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Poʻouli
The poʻo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) or Hawaiian black-faced honeycreeper is an extinct species of passerine bird that was endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaiʻi. It is considered to be a member of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, and is the only member of its genus Melamprosops. It had a black head, brown upper parts and pale gray underparts. This bird inhabited only the wetter, easternmost side of Maui, where it had rapidly decreased in numbers. With extinction threatening, efforts were made to capture birds to enable them to breed in captivity. These efforts were unsuccessful; in 2004, only two known birds remained, and since then, no further birds have been sighted. A 2018 study recommended declaring the species extinct, citing bird population decline patterns and the lack of any confirmed sightings since 2004, and in 2019, the species was declared extinct.
The poʻo-uli was brown above and grayish-white below, with a broad black mask extending behind the eye. Adults were silvery-gray above the mask, shading into brown at the crown, with a bold, pale patch just behind the mask. Juveniles were similar but buffier below with a smaller mask and without gray above. Most published images of the poʻouli are of the juvenile plumage.
The poʻo-uli was discovered in 1973 when students from the University of Hawaiʻi found the bird on the north-eastern slopes of Haleakalā on the island of Maui. It was found during the Hana Rainforest Project at an altitude of 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) above sea level. The poʻo-uli was the first species of Hawaiian honeycreeper to be discovered since 1923.[citation needed]
It was dissimilar to other Hawaiian birds; evidence based on DNA analysis supports it as being the most ancient of all the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, its lineage having split off from the rest of the Hawaiian honeycreepers during the late Miocene, about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The Hawaiian honeycreeper lineage itself only diverged from its common ancestor with Carpodacus around 7.2 million years ago; this would make the divergence of the poʻouli chronologically closer to the initial divergence from the common ancestor with Carpodacus than to the divergence of most other Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages (aside from the one containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza, which diverged about a million years after Melamprosops's lineage), most of which diverged after the mid-Pliocene, 3.77 mya. Around the time the poʻouli lineage originated, Ni'ihau and Kauai were the only two large Hawaiian islands in existence (aside from the then-larger Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), indicating that the po'ouli's lineage must have evolved there and eventually spread to Maui Nui at some point after it first arose in the early Pleistocene, with the recent poʻouli evolving on and/or eventually becoming restricted to Maui.
Its diet consisted mostly of snails, insects, and spiders and it nested in native 'ōhi'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) forests. Po'ouli relied more on an insectivorous diet because the snails' diets required more foraging.[clarification needed]
In the past, at least according to fossil records, it appears that the po'ouli inhabited the drier half of the island of Maui, across the southwestern slope of Haleakalā, at altitudes of 275–1,350 metres (902–4,429 ft).
Fossils show that the po'ouli once lived at Maui's lower elevations in more arid environments, thriving on a presumed diet of native tree snails, invertebrates, insects and their larvae. The relatively recent arrival of lethal, mosquito-transmitted avian malaria in Hawaii quickly wiped out the low-elevation birds, forcing a rapid relocation, en masse, to higher elevations and mountain rainforests; this move showed a likely avoidance of mosquitoes by the birds. Moving to higher elevations also meant adjusting their diets, coming to avoid flying insects and focus on mollusks and other invertebrates. Overall, the sharp decrease in numbers (and subsequent relocation of survivors) negatively affected the po'ouli's once-thriving existence, their genetic diversity and population growth, reproduction and overall distribution.
When the species was first discovered, 100–200 poʻo-uli were estimated to exist. There were only 76 birds per km2. By 1981, there were only 15 birds per km2. By 1985, there were only 8 per km2: from 1975 (when it was first discovered) to 1985, only ten years later, the population had dropped by over 90 percent. In the 1980s, the poʻo-uli disappeared from the easternmost part of its range and was only found in the western branch of the Hanawi Stream.
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Poʻouli
The poʻo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) or Hawaiian black-faced honeycreeper is an extinct species of passerine bird that was endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaiʻi. It is considered to be a member of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, and is the only member of its genus Melamprosops. It had a black head, brown upper parts and pale gray underparts. This bird inhabited only the wetter, easternmost side of Maui, where it had rapidly decreased in numbers. With extinction threatening, efforts were made to capture birds to enable them to breed in captivity. These efforts were unsuccessful; in 2004, only two known birds remained, and since then, no further birds have been sighted. A 2018 study recommended declaring the species extinct, citing bird population decline patterns and the lack of any confirmed sightings since 2004, and in 2019, the species was declared extinct.
The poʻo-uli was brown above and grayish-white below, with a broad black mask extending behind the eye. Adults were silvery-gray above the mask, shading into brown at the crown, with a bold, pale patch just behind the mask. Juveniles were similar but buffier below with a smaller mask and without gray above. Most published images of the poʻouli are of the juvenile plumage.
The poʻo-uli was discovered in 1973 when students from the University of Hawaiʻi found the bird on the north-eastern slopes of Haleakalā on the island of Maui. It was found during the Hana Rainforest Project at an altitude of 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) above sea level. The poʻo-uli was the first species of Hawaiian honeycreeper to be discovered since 1923.[citation needed]
It was dissimilar to other Hawaiian birds; evidence based on DNA analysis supports it as being the most ancient of all the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, its lineage having split off from the rest of the Hawaiian honeycreepers during the late Miocene, about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The Hawaiian honeycreeper lineage itself only diverged from its common ancestor with Carpodacus around 7.2 million years ago; this would make the divergence of the poʻouli chronologically closer to the initial divergence from the common ancestor with Carpodacus than to the divergence of most other Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages (aside from the one containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza, which diverged about a million years after Melamprosops's lineage), most of which diverged after the mid-Pliocene, 3.77 mya. Around the time the poʻouli lineage originated, Ni'ihau and Kauai were the only two large Hawaiian islands in existence (aside from the then-larger Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), indicating that the po'ouli's lineage must have evolved there and eventually spread to Maui Nui at some point after it first arose in the early Pleistocene, with the recent poʻouli evolving on and/or eventually becoming restricted to Maui.
Its diet consisted mostly of snails, insects, and spiders and it nested in native 'ōhi'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) forests. Po'ouli relied more on an insectivorous diet because the snails' diets required more foraging.[clarification needed]
In the past, at least according to fossil records, it appears that the po'ouli inhabited the drier half of the island of Maui, across the southwestern slope of Haleakalā, at altitudes of 275–1,350 metres (902–4,429 ft).
Fossils show that the po'ouli once lived at Maui's lower elevations in more arid environments, thriving on a presumed diet of native tree snails, invertebrates, insects and their larvae. The relatively recent arrival of lethal, mosquito-transmitted avian malaria in Hawaii quickly wiped out the low-elevation birds, forcing a rapid relocation, en masse, to higher elevations and mountain rainforests; this move showed a likely avoidance of mosquitoes by the birds. Moving to higher elevations also meant adjusting their diets, coming to avoid flying insects and focus on mollusks and other invertebrates. Overall, the sharp decrease in numbers (and subsequent relocation of survivors) negatively affected the po'ouli's once-thriving existence, their genetic diversity and population growth, reproduction and overall distribution.
When the species was first discovered, 100–200 poʻo-uli were estimated to exist. There were only 76 birds per km2. By 1981, there were only 15 birds per km2. By 1985, there were only 8 per km2: from 1975 (when it was first discovered) to 1985, only ten years later, the population had dropped by over 90 percent. In the 1980s, the poʻo-uli disappeared from the easternmost part of its range and was only found in the western branch of the Hanawi Stream.