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Mark Natanson
Mark Andreyevich Natanson (Russian: Марк Андре́евич Натансо́н; party name: Bobrov; 25 December 1850 (N.S. 6 January 1851) – 29 July 1919) was a Russian revolutionary who was one of the founders of the Circle of Tchaikovsky, Land and Liberty and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1917, he was a leader of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, which supported the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. He was the uncle of Alexander Berkman.
Natanson was born in 1850 in Švenčionys, Lithuania to a Lithuanian Jewish family. His parents died while he was still young and so he was brought up by his uncle. He graduated from the Kaunas men's grammar school in 1868, studied in St Petersburg at the Medical and Surgical Academy (1868–71) and then at the Institute of Agriculture (1871). Meanwhile, he became involved in radical student politics.
Together with his first wife, he was one of the organizers of the populist Circle of Tchaikovsky. They opposed the 'nihilistic' tendency of Sergei Nechaev, who believed that any means were acceptable for achieving revolutionary goals. The Circle of Tchaikovsky, on the contrary, preached high morality and self-improvement. In 1869-71 he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in 1872 he was exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. In the same 1872 he converted to Orthodoxy in order to formally marry the noblewoman Olga Alexandrovna Shleisner who followed him into exile.
In 1876, Natanson returned to Petrograd. He organized the escape abroad of Peter Kropotkin, a comrade from the Circle of Tchaikovsky. In the same year, he began work on the unification of the Narodnik circles into a single revolutionary organization, which in 1878 was called "Land and Liberty." In December 1876, together with Georgi Plekhanov, he organized a demonstration in Kazan square. In 1877, he was once again arrested and, after serving his term in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was exiled to Eastern Siberia. Upon returning from exile in 1889, he settled in Saratov, where he got a job on the local railway.
After 'Land and Liberty' split, he once again began work on the unification of disparate revolutionary circles. He set himself the goal of uniting the populist, social democratic and liberal movements in the Russian liberation movement. In September 1893, at the constituent congress in Saratov, a single party, 'The People's Will' (Narodnaya Volya), was created. [citation needed] The organization's headquarters were in Oryol and they ran a printing house in Smolensk, which printed the group's manifesto and revolutionary brochures. Narodnaya Volya favoured agitation among urban workers and intellectuals, rather than spreading propaganda among the peasants (a tactic adopted by the other offshoot of 'Land and Liberty', the 'Black Repartition' group). Narodnaya Volya also endorsed political terrorism as a tactic and in 1881, they assassinated Tsar Alexander II. Natanson was not directly involved in any terrorist act. In April 1894, Narodnaya Volya was liquidated by the police administrator Sergei Zubatov, and its leaders were arrested. In exile in Yakutsk, he married Varvara Alexandrova.
When a shipyard was organised for the construction of a ferry crossing on Lake Baikal, the Corps of Ship Engineers needed an experienced and honest accountant, and Natanson took the job. His merits in organizing the construction are confirmed by the fact that on June 17, 1899, at the gala dinner in honor of the launch of the icebreaker "Baikal", there was a toast pronounced in honor of the political exile.
After his release he returned to European Russia and became active in Saratov, where in 1893, he founded the party People's Rights Party (Partiia Narodnogo Prava). Historian Shmuel Galai has argued that "for the first time in the annals of Russian parties, it declared organized public opinion to be the main weapon in the struggle against autocracy," in contradistinction to peasant revolt, general strike, or terror. However, the People's Rights Party proved to be a short-lived venture, as in 1894, Natanson was arrested again and banished to eastern Siberia for ten years. Natanson remained an active revolutionary even in Siberian exile, maintaining the party treasury and coordinating various organisational tasks.
Upon returning from exile, he lived in Baku, where he worked as an accountant in the city government. In 1904 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he met with Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. The Russian liberation movement had become permanently divided into social-democratic, liberal and populist movements. In 1902, the followers of the Narodniks united into the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries. After some hesitation, Nathanson joined the Socialist Revolutionaries and became one of their leaders. The successful assassination of the Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve, Natanson began to support the terrorist tactics of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
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Mark Natanson
Mark Andreyevich Natanson (Russian: Марк Андре́евич Натансо́н; party name: Bobrov; 25 December 1850 (N.S. 6 January 1851) – 29 July 1919) was a Russian revolutionary who was one of the founders of the Circle of Tchaikovsky, Land and Liberty and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1917, he was a leader of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, which supported the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. He was the uncle of Alexander Berkman.
Natanson was born in 1850 in Švenčionys, Lithuania to a Lithuanian Jewish family. His parents died while he was still young and so he was brought up by his uncle. He graduated from the Kaunas men's grammar school in 1868, studied in St Petersburg at the Medical and Surgical Academy (1868–71) and then at the Institute of Agriculture (1871). Meanwhile, he became involved in radical student politics.
Together with his first wife, he was one of the organizers of the populist Circle of Tchaikovsky. They opposed the 'nihilistic' tendency of Sergei Nechaev, who believed that any means were acceptable for achieving revolutionary goals. The Circle of Tchaikovsky, on the contrary, preached high morality and self-improvement. In 1869-71 he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in 1872 he was exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. In the same 1872 he converted to Orthodoxy in order to formally marry the noblewoman Olga Alexandrovna Shleisner who followed him into exile.
In 1876, Natanson returned to Petrograd. He organized the escape abroad of Peter Kropotkin, a comrade from the Circle of Tchaikovsky. In the same year, he began work on the unification of the Narodnik circles into a single revolutionary organization, which in 1878 was called "Land and Liberty." In December 1876, together with Georgi Plekhanov, he organized a demonstration in Kazan square. In 1877, he was once again arrested and, after serving his term in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was exiled to Eastern Siberia. Upon returning from exile in 1889, he settled in Saratov, where he got a job on the local railway.
After 'Land and Liberty' split, he once again began work on the unification of disparate revolutionary circles. He set himself the goal of uniting the populist, social democratic and liberal movements in the Russian liberation movement. In September 1893, at the constituent congress in Saratov, a single party, 'The People's Will' (Narodnaya Volya), was created. [citation needed] The organization's headquarters were in Oryol and they ran a printing house in Smolensk, which printed the group's manifesto and revolutionary brochures. Narodnaya Volya favoured agitation among urban workers and intellectuals, rather than spreading propaganda among the peasants (a tactic adopted by the other offshoot of 'Land and Liberty', the 'Black Repartition' group). Narodnaya Volya also endorsed political terrorism as a tactic and in 1881, they assassinated Tsar Alexander II. Natanson was not directly involved in any terrorist act. In April 1894, Narodnaya Volya was liquidated by the police administrator Sergei Zubatov, and its leaders were arrested. In exile in Yakutsk, he married Varvara Alexandrova.
When a shipyard was organised for the construction of a ferry crossing on Lake Baikal, the Corps of Ship Engineers needed an experienced and honest accountant, and Natanson took the job. His merits in organizing the construction are confirmed by the fact that on June 17, 1899, at the gala dinner in honor of the launch of the icebreaker "Baikal", there was a toast pronounced in honor of the political exile.
After his release he returned to European Russia and became active in Saratov, where in 1893, he founded the party People's Rights Party (Partiia Narodnogo Prava). Historian Shmuel Galai has argued that "for the first time in the annals of Russian parties, it declared organized public opinion to be the main weapon in the struggle against autocracy," in contradistinction to peasant revolt, general strike, or terror. However, the People's Rights Party proved to be a short-lived venture, as in 1894, Natanson was arrested again and banished to eastern Siberia for ten years. Natanson remained an active revolutionary even in Siberian exile, maintaining the party treasury and coordinating various organisational tasks.
Upon returning from exile, he lived in Baku, where he worked as an accountant in the city government. In 1904 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he met with Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. The Russian liberation movement had become permanently divided into social-democratic, liberal and populist movements. In 1902, the followers of the Narodniks united into the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries. After some hesitation, Nathanson joined the Socialist Revolutionaries and became one of their leaders. The successful assassination of the Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve, Natanson began to support the terrorist tactics of the Socialist Revolutionaries.
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