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Multiple-byte units
Decimal
Value Metric
1000 kB kilobyte
10002 MB megabyte
10003 GB gigabyte
10004 TB terabyte
10005 PB petabyte
10006 EB exabyte
10007 ZB zettabyte
10008 YB yottabyte
10009 RB ronnabyte
100010 QB quettabyte
Binary
Value IEC Memory
1024 KiB kibibyte KB kilobyte
10242 MiB mebibyte MB megabyte
10243 GiB gibibyte GB gigabyte
10244 TiB tebibyte TB terabyte
10245 PiB pebibyte —
10246 EiB exbibyte —
10247 ZiB zebibyte —
10248 YiB yobibyte —
10249 RiB robibyte —
102410 QiB quebibyte —
Orders of magnitude of data

The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB. The unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 (106) in the International System of Units (SI).[1] Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities.

In the computer and information technology fields, other definitions have been used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to designate one megabyte as 1048576bytes (220 B), a quantity that conveniently expresses the binary architecture of digital computer memory. Standards bodies have deprecated this binary usage of the mega- prefix in favor of a new set of binary prefixes,[2] by means of which the quantity 220 B is named mebibyte (symbol MiB).

Definitions

[edit]

The unit megabyte is commonly used for 10002 (one million) bytes or 10242 bytes. The interpretation of using base 1024 originated as technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 (210) approximates 1000 (103), roughly corresponding to the SI prefix kilo-, it was a convenient term to denote the binary multiple. In 1999, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to denote 10002 bytes, and mebibyte to denote 10242 bytes. By the end of 2009, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, ISO and NIST. Nevertheless, the term megabyte continues to be widely used with different meanings.

Base 10

[edit]
1 MB = 1000000 bytes (= 10002 B = 106 B) is the definition following the rules of the International System of Units (SI), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).[2] This definition is used in computer networking contexts and most storage media, particularly hard drives, flash-based storage,[3] and DVDs, and is also consistent with the other uses of the SI prefix in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance. The Mac OS X 10.6 file manager is a notable example of this usage in software. Since Snow Leopard, file sizes are reported in decimal units.[4]

In this convention, one thousand megabytes (1000 MB) is equal to one gigabyte (1 GB), where 1 GB is one billion bytes.

Base 2

[edit]
Main article: Mebibyte
1 MB = 1048576 bytes (= 10242 B = 220 B) is the definition used by Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory, such as random-access memory (RAM). This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous binary unit mebibyte. In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four megabytes (1024 MB) is equal to one gigabyte (1 GB), where 1 GB is 10243 bytes (i.e., 1 GiB).

Mixed

[edit]
1 MB = 1024000 bytes (= 1000×1024 B) is the definition used to describe the formatted capacity of the 1.44 MB 3.5-inch HD floppy disk, which actually has a capacity of 1474560bytes.[5]

Randomly addressable semiconductor memory doubles in size for each address lane added to an integrated circuit package, which favors counts that are powers of two. The capacity of a disk drive is the product of the sector size, number of sectors per track, number of tracks per side, and the number of disk platters in the drive. Changes in any of these factors would not usually double the size.

Examples of use

[edit]
1.44 MB floppy disks can store 1,474,560 bytes of data. The full resolution image of this photograph of a floppy diskette is itself 0.842 megabytes.

Depending on compression methods and file format, a megabyte of data can roughly be:

The novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, hosted on Project Gutenberg as an uncompressed plain text file, is 0.429 MB. Great Expectations is 0.994 MB,[6] and Moby Dick is 1.192 MB.[7] The human genome consists of DNA representing 800 MB of data. The parts that differentiate one person from another can be compressed to 4 MB.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Megabyte

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A megabyte (: MB) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information, defined as exactly 1,000,000 bytes (106 bytes) according to the (SI) and the () standards for . This decimal definition is commonly used in contexts like capacity on hard drives and network transfer rates, where manufacturers align with SI conventions to represent powers of 10. In computing and random-access memory (RAM), however, the term megabyte has historically referred to 1,048,576 bytes (220 bytes), reflecting binary addressing systems where data is organized in powers of 2. This ambiguity arose in the early days of computing due to the practical need to express memory sizes in binary multiples, leading to widespread confusion between decimal and binary interpretations. To resolve this, the IEC introduced binary prefixes in 1998, designating 220 bytes as a mebibyte (MiB) while reserving MB strictly for the decimal value. The megabyte remains a fundamental unit in information technology, measuring file sizes, software requirements, and storage media capacities, with its usage evolving alongside advancements in digital storage from megabyte-scale floppy disks in the 1980s to modern terabyte and petabyte systems. Despite standardization efforts, legacy binary conventions persist in some software and hardware documentation, highlighting ongoing efforts for clarity in data measurement.

Fundamentals

Definition and Etymology

A megabyte (symbol: MB) is a unit of digital information commonly used to measure and capacity in , defined as a multiple of the byte that represents approximately one million bytes in everyday usage. This unit facilitates the quantification of large volumes of , such as files, , and transmission sizes, providing a practical scale beyond smaller byte-based measures. The etymology of "megabyte" combines the metric prefix "," derived from the Greek word megas meaning "great" or "large," which in the (SI) denotes a factor of one million (10^6), with "byte," a term invented in 1956 by IBM engineer Werner Buchholz during the development of the IBM Stretch computer. Buchholz intentionally misspelled "bite" as "byte" to distinguish it from the existing term "bit" while referring to a group of bits encoding a character. A byte itself is fundamentally a sequence of eight bits, serving as the basic building block for representation in most modern digital systems. The earliest documented use of "megabyte" in literature dates to 1965, marking its emergence as terminology for describing substantial quantities in early computer systems.

Relation to Smaller Units

The fundamental unit of digital information is the bit, a binary digit that can represent either 0 or 1, serving as the basic building block for all in systems. Eight bits together form a byte, which is the standard unit for storing and processing a single character or small piece of in most computer architectures. Building on the byte, larger units scale up to accommodate greater volumes of information. A consists of either 10310^3 (1,000) bytes in notation or 2102^{10} (1,024) bytes in binary notation, reflecting the influence of powers of two in early addressing. This progression continues to the megabyte, defined as either 10610^6 (1,000,000) bytes in terms or 2202^{20} (1,048,576) bytes in binary terms, allowing for the representation of substantially larger datasets. These units, from bits to megabytes, play a crucial role in quantifying the capacity of digital information, such as the of files or the amount of that can be held in , enabling efficient management and transfer of content in .

Definitions and Standards

Decimal Megabyte (SI)

The decimal megabyte, adhering to the (SI), is defined as exactly 1,000,000 bytes, equivalent to 10610^6 bytes. This definition aligns with the SI prefix "," which denotes a factor of one million (10^6) for any base unit, including the byte in measurement contexts. The (IEC) approved the use of decimal multiples for SI prefixes like megabyte in and transmission in December 1998, as part of standard IEC 60027-2, to promote clarity alongside newly introduced binary prefixes. This formalization ensures the megabyte's role in unambiguous scientific and official measurements, where precision in decimal scaling is essential. Standards organizations, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), have adopted this SI definition for consistent application in technical specifications. In practical terms, the formula for the decimal megabyte is 1 MB (SI)=106 B1 \, \mathrm{MB} \, (\mathrm{SI}) = 10^6 \, \mathrm{B}, providing a straightforward decimal-based unit for quantifying data volumes. Hard drive manufacturers, such as Seagate and , primarily employ this SI definition for labeling storage capacities, marketing drives in terms of decimal megabytes to reflect base-10 calculations (e.g., a 1 TB drive as 1,000 GB or 1,000,000 MB). This approach facilitates alignment with SI conventions in consumer and industrial data storage products.

Binary Alternatives (IEC and Others)

In traditional computing contexts, particularly for (RAM) and , the megabyte (MB) has long been defined as 2202^{20} bytes, equivalent to 1,048,576 bytes. This binary-based definition arose from the fundamental use of powers of 2 in , where memory addressing, data structures, and storage allocation naturally align with binary scaling to optimize efficiency and hardware design. To address the growing ambiguity between this binary usage and the decimal megabyte defined by the International System of Units (SI) as 10610^6 bytes, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) established a standardized set of binary prefixes in Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard 60027-2, published in January 1999. These definitions were later incorporated into subsequent editions and harmonized in ISO/IEC 80000-13:2025, which cancels the original subclauses in IEC 60027-2:2005 and adds new binary prefixes for larger multiples while maintaining the established ones. The primary unit in this system for the 2202^{20} scale is the mebibyte (MiB), formally defined as 2202^{20} bytes or 1,048,576 bytes, providing a clear distinction from the SI decimal megabyte. This IEC framework extends downward and upward through a consistent binary scaling: the kibibyte (KiB) represents 2102^{10} bytes (1,024 bytes), building to the mebibyte (MiB) at 2202^{20}, and further to units like the gibibyte (GiB) at 2302^{30} bytes. Historically, prominent computing firms such as and have used the binary definition for memory specifications while employing decimal for .

Historical Context

Origins in Computing

The term megabyte emerged in the 1960s as computing systems scaled to handle larger memory and storage needs, particularly with the introduction of 's System/360 mainframe family in 1964. The term "megabyte" first appeared in computing literature around 1965, coinciding with the scaling of memory in systems like the System/360. This supported memory capacities reaching up to 8 million bytes in its larger models, marking one of the earliest instances where megabyte-scale measurements became practical for describing main memory configurations. For example, the System/360 Model 91, delivered to in 1968, featured 2 megabytes of in stacked modules, enabling high-performance scientific computations that demanded such volumes. Early storage technologies significantly influenced the adoption of megabyte units, as systems transitioned from kilobyte-limited setups to those requiring larger descriptors. , the dominant RAM technology through the and into the 1970s, allowed mainframes like the System/360 to achieve megabyte capacities through dense arrays of ferrite cores, each storing a bit of . Complementing this, magnetic tape drives evolved to support megabyte-scale storage; by the late , 9-track tapes operating at 1600 bits per inch could store approximately 50 megabytes on a 2400-foot reel, facilitating bulk archiving and transfer for mainframe operations. These advancements addressed the growing demands of business and scientific applications, where datasets exceeded what smaller units like kilobytes could efficiently quantify. The term "megabyte" was formally used in technical documentation starting in the , with the rise of in the further popularizing it in vendor literature. IBM's System/3, introduced in 1969 and widely documented in the early , featured cartridge disk drives with 4.9-megabyte capacities, explicitly referenced in product specifications as a standard measure for storage. Similarly, the IBM Series/1 , launched in 1976, included options up to 27.8 megabytes, with manuals detailing these in megabyte terms to highlight expandability for distributed tasks. This period saw the term solidify for and early personal systems, reflecting the shift toward modular hardware designs. A key milestone in the 1980s came with the revolution, exemplified by the PC (Model 5150) announced in 1981, which started with 16 kilobytes of RAM but was designed for expansion into the megabyte range. The system's architecture supported up to 640 kilobytes of on the and expansion cards, with the total addressable space reaching 1 megabyte, allowing users to add megabyte-scale memory for advanced applications like multitasking software. This expandability democratized access to megabyte-level resources, fueling the growth of personal computing and software ecosystems.

Evolution and Standardization

In the , growing consumer confusion over megabyte capacities became a significant issue in the industry, as hard drive manufacturers advertised storage using the decimal definition (1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes) while operating systems and software typically reported usable space in binary terms (1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes), leading users to perceive a discrepancy of up to 7% in available capacity. This escalated with larger drives, prompting calls for clearer standards to resolve the mismatch between marketing claims and practical usage. To address this, the (IEC) issued Amendment 2 to IEC 60027-2 in December 1998, recommending new binary prefixes such as mebi- (Mi) for 2^20 to distinctly separate them from SI decimal prefixes like for 10^6, aiming to eliminate overlap in data measurement contexts. Concurrently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1998 endorsed the use of SI decimal prefixes for storage capacities while recommending binary interpretations for (RAM), providing U.S. guidelines that aligned with international efforts to clarify usage without mandating the new IEC prefixes immediately. During the 2000s, adoption of these standards was partial and uneven; for instance, Apple began using GiB (gibibyte) to explicitly denote binary multiples in system reporting starting in 2009, though the traditional "MB" abbreviation continued to cause ambiguity across the industry as many vendors and software persisted with ambiguous labeling. The persistent confusion had tangible impacts, including legal repercussions such as a 2003 U.S. court ruling in Los Angeles that sought to hold Hewlett-Packard and others accountable for hard drives advertised with decimal capacities that underdelivered in binary-reported usable space, highlighting the need for standardized transparency.

Practical Applications

In Data Storage

In data storage, the serves as a fundamental unit for measuring the capacity of physical storage devices, where manufacturers typically employ the definition of 1 MB as bytes to label products for marketing purposes. For hard disk drives (HDDs), this results in capacities expressed in decimal multiples; for instance, a 1 TB HDD is advertised as equivalent to 1,000 GB or MB, reflecting the industry's standard practice adopted by major vendors. This decimal labeling simplifies consumer-facing specifications but can lead to discrepancies when compared to binary-based operating system reports, as the binary (GiB) uses 1,073,741,824 bytes. Solid-state drives (SSDs) and devices follow the same labeling convention as HDDs, with capacities marketed in powers of 1,000 to emphasize larger apparent sizes. However, when formatted and viewed through an operating system like Windows, the usable capacity appears reduced due to the system; a nominally 1 TB SSD, for example, typically shows approximately 931 GB available after accounting for overhead and binary calculation. This difference arises because controllers and NAND chips are designed around binary addressing, but product specifications prioritize metrics for consistency across storage media. File systems such as FAT32 and manage storage allocation using clusters, which are the smallest units of disk space that can be allocated to files, often sized in kilobytes but scalable to handle megabyte-level efficiency for larger volumes. In FAT32, default cluster sizes are 512 bytes for volumes up to 260 MB and 4 KB for volumes from 260 MB to 8 GB, with larger sizes such as 8 KB for 8-16 GB, 16 KB for 16-32 GB, and up to 32 KB or more for larger volumes up to 2 TB to optimize performance and minimize wasted space from slack. , commonly used on Windows systems, defaults to 4 KB clusters for volumes up to 16 TB but supports configurable sizes up to 64 KB—or even 1 MB in custom setups for very large files—to reduce fragmentation and improve I/O throughput on modern storage. These cluster mechanisms ensure that files are stored in contiguous multiples, influencing how megabytes of capacity are effectively utilized in everyday data organization. Practical examples illustrate the megabyte's role in everyday storage scenarios. A fresh installation of requires a minimum of 64 GB of storage space, with the actual installed footprint occupying approximately 20 GB initially, encompassing the OS core, drivers, and basic applications. Similarly, a high-resolution photograph from a modern or typically ranges from 2 to 5 MB per image, depending on compression settings and resolution, allowing thousands of such files to fit within a single of storage. These scales highlight how megabytes aggregate into manageable capacities for personal computing tasks.

In Networking and Transfer

In networking and data transfer contexts, the megabyte (MB) serves as a unit for quantifying the volume of being transmitted, while transfer rates are typically expressed in megabits per second (Mbps) to reflect bandwidth capacity. This distinction arises because network protocols and hardware operate at the bit level, where a byte consists of 8 bits; thus, to convert a speed from Mbps to megabytes per second (MB/s), the value is divided by 8. For instance, a 100 Mbps connection theoretically delivers up to 12.5 MB/s of throughput, though real-world factors like network overhead and latency often reduce this figure. Internet service providers (ISPs) universally advertise and speeds in Mbps, as mandated by regulatory bodies like the (FCC), which defines benchmarks in these terms—for example, a minimum of 100 Mbps and 20 Mbps for advanced services. This convention stems from standards that measure raw bit transmission rates across physical media such as fiber optics or cable, ensuring consistency in performance claims. In practice, this means a consumer subscribing to a 100 Mbps plan can expect to a 100 MB file in approximately 8 seconds under ideal conditions, accounting for the bit-to-byte conversion and assuming no bottlenecks. Data transfer applications highlight the megabyte's role in everyday scenarios. Video streaming services like consume significant volumes: high-definition (HD) playback at uses up to 3 GB (3,000 MB) per hour on their "High" setting, necessitating at least 5 Mbps for smooth delivery. Similarly, email providers impose attachment limits to manage server loads, with capping individual messages—including attachments—at 25 MB to prevent delivery failures and optimize transmission efficiency. These limits underscore how megabytes define practical boundaries in transfer protocols, balancing user convenience with network stability.

Conversions and Comparisons

Between Decimal and Binary Systems

The distinction between and binary interpretations of the megabyte necessitates precise conversions to equate storage capacities across systems. The binary megabyte, formally known as the mebibyte (MiB), represents exactly 2202^{20} bytes, or 1,048,576 bytes, while the megabyte (MB) is defined as 10610^6 bytes, or 1,000,000 bytes, per standards established by the (IEC) and endorsed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The conversion factor between them is derived from the ratio 220106≈1.048576\frac{2^{20}}{10^6} \approx 1.048576, meaning 1 MiB is approximately 1.048576 MB, or conversely, 1 MB is approximately 0.953674 MiB. To perform a conversion, one multiplies or divides the value by this factor depending on the direction. For instance, to convert from decimal MB to binary MiB, divide the decimal value by 1.048576 (or equivalently, multiply by 106220≈0.953674\frac{10^6}{2^{20}} \approx 0.953674). This ratio arises directly from the differing bases: binary prefixes use powers of 2 for alignment with addressing, whereas decimal uses powers of 10 for consistency with the (SI). A practical example illustrates this process: consider a 1 TB hard disk drive (HDD) advertised using decimal units, where 1 TB equals 101210^{12} bytes or 1,000,000 MB (since 1012/106=10610^{12} / 10^6 = 10^6). To express this capacity in binary mebibytes (MiB), first note the total in decimal MB, then apply the conversion: 1,000,000÷1.048576≈953,6741,000,000 \div 1.048576 \approx 953,674 MiB. To further convert to gibibytes (GiB), where 1 GiB = 2302^{30} bytes or 1,024 MiB, divide the MiB result by 1,024: 953,674÷1,024≈931953,674 \div 1,024 \approx 931 GiB. This step-by-step approach ensures accurate equivalence, highlighting how decimal labeling overstates the equivalent binary capacity, with a 1 TB decimal drive showing approximately 931 GiB (or about 931 GB in binary terms) instead of 1,000 GB, a discrepancy of roughly 6.9%. For everyday conversions, users can rely on calculators that implement these formulas, such as those based on NIST definitions, or built-in software features like Windows Explorer, which displays file and folder sizes using binary prefixes (e.g., labeling 1,048,576 bytes as 1 MiB, though often without the "i" suffix).

Common Usage Variations and Misconceptions

In , the term megabyte exhibits significant variations in usage between hardware manufacturers and software systems, often leading to and complaints about "missing ." Hardware vendors, such as those producing hard drives and SSDs, typically define a megabyte in terms as exactly 1,000,000 bytes when labeling storage capacities to align with international standards for . In contrast, operating systems and file management software commonly interpret megabytes in binary terms as 1,048,576 bytes (2^20 bytes), reflecting the base-2 architecture of and file allocation. This discrepancy arises because manufacturers use for simplicity and compliance with metric conventions, while software adheres to binary prefixes for technical accuracy in handling. A frequent outcome of this variation is user frustration when a drive's advertised capacity does not match the usable space reported by the operating system. For instance, a 500 GB hard drive, marketed as 500 × 10^9 bytes (500,000,000,000 bytes), appears as approximately 465 GB in systems like Windows or macOS due to the binary conversion (dividing by 1,024^3 instead of 1,000^3). Such reports are widespread among consumers, who often perceive it as a defect or , prompting support inquiries and online discussions. Another common misconception involves conflating megabytes (MB) with megabits (Mb), particularly in networking and internet contexts. A megabit represents bits, while a megabyte equals 8 megabits (or 8,000,000 bits in decimal terms), yet the similar abbreviations—lowercase "b" for bits and uppercase "B" for bytes—frequently cause errors in interpreting speeds or usage. Users may assume a 100 Mbps connection delivers 100 MB per second, underestimating transfer times by a factor of eight, which exacerbates expectations in file or streaming. Additionally, the assumption of a uniform megabyte definition across all contexts ignores these hardware-software and byte-bit distinctions, leading to broader miscalculations in planning. Regional differences further complicate usage, with consumer protection laws in the prohibiting misleading representations of product capacities, which has prompted manufacturers to include disclaimers specifying measurements in EU markets since the mid-2000s. In billing, similar variations can impact costs; providers like Google Cloud calculate charges using binary gigabytes (1 GiB = 1,073,741,824 bytes), potentially leading to higher-than-expected fees if users base estimates on assumptions.

References

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