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N747PA
N747PA
N747PA
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N747PA was the registration of a Boeing 747-121. Also known as "Clipper Juan T. Trippe", it was the second 747 ever built and was purchased by Pan Am on October 3, 1970. Following an accident in 1971, the aircraft continued service with Pan Am until the airline's collapse in 1991. It served as a freighter until 1997 when it was used as a source of spare parts. In 2000, it was purchased by a South Korean couple and converted into a restaurant. After laying abandoned for years following the restaurant's failure in 2005, the aircraft was finally scrapped in 2010.

Key Information

Aircraft history

[edit]

N747PA was completed on February 28, 1969. Originally registered as N732PA, it was re-registered to N747PA early on. The aircraft was used by Boeing for flight testing before being delivered to Pan Am, which immediately sent it out on an extensive promotional tour across the United States and the rest of the world to showcase the 747 to the public. On January 14, 1970, then First Lady Pat Nixon, christened the aircraft, "Jet Clipper America" at a ceremony at Dulles International Airport. The aircraft joined Pan Am's fleet later that year. With its easy to recognize registration, N747PA became one of the most easily recognized and iconic planes in the Pan Am fleet, even being referred to by some as the airline's de facto flagship aircraft.[1][2]

Pan Am Flight 845

[edit]
N747PA at Frankfurt Airport in 1984, more than 12 years after the accident
Main article: Pan Am Flight 845

On July 30, 1971, while operating as Pan Am Flight 845, N747PA struck an approach lighting system while taking off from San Francisco International Airport. The crew had planned and calculated their takeoff for runway 28L but discovered only after pushback that the runway had been closed hours earlier for maintenance and that the first 1,000 feet (300 m) of runway 01R, the preferential runway at that time, had also been closed. After consulting with Pan Am flight dispatchers and the control tower, the crew decided to take off from runway 01R, shorter compared to 28L, with less favorable wind conditions.

Runway 01R was about 8,500 feet (2,600 m) long from its displaced threshold (from which point the takeoff was to start) to the end, which was the available takeoff length for Flight 845. Because of various misunderstandings, the flight crew was erroneously informed the available takeoff length from the displaced threshold was 9,500 feet (2,900 m), or 1,000 feet (300 m) longer than actually existed. Despite the shorter length, it was later determined that the aircraft could have taken off safely had the proper procedures been followed.

As the crew prepared for takeoff on the shorter runway, they selected 20 degrees of flaps instead of their originally planned 10-degree setting but did not recalculate their takeoff reference speeds (V1, Vr and V2), which had been calculated for the lower flap setting, and were thus too high for their actual takeoff configuration.

Consequently, these critical speeds were called late, and the aircraft's takeoff roll was abnormally prolonged. In fact, the first officer called Vr at 160 knots (300 km/h; 180 mph) instead of the planned 164 knots (304 km/h; 189 mph) because the end of the runway was "coming up at a very rapid speed."

After the emergency landing, the nose of the 747 elevated upwards

One of the light beams penetrated the cabin and injured two passengers, with one having his foot nearly amputated. The right main under-body landing gear was forced into the fuselage, while the left gear was ripped loose and left dangling. Three of the four hydraulic systems were taken out, as well as several wing and control surfaces, antiskid control and three evacuation slides. The aircraft landed back in San Francisco after dumping fuel. Due to the missing landing gear and shift in the center of gravity from dumping fuel, N747PA settled on its tail with the nose up. In total, there were 29 injuries, with 8 requiring hospitalization.[3][4]

The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that pilot error was the cause of the accident, citing the crew's incorrect input of takeoff reference speeds and the unusual nature of the events that led up to the collision.

Later history

[edit]
N747PA at John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1990
N747PA in 1995, after installation of the side cargo door (aft of the wing). In that moment it was in service with Aeroposta.

After the accident, the aircraft was repaired and returned to service with Pan Am shortly after.[5] In 1973 it was re-registered to N747QC and leased to Air Zaïre, who renamed it to Mont Floyo.[citation needed] It returned to Pan Am in 1975, and was renamed to "Clipper Sea Lark" in 1980, and then "Clipper Juan T. Trippe" in 1981 in honor of the founder of Pan Am, Juan T. Trippe, following his death that year. In 1988, the aircraft received a side cargo door and reinforced floor as part of the United States Department of Defense's airlift requirements under the Civil Reserve Air Fleet.[6][7]

When Pan Am ceased operation on December 4, 1991, General Electric Credit Corporation took ownership of N747PA. It was the last 747 Pan Am had left when it departed John F. Kennedy International Airport on May 12, 1992.[8] It was leased to Argentinean airline Aeroposta and briefly later to Kabo Air in 1993.[citation needed] The aircraft would be grounded in 1997 and used as a source of spare parts, due to her airframe approaching the need for a major D-Check and no longer conforming to new noise criteria. Eventually, it was broken up in December 1999 at San Bernardino International Airport.

"Jumbo 747"

[edit]
"Jumbo 747" redirects here. For the jumbo jet plane type, see Boeing 747.
N747PA in its final state in 2005

In early 2000, the remains of the aircraft were purchased by a South Korean couple and converted into a restaurant called "Jumbo 747". Located in Hopyeong, Namyangju, South Korea, the plane was painted to look like a Boeing VC-25A (Air Force One). The restaurant failed in 2005, and the plane would lie abandoned for several years.[9][10][11][12] After the restaurant shut down, there were petitions and campaigns from numerous aviation enthusiasts for museums or local governments to preserve the historical airplane. In December 2010, the remains of N747PA were finally scrapped.[13][14]

In 2017, author Cody Diamond published in Airways an article claiming that N747PA had only partially been scrapped and that three major pieces of fuselage were saved and moved not far away to the suburb of Wolmuncheon-ro. The former aircraft was then reported to be used as a church in a Korean Air Livery. (Location:1052-7 Wolmun-ri, Wabu-eup, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea).[15] However, this claim was proven incorrect, as the 747 claimed to be N747PA had been there long before the aircraft had been scrapped. As of 2020, the unknown church 747 had been removed as well and replaced by a new building.[16][6][17]

Notes

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References

[edit]
[edit]
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N747PA

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N747PA was the (FAA) registration number assigned to a 747-121, the second aircraft of its type constructed by with manufacturer's 19639 and 2, which first flew on April 11, 1969, and was delivered to Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) on October 3, 1970, initially named "Clipper America". The aircraft entered commercial service with as a jumbo jet, operating international passenger routes, and over its tenure with the airline from 1970 to 1992, it bore additional names including " Sea Lark" from 1975 to 1980 and " Juan T. Trippe" starting in 1980, honoring the airline's founder. It was originally powered by four JT9D-3A engines, later upgraded to JT9D-7A, and accumulated over 80,000 flight hours, including on flights such as in 1971 and Pan Am Flight 653 in 1976. On July 30, 1971, while operating from (SFO) to Tokyo International Airport (HND), the aircraft experienced a significant incident during takeoff from runway 01R, when it struck an approach light structure at the departure end, damaging the aft fuselage and ; the crew continued the flight for 1 hour and 42 minutes, dumping fuel, before returning to (SFO) and landing on runway 28L, where the plane veered off the runway into an unpaved area 5,300 feet from the approach end. The accident resulted in substantial damage to the aircraft, two serious injuries to passengers seated in 47G and 48G, and no fatalities among the 218 occupants, with the cause attributed by the (NTSB) to the pilots using incorrect takeoff speeds stemming from issues with airport information, dispatching procedures, and . The aircraft was repaired following the incident and returned to service. After Pan Am's cessation of operations in 1991, N747PA was stored in December 1991, then leased starting in 1992 to Aeroposta and later to Kabo Air and Polaris Aircraft Leasing, retaining registration N747PA. By 1999, it was partially broken up at (SBD) and the forward fuselage section was preserved as the "Jumbo 747" restaurant in Namyangju-si, , from July 2000 until its closure in 2010, after which the remnants were fully scrapped.

Construction and Delivery

Manufacturing and Testing

N747PA, bearing manufacturer's serial number (MSN) 19639 and line number 2, was the second Boeing 747-121 assembled at the company's Everett factory in Washington state, with production beginning in 1968. The aircraft rolled out on February 28, 1969, marking an early milestone in the 747 production line following the prototype's rollout the previous year. As part of Boeing's initial production efforts, its assembly incorporated the innovative design features of the 747 series, including the distinctive upper deck hump for the cockpit, which allowed for efficient freight conversion in future variants. The aircraft completed its on April 11, 1969, departing from adjacent to the Everett facility. This flight initiated a series of handling and performance evaluations to validate the aircraft's flight characteristics under various conditions. Over the ensuing months, N747PA underwent extensive ground and , including assessments of , stability, and control systems, contributing to the overall development data for the 747 program. Equipped with four JT9D-3A high-bypass engines, each rated at approximately 43,500 pounds of thrust, N747PA represented the early configuration of the 747-121 variant powered by these pioneering engines. The aircraft played a key role as a testbed for , participating in tests, systems integration evaluations, and fatigue assessments essential for type certification. These efforts culminated in the FAA's certification of the 747-100 series on December 30, 1969, clearing the path for commercial operations.

Delivery to Pan Am and Initial Naming

The Boeing 747-121 registered as N747PA, the second 747 built overall and the first production aircraft for (though delivered later due to testing use), was delivered to () on October 3, 1970. This handover marked the completion of extensive flight testing that the aircraft had undergone since its on April 11, 1969, transitioning it from 's development program to 's operational fleet. Prior to delivery, N747PA participated in ceremonial events that highlighted its significance in the introduction of wide-body airliners. On January 14, 1970, at , First Lady christened the aircraft as "Jet America" in a public ceremony, emphasizing its role in advancing . This naming reflected 's tradition of evoking maritime heritage with "" designations, and the aircraft was the first 747 to wear the airline's during promotional activities earlier that year. Upon acceptance, Pan Am crews conducted familiarization and route-proving flights with N747PA starting in late 1969, preparing for integration into service. The aircraft was configured for passenger operations with 366 seats in a three-class layout—first class, economy, and a lounge—featuring two aisles for efficient boarding and movement, aligning with Pan Am's initial 747 fleet standards. This setup supported the airline's vision for high-capacity transatlantic and transpacific routes, with the handover formalizing Pan Am's expansion into jumbo jet operations.

Pan Am Service

Early Commercial Operations

N747PA, a , entered scheduled commercial service with () in late 1970 following its delivery on October 3, 1970. As part of 's pioneering role in launching the program, the aircraft operated on key international long-haul routes, including transatlantic flights from New York to and transpacific services to destinations such as . During its first year of operations from late to mid-1971, N747PA accumulated approximately 2,900 flight hours, contributing to Pan Am's early expansion of its jumbo jet fleet. The aircraft featured a typical early 747 passenger configuration optimized for international long-haul flights, accommodating around 366 passengers in a three-class layout with an upper-deck lounge area that provided a premium social space for first-class travelers, reflecting the era's emphasis on luxurious .

Pan Am Flight 845 Incident

On July 30, 1971, , a registered as N747PA, was a scheduled international passenger and cargo service originating from and bound for Tokyo International Airport, with (SFO) as an en route stop. The aircraft carried 199 passengers and 19 crew members, totaling 218 people on board. Departing from SFO at approximately 3:29 p.m. PDT, the flight marked one of the early commercial operations of the since its introduction the previous year. The incident occurred during takeoff from Runway 01R at SFO, which had a usable length of about 8,500 feet due to a 1,000-foot blast overrun area. The flight crew had initially planned for Runway 28L, but upon learning it was closed for repairs, they switched to Runway 01R without fully recalculating performance data. Using a 20-degree flap setting, the crew employed incorrect takeoff reference speeds—V1 at 149 knots, rotation speed (Vr) at 157 knots, and V2 at 162 knots—based on erroneous assumptions about runway length and aircraft weight limits from the flight dispatch. As a result, the captain initiated rotation prematurely, causing the aircraft's aft fuselage and No. 4 main landing gear to strike the concrete approach light system (ALS) structure approximately 1,000 feet beyond the runway end, over San Francisco Bay. The impact occurred at a low altitude, with the aircraft continuing its climb to about 3,000 feet before the crew assessed the damage. The collision inflicted substantial structural damage, including a puncture to the lower aft fuselage from ALS debris, complete destruction of the No. 4 main , and failure of three of the four hydraulic systems, compromising flight controls and landing gear retraction. Despite the severity, the elected to continue the takeoff, jettisoned approximately 180,000 pounds of fuel over the for 1 hour and 42 minutes to reduce weight, and returned to SFO for an on 28L. Upon , the aircraft veered off the runway and came to a stop 5,300 feet from the approach end, with the nose gear collapsing and forward exits lifting due to the uneven weight distribution from the damaged aft section. An followed, during which escape slides malfunctioned in several locations, leading to injuries. There were no fatalities, but 29 people were injured in total: two passengers suffered serious injuries during the initial impact in the aft cabin, while 27 others—primarily passengers—sustained injuries during the evacuation, including eight with serious back injuries from ineffective deployment of the overwing escape slides. Most injuries occurred among those in the tail section, where the structural breach and sudden deceleration were most pronounced. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the accident and issued its report (AAR-72-17) on May 24, 1972, determining the probable cause as the flight crew's use of incorrect takeoff reference speeds, stemming from the captain's failure to account for the 20-degree flap configuration instead of the standard 30 degrees, compounded by inadequate preflight performance calculations. Contributing factors included errors in flight dispatch planning, such as exceeding the maximum allowable takeoff weight by over 10,000 pounds and poor dissemination of runway-specific obstacle clearance data, as well as insufficient operational oversight by Pan Am management. The NTSB recommended enhancements to NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions) procedures, standardized checklists for runway changes, and improvements in evacuation slide reliability to prevent similar incidents. This event was the first major accident involving a Boeing 747 in commercial service.

Repairs and Subsequent Operations

Following the Pan Am Flight 845 incident on July 30, 1971, which caused substantial damage to the aft and of N747PA during takeoff from , the aircraft was ferried to a at the same location for repairs, as lacked on-site maintenance facilities. The reconstruction focused on the , utilizing structural assessments from the NTSB investigation, and was completed by early 1972, enabling the aircraft's return to passenger service later that year. Initially named Clipper America, the aircraft was renamed Clipper Sea Lark from 1980 to 1981 and then Clipper Juan T. Trippe in June 1981, honoring 's founder. From November 1973 to May 1975, it was leased to and operated under registration N747QC for passenger services. Upon returning to service, it resumed operations on key routes including transatlantic flights to and Asia-Pacific services to destinations like and . In July 1990, amid mounting financial difficulties, leased the aircraft from an undisclosed lessor while retaining markings, continuing limited passenger duties until its final flight for the airline on December 4, 1991. By withdrawal from service, N747PA often operated in quick-change configurations that allowed flexible use for both passenger and mixed operations on international routes.

Post-Pan Am Operations

Storage and Freighter Conversion

Following the end of its passenger operations with amid the airline's financial decline in its final years, N747PA transitioned to storage and freighter modification in the early 1990s. The aircraft was withdrawn from use on December 4, 1991, coinciding with 's filing and cessation of all flights. It was subsequently placed on a short-term from July 1992 to April 1993, during which it retained its historical name "Juan T. Trippe." In July 1993, ownership transferred to the General Electric Credit Corporation, after which N747PA entered long-term storage at (SBD) starting in August 1993. In December 1993, Polaris Aircraft Leasing acquired the aircraft. By February 1995, ownership had shifted to the Wilmington Trust Company, under which the aircraft was further reconfigured for active cargo service, including updates to avionics and systems to meet operational standards of the era.

Cargo Service and Storage

N747PA entered cargo service in the early 1990s under a lease to Aeroposta, where it operated cargo flights from 1992 to 1993. It was briefly leased to Kabo Air from May to June 1993 before returning briefly to Aeroposta in July 1993. The aircraft was subsequently leased briefly to Kabo Air again in 1995 for additional cargo duties, though its advanced age—nearing 26 years since delivery—and unfavorable market dynamics for older widebody freighters restricted operations to a limited scope. By May 1997, N747PA was withdrawn from active use due to these economic pressures and placed into indefinite storage at San Bernardino International Airport in California. It remained in storage there for over two years, serving occasionally as a parts source for other aircraft. In December 1999, the plane underwent partial disassembly at the same location, after which its fuselage sections were cut and shipped by sea to South Korea in 2000 for ground-based applications.

Preservation and Demise

Restaurant Conversion

Following its period of cargo storage and partial disassembly, N747PA was sold in early 2000 to a South Korean couple and shipped to the country in 62 shipping containers at a cost of over $100,000 for dismantling and transport. The aircraft arrived in July 2000 and was reassembled at a site in Hopyeong, Namyangju-si, near , where it was converted into a static named "Jumbo 747," which opened in 2001. The exterior was painted to resemble the U.S. presidential aircraft, the VC-25A. The couple invested $1 million in acquiring the airframe, with the fuselage and left wing repurposed while the right wing was removed to facilitate the static display. The interior was adapted into themed dining areas, preserving elements like the original landing gear and engines to evoke the aircraft's aviation heritage, though it retained no flying capability post-conversion. Owned and operated by the local investors, the functioned as a novelty exhibit drawing tourists fascinated by the second ever built, offering a unique dining experience within the historic . It served amid the plane's aviation-themed setting until closing in 2005, hampered by low customer turnout, steep maintenance expenses—including frequent deliveries for heating—and its remote location.

Abandonment and Scrapping

The conversion of N747PA, intended as its final non-flying use, operated for four years before closing in due to financial difficulties. Following the closure, the owners opened a noodle shop in a small building under the severed right wing. Following the closure, the aircraft was abandoned on its site in Namyangju-si, , where it remained exposed to harsh weather conditions for five years, leading to severe structural deterioration. During this period of neglect from 2005 to 2010, aviation enthusiasts and organizations attempted to preserve the historic airframe through outreach and potential acquisition efforts, including interest from Japanese businessmen to display it at Haneda Airport in Tokyo and a religious group to convert it into a church, but all initiatives failed due to lack of funding and agreement. In December 2010, specifically on December 12, the remaining structure was fully dismantled at the Namyangju-si site using two cranes and broken up for metal recycling, with no parts or sections preserved for museums or other historical displays. N747PA's operational and post-service lifespan totaled 41 years, from its first flight on , 1969, to its complete scrapping, without any formal retirement or commemoration event.

Legacy

Cultural References

N747PA has been featured in aviation media highlighting its role in Pan Am's early jumbo jet operations and its remarkable post-accident career. The 1969 British Pathé documentary Extra! Jumbo Jet presents the Boeing 747's production and rollout in , with footage emphasizing Pan Am's adoption of the type and its revolutionary impact on . The plane's 1971 incident at was dramatized in official accident reports and subsequent analyses, underscoring its resilience after repairs. Scale model enthusiasts have celebrated N747PA through detailed 1:400 replicas produced by manufacturers including Aeroclassics, Big Bird, and later HX Models, typically depicting it in the iconic Pan Am "Clipper" livery from its service era. These models capture the aircraft's historical significance as the second 747 built and Pan Am's flagship, appealing to collectors interested in the airline's jumbo jet era. Recent releases include a 2025 HX Models version in the "Clipper Juan T. Trippe" livery. The aircraft's conversion into the "Jumbo 747" restaurant in during the early 2000s has drawn attention in international media, including articles on abandoned relics that portray it as a symbol of the 747's enduring cultural footprint beyond flight. In historical contexts, N747PA symbolizes the airline's bold adoption of widebody jets, with references in foundation archives and exhibits that commemorate the carrier's innovations in .

Historical Significance

N747PA, the second Boeing 747-121 production aircraft, played a pivotal role in validating the jumbo jet's design for commercial aviation during its initial testing phase with Boeing, where it accumulated flight hours essential for certifying the type's airworthiness and performance. Delivered to Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) on October 3, 1970, it contributed to the rapid global adoption of large-capacity airliners that transformed long-haul travel. As a of , the pioneering that launched the 747 into service, N747PA symbolized the carrier's commitment to , operating for over two decades before its in 1991. Despite sustaining significant damage in the 1971 incident—the first major accident involving a 747—it was repaired and returned to service, demonstrating the aircraft's structural resilience and the feasibility of survivable outcomes in jumbo jet operations. The (NTSB) investigation into the 1971 incident yielded key safety recommendations that enhanced procedures for widebody operations, including mandatory checks of V-reference speeds on the pre-takeoff to prevent errors in profiles and the provision of time and references during takeoff to better monitor progress to V1 speed. Additionally, the report urged improvements in the dissemination of NOTAMs and AIRADs for timely obstacle data at airports, addressing vulnerabilities in runway environment awareness for large aircraft like the 747 and influencing subsequent FAA guidelines for jumbo jet certifications. N747PA's eventual fate underscored the challenges of post-deregulation economics in the airline industry, as Pan Am's heavy investment in an expansive 747 fleet became a financial burden amid increased following the 1978 , leading to the carrier's asset sales, route losses, and bankruptcy in 1991; the aircraft's path from operational icon to storage, conversion, and ultimate scrapping in 2010 served as a stark reminder of how regulatory shifts eroded the viability of legacy international flag carriers.

References

  1. https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b747-19639.htm
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  13. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7217.pdf
  14. https://sites.northwestern.edu/747anniversary/
  15. https://simpleflying.com/pan-am-flight-845-cabin-crew-perspective/
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  23. https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pan-American-World-Airways-Pan-Am/Boeing-747-121/682329
  24. https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/89320
  25. https://books.google.com/books/about/Aircraft_Accident_Report.html?id=cTxTMTSoPbYC
  26. https://www.yesterdaysairlines.com/1400-model-reviews/pan-am-boeing-747-121-n747pa-jet-clipper-america-hx-models
  27. https://www.yankeevictor400.com/post/the-history-of-the-1-400-747-100-in-5-models
  28. https://www.panam.org/book-news/reference-books
  29. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30948
  30. https://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR72-17.pdf
  31. https://adst.org/2022/11/pan-am-and-the-airline-deregulation-act-of-1978/
  32. https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis-pan-ams-rise-and-fall-after-launching-747/120284.article
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