritus.[9] |
| S. Giuliano Martire | Kevin Joseph Farrell | November 19, 2016 | 1962 | Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church.[9] |
| S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami | Francesco Coccopalmerio | October 21, 2007 | ca. 1100 | Pro hac vice; former president of Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts.[9] |
| S. Giuseppe in Via Trionfale | Emil Paul Tscherrig | September 30, 2023 | 1912 | Recent elevation; nuncio emeritus.[9] |
| S. Ignazio di Loyola a Campo Marzio | Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer, S.J. | June 28, 2018 | 1666 | Former prefect of Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.[9] |
| S. Lino | Giovanni Angelo Becciu | June 28, 2018 | ca. 1587 | Former substitute of Secretariat of State.[9] |
| S. Lucia del Gonfalone | Aquilino Bocos Merino, C.M.F. | June 28, 2018 | ca. 1254 | Claretian superior general emeritus.[9] |
| S. Maria Ausiliatrice in Via Tuscolana | Ángel Fernández Artime, S.D.B. | December 7, 2024 | 1949 | Recent assignment; Salesian rector major.[9] |
| S. Maria del Divino Amore a Castel di Leva | Enrico Feroci | February 18, 2012 | 1961 | Parish priest elevated exceptionally.[9] |
| S. Maria della Mercede e S. Adriano a Villa Albani | Fernando Vérgez Alzaga, L.C. | August 27, 2022 | 1598 | President of Vatican Governorate.[9] |
| S. Maria della Scala | Ernest Simoni | November 19, 2016 | 1593 | Albanian cleric, survivor of communist persecution.[9] |
| S. Maria delle Grazie alle Fornaci fuori Porta Cavalleggeri | Mario Zenari | November 20, 2016 | 1960 | Nuncio to Syria.[9] |
| S. Maria Goretti | Agostino Marchetto | February 21, 2011 | 1949 | Former secretary of Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants.[9] |
| S. Maria Immacolata all’Esquilino | Konrad Krajewski | June 28, 2018 | 1891 | Almoner of the Office of Papal Charities.[9] |
| S. Maria in Domnica | Marcello Semeraro | November 28, 2020 | ca. 500 | Prefect of Dicastery for the Causes of Saints.[9] |
| S. Maria in Portico | Michael Louis Fitzgerald, M. Afr. | February 18, 2007 | ca. 800 | Former president of Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.[9] |
| S. Maria in Via Lata | Fortunato Frezza | November 28, 2020 | ca. 400 | Secretary emeritus of the Fabric of St. Peter's.[9] |
| S. Maria Liberatrice a Monte Testaccio | Giovanni Lajolo | November 26, 2007 | 1955 | Former president of Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State.[9] |
| S. Maria Odigitria dei Siciliani | Paolo Romeo | February 18, 2012 | 1933 | Pro hac vice; archbishop emeritus of Palermo.[9] |
| S. Michele Arcangelo | Michael Czerny, S.J. | October 5, 2019 | 1961 | Prefect of Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development.[9] |
| S. Nicola in Carcere | Silvano Maria Tomasi, C.S. | November 22, 2003 | ca. 1100 | Former apostolic nuncio and special rapporteur on migrants.[9] |
| S. Paolo alla Regola | Francesco Monterisi | February 25, 2005 | ca. 500 | Pro hac vice; archpriest emeritus of St. Paul's Outside the Walls.[9] |
| S. Paolo alle Tre Fontane | Mauro Piacenza | November 20, 2010 | 1929 | Pro hac vice; prefect of Dicastery for Evangelization.[9] |
| S. Pier Damiani ai Monti di S. Paolo | Agostino Vallini | February 24, 2006 | 1952 | Pro hac vice; vicar general emeritus of Rome.[9] |
| S. Pio V a Villa Carpegna | James Michael Harvey | November 20, 2012 | 1953 | Pro hac vice; archpriest of St. Paul's Outside the Walls.[9] |
| S. Ponziano | Santos Abril y Castelló | February 18, 2012 | ca. 500 | Pro hac vice; former archpriest of St. Mary Major.[9] |
| S. Saba | Arthur Roche | August 27, 2022 | ca. 500 | Prefect of Dicastery for Divine Worship.[9] |
| S. Salvatore in Lauro | Angelo Comastri | February 21, 2001 | ca. 1591 | Pro hac vice; former vicar general of Vatican City.[9] |
| S. Sebastiano al Palatino | Edwin Frederick O’Brien | November 20, 2010 | ca. 1597 | Pro hac vice; grand master emeritus of Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre.[9] |
| S. Spirito in Sassia | Dominique François Joseph Mamberti | February 14, 2015 | ca. 700 | Protodeacon; prefect of Apostolic Signatura.[9] |
| Ss. Angeli Custodi a Città Giardino | Angelo Acerbi | December 7, 2024 | 1960 | Recent elevation; former nuncio, one of 2024 consistory.[9] |
| SS. Annunciazione della Beata Vergine Maria a Via Ardeatina | Domenico Calcagno | February 18, 2012 | 1943 | Pro hac vice; former president of Administration of the Patrimony.[9] |
| Ss. Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari | Leonardo Sandri | May 24, 2008 | ca. 1613 | Cardinal vice-dean.[9] |
| Ss. Cosma e Damiano | Mario Grech | November 28, 2020 | ca. 500 | Secretary-general of Synod of Bishops.[9] |
| Ss. Domenico e Sisto | José Tolentino Calaça de Mendonça | June 28, 2018 | 1575 | Prefect of Dicastery for Culture and Education.[9] |
| SS. Nome di Gesù | Gianfranco Ghirlanda, S.J. | August 27, 2022 | 1591 | Rector emeritus of Gregorian University.[9] |
| SS. Nome di Maria al Foro Traiano | Mauro Gambetti, O.F.M. Conv. | November 28, 2020 | 1584 | Vicar general for Vatican City.[9] |
| SS. Nomi di Gesù e Maria in Via Lata | Timothy Peter Joseph Radcliffe, O.P. | December 7, 2024 | 1599 | Recent assignment; Dominican theologian, one of seven recent elevations.[9] |
| Ss. Urbano e Lorenzo a Prima Porta | Victor Manuel Fernández | September 30, 2023 | ca. 500 | Prefect of Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.[9] |
| Ss. Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia | Giuseppe Bertello | February 20, 2010 | ca. 500 | Pro hac vice; former president of Pontifical Commission for Vatican City.[9] |
List of Assigned Suburbicarian Dioceses
The suburbicarian dioceses, numbering seven in total, are the ancient sees surrounding Rome that serve as titular assignments for cardinal bishops, reflecting their seniority within the College of Cardinals. As of November 13, 2025, all are assigned without vacancies, with the Bishop of Ostia always serving as the Dean of the College and holding an additional see. The remaining six sees rotate among the six senior-most cardinal bishops in order of precedence, ensuring alignment with the College's hierarchical structure.[3]| Diocese | Cardinal Bishop | Date Assigned | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ostia | Giovanni Battista Re | 18 January 2020 | Dean of the College of Cardinals; also holds Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
| Sabina-Poggio Mirteto | Giovanni Battista Re | 1 October 2002 | Held concurrently with Ostia |
| Velletri-Segni | Francis Arinze | 25 April 2005 | Seniority rank: 2nd among cardinal bishops |
| Porto-Santa Rufina | Beniamino Stella | 1 May 2020 | Seniority rank: 3rd among cardinal bishops |
| Albano | Luis Antonio Gokim Tagle | 24 May 2025 | Seniority rank: 4th among cardinal bishops; recent assignment |
| Frascati | Tarcisio Pietro Evasio Bertone | 10 May 2008 | Seniority rank: 5th among cardinal bishops |
| Palestrina | José Saraiva Martins | 24 February 2009 | Seniority rank: 6th among cardinal bishops |
Vacancies and Changes
Vacant Titular Sees
As of November 11, 2025, there are 18 vacant titular sees for cardinals in the Catholic Church, consisting of 11 titles for cardinal priests and 7 deaconries for cardinal deacons.[11] These vacancies occur primarily due to the death of the incumbent cardinal or their appointment to another position, such as a suburbicarian diocese or elevation in rank.[11] The Holy See fills such vacancies during consistories for the creation of new cardinals, ensuring the College of Cardinals maintains its structure.[11] No suburbicarian dioceses, reserved for cardinal bishops, are currently vacant.[11] The following table lists the vacant sees alphabetically by name, including the type, last cardinal holder, date of vacancy, and cause.[11] Note that some, like Santa Maria in Cosmedin (vacant since 1967), represent long-standing openings from historical appointments.| See Name | Type | Last Cardinal Holder | Vacancy Date | Cause |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beata Maria Vergine Addolorata a Piazza Buenos Aires | Cardinal-Priest Title | Estanislao Esteban Karlic † | 8 Aug 2025 | Died |
| Sacri Cuori di Gesù e Maria a Tor Fiorenza | Cardinal-Priest Title | Edoardo Menichelli † | 20 Oct 2025 | Died |
| San Felice da Cantalice a Centocelle | Cardinal-Priest Title | Luis Antonio Gokim Tagle | 24 May 2025 | Appointed |
| San Francesco di Paola ai Monti | Cardinal Deaconry | Renato Raffaele Martino † | 28 Oct 2024 | Died |
| San Girolamo della Carità | Cardinal Deaconry | Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot † | 25 Nov 2024 | Died |
| San Lorenzo in Piscibus | Cardinal Deaconry | Paul Josef Cordes † | 15 Mar 2024 | Died |
| San Luigi dei Francesi | Cardinal-Priest Title | André Armand Vingt-Trois † | 18 Jul 2025 | Died |
| Sant'Anastasia | Cardinal-Priest Title | Eugenio Dal Corso † | 20 Oct 2024 | Died |
| Sant'Angelo in Pescheria | Cardinal Deaconry | Luis Pascual Dri † | 30 Jun 2025 | Died |
| Sant'Atanasio | Cardinal-Priest Title | Lucian Mureşan † | 25 Sep 2025 | Died |
| Santa Balbina | Cardinal-Priest Title | Péter Erdő | 29 Mar 2023 | Appointed |
| Santa Maria in Aquiro | Cardinal Deaconry | Angelo Amato † | 31 Dec 2024 | Died |
| Santa Maria in Cosmedin | Cardinal Deaconry | Francesco Roberti † | 26 Jun 1967 | Appointed |
| Santa Monica | Cardinal Deaconry | Robert Francis Prevost | 6 Feb 2025 | Appointed |
| Santa Sabina | Cardinal-Priest Title | Jozef Tomko † | 8 Aug 2022 | Died |
| Santa Susanna | Cardinal-Priest Title | Bernard Francis Law † | 20 Dec 2017 | Died |
| Santi Ambrogio e Carlo | Cardinal-Priest Title | Dionigi Tettamanzi † | 5 Aug 2017 | Died |
| Santi Marcellino e Pietro | Cardinal-Priest Title | Dominik Jaroslav Václav Duka † | 4 Nov 2025 | Died |