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Master's mate
Master's mate
Master's mate
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Master's mate is an obsolete rating which was used by the Royal Navy, United States Navy and merchant services in both countries for a senior petty officer who assisted the master. Master's mates evolved into the modern rank of sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy, while in the merchant service they evolved into the numbered mates or officers.

Royal Navy

[edit]

Originally, a master's mate was an experienced petty officer who assisted the master but was not in line for promotion to lieutenant.[1] By the mid-eighteenth century, he was far more likely to be a senior midshipman, still waiting to pass his examination for lieutenant or to receive his commission, but taking rather more responsibility aboard ship. Six master's mates were allowed on a first rate, three on a third rate, and two on most frigates.[2]

Relative Ranks in the Royal Navy, c1810. Master's mates were ranked under the master and above the quartermasters.[3]

Duties

[edit]

Master's mates were experienced seamen, and were usually selected from the ranks of the quartermasters, who they supervised, or from the ranks of midshipmen who wanted more responsibility aboard ship; they were less commonly selected from other mates of warrant officers and able seamen. Master's mates were allowed to command vessels, walk the quarterdeck, and mess in the gunroom with the other warrant officers.[4]

Master's mates were responsible for fitting out the ship, and making sure they had all the sailing supplies necessary for the voyage. They hoisted and lowered the anchor, and docked and undocked the ship. They would examine the ship daily, notifying the master if there were problems with the sails, masts, ropes, or pulleys. They executed the orders of the master, and would command in his place if he was sick or absent.[5]

Normally master's mates worked on a three-watch system, with the lieutenants, so that one served as the deputy to the lieutenant on each watch. Master's mates generally assisted the master in navigating the ship and directly supervised the quartermasters in steering the ship. The master's mate with the highest seniority was appointed the head of the midshipman's berth and was responsible for teaching mathematics, navigation, and sailing lore. Master's mates had to keep detailed logs similar to midshipmen. They were also responsible for the division of the crew that included the petty officers.[1][6]

Second master

[edit]

Second master was a rating introduced in 1753 that indicated a deputy master on 3rd rate ships of the line or larger. Master's mates also acted as Second Master of vessels too small to be allocated a warranted Master.[4] They were paid significantly more than master's mates, £5 5s per month.[7] A second master was generally a master's mate who had passed his examination for master and was deemed worthy of being master of a vessel. Second masters were given the first opportunity for master vacancies as they occurred.[6]

Mate

[edit]

Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master's mates. Though formally the rating did not lead to promotion to lieutenant, master's mates were paid more than any other rating and were the only ratings allowed to command any sort of vessel.[4] A midshipman who became master's mate earned an increase in pay from £1 13s 6p to £3 16s per month, but initially reduced his chances at a commission.[8][9] Over time, however, an appointment of master's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century, when two parallel roles - master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission - held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship.[10]

By the first years of the nineteenth century, the prefix "master's" was dropped for passed midshipman, to distinguish them from master's mates in the navigator's branch.[8] In 1824 two further grades were also introduced, consisting of master's assistants and second-class volunteers. These corresponded to midshipmen and first-class volunteers respectively in the executive line. From this point, passed midshipmen had the rating master's mate, abbreviated as mate, and prospective masters had the rating master's assistant. These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch.[10] In 1838 a Royal Commission, presided over by the Duke of Wellington, recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant.[8]

By 1840 there were two completely separate "ladders" for promotion:[10]

Executive Branch Master's (Navigation) Branch
First Class Volunteer Second Class Volunteer
Midshipman Master's Assistant
Mate Second Master
Lieutenant Master

Renaming and later use

[edit]

In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of sub-lieutenant. This made no practical difference to the officers in question since they continued to receive the same pay as before. But the new title was more distinctive; it brought them into line with their opposite numbers in the Army and established them as commissioned officers.[8] In 1867, master was renamed navigating lieutenant, so at the same time second master was renamed navigating sub-lieutenant and the master's assistant was renamed navigating midshipman.[10]

Mate was revived in 1913[11] for the accelerated promotion of promising ratings, and mates ranked with sub-lieutenants but messed separately. In 1931 the title was abandoned again, and mates were re-mustered as sub-lieutenants.[12]

US Navy

[edit]

As a warrant officer

[edit]

In the U.S. Navy, the rank of master's mate was established 1797 as a warrant officer rank, but it was disestablished in 1813. After 1843 no more warrants were issued but those who had been appointed continued to hold their office and received their pay. In 1865, it was replaced by the rating mate.

By an act of the United States Congress in 1906, the mates on the U.S. Navy retired list were promoted to the next higher grade if they had creditable American Civil War service, which most of them had. They were given warrant rank and rated with the lowest grade of warrant officer.[13][14]

As a seaman

[edit]

Master's mate was re-established in 1838 as a rating for experienced seamen, and was not considered a warrant rank.[14] At the same time sailing master was renamed master, master commandant was renamed commander, and some masters were commissioned as officers, formally "Master in line for Promotion" to distinguish them from the warrant masters who would not be promoted.[15]

In 1865, "master's mate" was changed to "mate", and the United States Secretary of the Navy was authorized to increase their pay and to rate them from Seaman to Ordinary Seaman who had enlisted in the naval service for not less than two years. The act of 15 July 1870 gave formal recognition to mates as part of the naval forces and their pay was fixed at $900 when at sea, $700 on shore duty, and $500 on leave or awaiting orders.

The quota of mates in the Navy was not fixed, but there was maximum of about 842 on 1 January 1865, during the Civil War. The Navy stopped making appointments to the rank of mate in 1870 but allowed those in serving in the position to remain in service. The U.S. Navy Register of Commissioned Officers of 1871 shows there were 130 mates on active duty as of January 1.[16] The number gradually diminished until 1 July 1894 when there were only 27 remaining.[17]

The Navy resumed appointing mates in 1897 in limited quantities. The 1899 Register shows a total of 34 mates on active duty with 12 being appointed in 1870 or earlier, 6 in 1897 and 16 in 1898.[18] The revival of the rank of mate was only temporary as most of the remaining mates were promoted to the warrant officer rank of Boatswain in 1899. In the Navy Register of 1903 only 7 mates were listed as being on active duty. The Navy started appointing mates that year and by January 1, 1907, there were 39 on active duty. The revival was short lived as by January 1, 1908, there were no mates on active duty.[19]

Retirement and pensions

[edit]

Before 1 August 1894 there had been no authority for retirement of these men, but on that date a law was passed increasing the pay of those in the Navy and providing that they should have the same benefits of retirement as warrant officers. One purpose of the act was to make the retired pay of mates large enough to induce them to retire. By an act of Congress in 1906, the mates on the U.S. Navy retired list were promoted to the next higher grade if they had creditable Civil War service, which most of them had. They were given warrant rank and rated with the lowest grade of warrant officer.[13][14] They were still called mates, but whether they were officers or enlisted men apparently was not clear. A year after the passage of this act the Attorney General of the United States published the legal opinion that mates "occupy the status of both officers in the Navy and enlisted men".[14]

Merchant service

[edit]

In the merchant service, master's mates were the officers immediately subordinate to the master and frequently divided by seniority into first, second, third (etc.) mate which evolved into the modern terms First Mate, Second Mate and Third Mate. Since the 1930s, there has been a tendency in the merchant service to replace mate with officer (e.g. First Officer).[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Lewis, Michael (1960). A Social History of the Navy. London: Ruskin House.
  • Walker, Charles (1938). Young Gentlemen. Longmans Green and Co. p. 188.
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Master's mate

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from Grokipedia
A master's mate was a rating in the Royal and a rank in the United States during the Age of Sail, serving as the primary assistant to the sailing master with responsibilities centered on , ship handling, and . Originating in the British Royal Navy, the position evolved from the need for skilled subordinates to support the master's duties in plotting courses, maintaining equipment, and ensuring the vessel's seaworthiness. Master's mates were typically experienced seamen who stood deck watches, piloted ships in restricted waters, and performed tasks such as inspecting , sails, and anchors to prepare vessels for voyages. In the Royal Navy during the , master's mates often acted as interim commanders if the master was incapacitated. The rank was adopted by the early U.S. Navy following the Revolutionary War, where it became the only mate position appointed by warrant, drawing from enlisted seamen with at least two years of service. In the American context, master's mates assisted in daily fixes, sail management, and vessel piloting, with their numbers peaking at around 840 during the Civil War to meet wartime demands. They berthed and messed with midshipmen. By the mid-19th century, the role began to formalize and evolve; in the Royal Navy, the rank of master's mate was abolished in 1861, with the introduction of sub-lieutenant aligning it more closely with commissioned officer structures and introducing uniform insignia changes. In the U.S. Navy, it was reclassified as simply "mates" in 1865, occupying an ambiguous status between enlisted and officer ranks, before being phased out entirely by 1907 as modern naval hierarchies emphasized commissioned officers for such duties. This transition reflected broader shifts toward professionalized navies, though surviving mates received warrant officer retirement benefits starting in 1894.

Overview

Definition and Role

A master's mate was an obsolete warrant officer rank in the Royal Navy and the early United States Navy, and a senior petty officer role in merchant services during the 18th and 19th centuries, serving as the primary assistant to the sailing master in navigation, piloting, and overall ship operations. In this capacity, the master's mate acted under the direct authority of the master, who was responsible for the vessel's seaworthiness and course, and was often appointed based on the master's recommendation due to their proven seamanship skills. As described in contemporary naval terminology, the role was a warrant officer position focused on practical maritime expertise rather than formal command authority. Core responsibilities of the master's mate included piloting the ship during voyages, maintaining and calibrating such as compasses and charts, supervising quartermasters at the helm to ensure accurate steering, managing onboard stores and supplies for extended sea duty, and taking temporary command of the vessel in the master's absence due to illness or other duties. These tasks demanded hands-on involvement in deck operations, including overseeing the handling of sails, anchors, and to support safe passage, while also contributing to crew discipline and efficiency in daily routines. In merchant service contexts, the role paralleled naval duties but emphasized commercial voyage efficiency, with the master's mate often functioning as the for management and route adherence. Within the ship's hierarchy, the master's mate was subordinate to the master and like lieutenants but held seniority over common seamen and junior petty officers, positioning them as a key intermediary in the chain of command for navigational matters. On larger vessels, master's mates typically participated in a three-watch rotation system to maintain continuous oversight of helm and , dividing the crew into alternating shifts for sustained operational readiness. Qualifications for the rating generally required experienced seamen with substantial sea time—often at least six years overall, including two as a or mate—and demonstrated knowledge of , though without the need for a formal officer commission; candidates, sometimes including passed awaiting promotion, underwent examinations by senior authorities to verify competence.

Historical Origins

The role of the master's mate originated in the 18th-century British naval tradition, where expanding fleets during periods of conflict necessitated skilled assistants for and to support the master, a senior responsible for the ship's sailing and piloting. This position evolved from earlier informal roles, such as assistants to the , who handled steering and basic navigational tasks in the 17th and early 18th centuries, as the Royal Navy formalized its structure to meet demands for professional expertise amid global maritime operations. By the early 1700s, service as a master's mate was already recognized as a key component of training for aspiring commissioned officers, with regulations in 1703 requiring candidates for to have completed at least two years in that capacity or as a . The first formal recognition of the master's mate as a distinct rating in the Royal occurred around the 1740s to 1750s, during the and the buildup to the Seven Years' War, when the service's growth to over 100 ships of the line highlighted the need for dedicated navigational aides who could bridge duties and officer training paths. These individuals, often experienced seamen or midshipmen, assisted in taking celestial observations, maintaining logs, and supervising deck work, serving as a vital intermediary role that allowed talented lower-deck personnel to progress toward commissions while providing immediate operational support. By 1775, master's mates were officially classified as a subcategory of warrant officers, underscoring their specialized status within the naval hierarchy. In the United States, the master's mate was introduced in 1797 as a rank through the Naval Armament Act, which authorized the construction and manning of frigates and explicitly included provisions for warrant officers to fill navigational roles in the nascent U.S. , directly modeled on the British system to address the needs of the post-Revolutionary fleet. This establishment built on precedents from 1775–1783, where similar assistants supported masters on vessels like the Ranger, but the 1797 act formalized the position amid preparations for potential conflict with , integrating it into training as a pathway to higher ranks. Early U.S. master's mates, such as those on the , handled duties like chart correction and , reflecting the British influence while adapting to America's smaller, commerce-protection-oriented . Within the broader maritime context, the master's mate role was adopted in British by the mid-18th century, as growing transatlantic and trade routes required reliable navigational support on larger trading vessels, where mates assisted masters in plotting courses and managing cargoes without the full warrant structure of the . This parallel development allowed experienced merchant seamen to transition into naval service during wartime , further intertwining the traditions across civilian and military shipping.

Royal Navy

Duties and Responsibilities

Master's mates in the served as essential assistants to the master, focusing on practical and shipboard operations to ensure the vessel's safe and efficient conduct. Their primary navigation-specific tasks included plotting courses using charts and instruments such as octants or early sextants, maintaining accurate reckonings by examining the and hourglasses to measure the ship's speed and direction, and correcting deviations to account for magnetic variations and local influences. They were particularly attentive to these duties during their assigned watches, adjusting sails to the wind from the forepart of the ship to optimize course and speed. In supervisory roles, master's mates oversaw quartermasters responsible for steering, verifying that helm orders from the master or watch officer were executed precisely to maintain the ship's heading. They also trained junior seamen and midshipmen in basic techniques, such as taking sightings and reading instruments, fostering competence among the crew for routine and emergency maneuvers. This oversight extended to ensuring the cables were properly coiled, cleaned, and served for anchoring, preventing mishaps during or riding at sea. Administrative duties encompassed meticulous management of sails, , and provisions, with regular inspections of tackle and to report any deficiencies to the master. They maintained the ship's log with detailed entries on course, , and events, while assisting in stowing and provisions in the hold to preserve stability and accessibility. These tasks supported the overall condition of the vessel, enabling prompt responses to wear or shortages during long voyages. In command scenarios, a master's mate assumed charge of the deck during the master's illness or absence, directing operations to sustain the ship's progress and safety. On larger vessels, they rotated through watches to ensure continuous coverage.

Ranks and Structure

In 1753, the Royal Navy introduced the rank of second master as a deputy to the master, specifically on third-rate ships of the line or larger, where the role served as the primary navigational aide to support the ship's sailing master. This position carried a monthly pay of £5 5s, reflecting its specialized responsibilities in assisting with piloting and work on larger vessels. The standard master's mate rank was typically occupied by passed midshipmen who had completed initial training and were awaiting promotion to , earning £3 16s per month in the early while focusing on executive duties such as and supervising quartermasters. Unlike the master's , mates held a status but exercised practical authority in al and deck operations. A significant reorganization in divided the master's mate role into two distinct tracks: the "mate," emphasizing executive and command functions, and the "master's assistant," dedicated solely to navigational tasks, which helped delineate career paths for aspiring officers versus specialists. Promotion from master's mate to lieutenant required accumulating six years of sea time in total, with service in the role counting toward eligibility, culminating in rigorous examinations on , , and gunnery conducted by a board of captains. This system ensured candidates demonstrated both practical experience and theoretical knowledge before advancing to commissioned status. Within Navy's , master's mates ranked as senior petty officers, positioned below warrant officers like the master but above ordinary midshipmen, granting them quasi-warrant authority in navigational matters while remaining non-commissioned.

Evolution and Abolition

The evolution of the master's mate rank in the Royal Navy during the mid-19th century reflected broader efforts to professionalize the officer corps through structured education and rank standardization. On April 16, 1861, an formally renamed the master's mate as , integrating it into the commissioned officer structure and eliminating its status. This change aligned with simultaneous reforms, including the adoption of four sleeve stripes for captains to distinguish senior ranks more clearly. The renaming made little practical difference to incumbents' duties but symbolized a shift toward a more hierarchical and education-focused navy, where expertise was increasingly handled by formally trained lieutenants rather than hybrid warrant-enlisted roles. Post-1861, remnants of the master's mate role persisted informally as experienced petty officers continued assisting in until fully absorbed into the cadre, driven by naval reforms that prioritized academy-trained officers over on-the-job apprenticeships. These reforms, including the expansion of the Royal Naval College at in the , emphasized theoretical and scientific education, gradually diminishing the need for specialized navigation petty officers like the second master or master's mate. The transition underscored a legacy of modernization, as inherited the navigational and responsibilities previously held by master's mates, fostering a unified professional officer class. In response to manpower shortages, the rank was briefly revived in 1913 as "mate" under the Mate Scheme, allowing accelerated commissions for promising lower-deck ratings who ranked equivalent to sub-lieutenants but dined separately. This wartime measure promoted within the navy but was short-lived; the title was abolished by on August 11, 1931, fully consolidating promotions into standard commissioned pathways. The abolition marked the end of any lingering hybrid ranks, solidifying the Royal Navy's commitment to a merit-based, educationally rigorous officer corps.

United States Navy

Warrant Officer Era

The master's mate rank was established in the United States Navy by the Naval Act of 1797 as a warrant rank assisting the sailing-master in navigation aboard frigates and smaller vessels. By 1799, these officers received formal warrants after a probationary period of at least one year's sea service, distinguishing them from petty officers. Duties of the master's mate were adapted from British naval practices but gained heightened emphasis during wartime operations, such as the , when they independently commanded watches and supported critical navigational tasks amid active combat deployments. Their role ensured precise shiphandling and pilotage, often under the direct oversight of the sailing-master, with appointments limited to experienced seamen demonstrating proficiency in these areas. The rank continued without interruption after the Act of 2 January 1813, which included master's mates in ship complements. New warrant appointments for master's mates ceased after , though incumbents continued in the role. The master's mate reached peak usage through 1865, with approximately 842 appointments on January 1, 1865, before being renamed simply "mates" under the Act of 3 March 1865, which shifted their status to a peculiar group neither fully officer nor enlisted, rated from enlisted seamen with at least two years' service while retaining core navigational functions.

Enlisted Rating Period

The rating saw its greatest utilization during the , peaking at 842 appointments on January 1, 1865, when master's mates proved vital aboard Union ironclads and vessels, managing helm operations, piloting through confined waters, and assisting with navigational computations under combat conditions. These personnel, drawn largely from promoted seamen, filled critical gaps in the expanded fleet, supporting blockading squadrons that enforced the Union strategy against Confederate ports. Postwar reductions in naval forces led to a sharp decline in appointments, with only 27 master's mates remaining by July 1, 1894, as the service shifted toward a smaller peacetime establishment and restructured enlisted roles. The rating was briefly revived through acting appointments during the Spanish-American War of 1898, where individuals like those serving on torpedo boats and auxiliaries handled similar duties amid the rapid mobilization. As an enlisted position post-1865, mates received pay of $75 per month at sea (equivalent to $900 annually), along with rations, but initially lacked full warrant privileges such as formal pensions until later reforms.

Retirement and Benefits

The first formal retirement provisions for master's mates in the United States were established by an on August 1, 1894, which authorized half-pay pensions for those with 30 years of service or upon reaching age 62. This marked a significant shift, as prior to 1894, no such retirement authority existed for the rating, leaving long-serving mates without structured post-service support. Earlier, the act of July 15, 1870, had formalized pay scales for master's mates that extended to retirees, setting annual compensation at $900 for sea duty equivalents, $700 for shore duty, and $500 for leave status, with adjustments for Civil War veterans to reflect their enlisted service during the conflict. These scales provided a baseline for calculations, ensuring that retirees received benefits commensurate with their prior roles in and seamanship. In 1906, enacted further reforms through an act that retroactively promoted pre-1865 master's mates on the retired list to the next higher grade—typically or, in rare cases, —if they had creditable Civil War service, thereby enhancing their pension eligibility under the newly integrated system. This integration recognized the specialized navigation expertise of master's mates while aligning their benefits with broader pensions, though the total number of retirees remained limited due to the rank's gradual obsolescence by the early . These measures contributed to the of naval benefits, laying groundwork that influenced later systems for senior enlisted personnel, such as modern chief petty officers, by emphasizing service longevity and expertise in post-service entitlements.

Merchant Service

Role in Merchant Vessels

In merchant vessels, the master's mate occupied a subordinate position to the master, assisting in the operation of trading ships engaged in coastal and transoceanic commerce, where operations lacked the strict of naval service. Unlike their naval counterparts, who prioritized and formal watch systems, master's mates in the merchant trade focused on practical tasks suited to prolonged commercial voyages, such as optimizing capacity and ensuring vessel for profit-driven routes. This role was essential on ships carrying diverse like spices, textiles, and timber, where delays or damage could significantly impact profitability. Duties of the master's mate emphasized cargo handling, including stowage, loading with proper to prevent shifting during rough seas, and unloading at ports, all under the master's direction to safeguard merchandise value. They also contributed to route planning by aiding in , maintaining the ship's log with daily positions and weather observations, and helping steer clear of hazards like reefs and storms on established trade paths, such as those to or the . Crew management involved assigning daily tasks, enforcing basic discipline, and overseeing welfare during extended voyages lasting months, though smaller crew sizes—often 15-30 men on typical brigs—meant less structured watch rotations and more hands-on involvement from all officers. These adaptations highlighted the commercial priorities, with less focus on gunnery or tactical maneuvers. During the 18th and 19th centuries, master's mates were prevalent on larger merchant fleets, including British East Indiamen and American trading vessels, where 1-2 mates per ship were standard. Qualifications typically arose from promotion through the ranks as able seamen, relying on practical experience in and rather than formal ; this changed with the Merchant Shipping Act of 1850, which mandated examinations for mates on foreign-going ships to ensure competency in and . Pay for a master's mate ranged from £3-5 per month, often supplemented by shares of voyage profits, varying by and vessel size—shorter coastal runs paid less than long-haul routes to the . Operationally, master's mates played a key role in mitigating risks on commercial routes, such as navigating around pirate-prone areas or adverse currents, distinct from the combat-oriented in naval service; their contributions ensured timely delivery and maximized returns for owners.

Evolution to Modern Equivalents

In the late , the role of the master's mate in the U.S. merchant service began transitioning into a more structured of first, second, and third mates, driven by federal regulations aimed at enhancing safety and competency on both and vessels. The Steamboat Act of 1852 initially authorized licensing for pilots and engineers on -powered ships, laying groundwork for broader officer qualifications, while the 1871 statute extended mandatory licensing to all masters and chief mates on inspected vessels, formalizing the subordinate deck roles previously held informally by mates. This shift marked a departure from apprenticeship-based progression to government-issued credentials, ensuring mates were examined for and skills under the oversight of the Steamboat Inspection Service, later evolving into the U.S. Coast Guard's licensing framework. By the 1930s, the master's mate position had largely been absorbed into the designation of "deck officers" or numbered mates, with certifications becoming standard amid the decline of pure sailing vessels and the rise of and motorized . The transition to mechanized ships reduced the emphasis on traditional sail-handling, redirecting toward engine-room coordination and larger freighter operations, as evidenced by state nautical school programs that graduated cadets for third officer roles after combined shore and sea experience. These changes were influenced by post-World War I efforts to nationalize the officer corps, with laws like the 1915 La Follette Seamen's Act regulating working conditions to professionalize the merchant fleet. Post-World War II international standardization further refined these roles through the (IMO), founded in 1948, which aligned mate duties with global conventions emphasizing safety, navigation, and integration of emerging technologies like and electronics. The 1978 Standards of Training, Certification, and (STCW) Convention, effective from 1984 and amended in 2010, established minimum requirements for deck officers, including mates, to manage , emergency procedures, and electronic navigation systems under the master's authority, ensuring uniformity across merchant fleets while preserving the original supportive functions of the master's mate. Key milestones in this evolution include the establishment of the U.S. Merchant Marine in 1943, which formalized training paths echoing earlier mate apprenticeships by combining academic instruction with mandatory sea year experience for aspiring deck s. By the , informal titles were phased out in favor of licensed positions through updated Coast Guard regulations, culminating in the 1958 Maritime Academy Act that supported federal and state institutions for . Today, the legacy endures in the retained title of "" across many fleets, serving as an entry-level deck bridging to responsibilities, with average annual salaries around $138,000 in the U.S. as of 2025, reflecting the professionalized and technologically advanced nature of the role.

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