The Malbork Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo malborskie) or Marienburg Voivodeship (German: Woiwodschaft Marienburg; Latin: Palatinatus Marienburgensis), was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 1454/1466 until the Partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. Its capital was at Marienburg (Malbork).

Together with the Pomeranian and Chełmno Voivodeships and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia it formed the historical province of Royal Prussia, and with several more voivodeships it formed part of the Greater Poland Province.

After the Teutonic Knights during the 13th century had conquered the Prussian territories and incorporated them into the Order's State, the castle of Marienburg served as the seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights. Following the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, the Knights once again could withstand the Polish Siege of Marienburg. In 1440, various cities, towns and nobles from the area co-formed the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation. In 1454, the organisation led an uprising against the rule of the Teutonic Knights, and asked King Casimir IV of Poland to include the region within the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation of the region to Poland in March 1454 in Kraków, which sparked the Thirteen Years' War. The cities of Elbing (Elbląg), Marienburg (Malbork), Stuhm (Sztum) and Tolkemit (Tolkmicko) were members of the Confederation, whereas Christburg (Kiszpork/Dzierzgoń) also sided with Poland in the war. The Teutonic Knights had to withdraw from Marienburg to Königsberg and after their final defeat lost the castle and the surrounding territory in the 1466 Second Peace of Thorn.

King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland established the Malbork Voivodeship, including the towns of Elbing, Stuhm and Christburg. Since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Lands of the Polish Crown were part of the larger Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Malbork Castle was occupied twice by troops of the Swedish Empire: during the Thirty Years' War 1626–1629 and again from 1656 to 1660 during the Deluge. Truces between Poland and Sweden were signed in the Malbork Voivodeship in 1629 and 1635.

In 1772, the voivodeship was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland and became part of the newly established Province of West Prussia the next year.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of Malbork Voivodeship:

"The smallest of three voivodeships of Polish Prussia, it was divided into four counties: Sztum, Kiszpork, Elbląg and Malbork. Local starostas resided at Kiszpork, Sztum, Tolkmicko, and other locations. Sejmiks and courts were not located at Malbork, but at Sztum, which itself was governed by the starosta of Kiszpork. At sejmiks, local nobility elected eight deputies to the Prussian Sejm, e.g. two from each county (...) Malbork Voivodeship’s coat of arms was almost identical as Chełmno Voivodeship's, with differences in color of the eagle. The Prussian Sejm took place alternatively at Malbork and Grudziądz".

The largest city of the voivodeship was Elbing (Elbląg), which as one of the largest and most influential cities of entire Poland enjoyed voting rights during the royal free elections. Other cities were Marienburg (Malbork), Stuhm (Sztum), Christburg (Kiszpork/Dzierzgoń), and Tolkemit (Tolkmicko), and all cities in the voivodeship were royal cities in Poland.