Hubbry Logo
OkoOkoMain
Open search
Oko
Community hub
Oko
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Oko
Oko
Oko
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Oko (Old Russian: Око, lit. 'Eye')[a] is a Russian (previously Soviet) missile defence early warning programme consisting of satellites in Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. Oko satellites are used to identify launches of ballistic missiles by detection of their engines' exhaust plume in infrared light, and complement other early warning facilities such as Voronezh, Daryal and Dnepr radars. The information provided by these sensors can be used for the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which defends Moscow. The satellites are run by the Russian Aerospace Forces, and previously the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and Russian Space Forces. Since November 2015, it is being replaced by the new EKS system.[1]

History

[edit]

Development of the Oko system began in the early 1970s under the design bureau headed by AI Savin, which became TsNII Kometa. The spacecraft element was designed by NPO Lavochkin.[2] The first satellite was launched in 1972[3] but it was not until 1978 that the overall system became operational and 1982 before it was placed on combat duty.[2] The system had a major malfunction in 1983 when it mistakenly identified sunlight on high altitude clouds as a missile attack. Stanislav Petrov, on duty at the new control centre in Serpukhov-15, Moscow Oblast, discounted the warning due to the newness of the system and the lack of corroboration from ground-based radar.[4]

The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012[5]) have been the first generation US-K satellites which operate in molniya orbits. Seven first generation satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbits, called US-KS, starting in 1975.[6] A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites US-KMO which had their first launch in 1991.[2] In total, 101 satellites have been launched.

The US-K satellites, were launched by Molniya-M launch vehicles with Blok 2BL upper stages from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The US-KS and US-KMO operate in geosynchronous orbits and were launched by Proton with DM-2 upper stages from Baikonur.[5][7]

The last US-KMO satellite (Kosmos 2479) was launched on 30 March 2012[8] and the last US-K satellite (Kosmos 2469) on 30 September 2010.[9] They are due to be replaced by a new system called EKS.

Debris

[edit]

The first generation Molniya-type orbit Oko satellites launched between 1976 and 1983 were prone to disintegration, resulting in extensive space debris. The reason they broke up was because they each carried an on-board explosive charge that would be used to destroy the satellite in the case of a malfunction. Unfortunately, control of the explosive charge was itself unreliable and it would often explode, rendering the satellite inoperative, while it was still under control. The design was eventually changed, and the explosive charge in Kosmos 1481 was the last to explode early.[10]

Facilities

[edit]

The system has two dedicated control centres. The western centre is at Serpukhov-15 (Russian: Серпухов-15) near Kurilovo outside Moscow[11] (55°04′06″N 37°02′29″E / 55.06833°N 37.04139°E / 55.06833; 37.04139 (Serpukhov-15 Oko satellites control centre)) and the eastern centre is at Pivan-1 (Russian: Пивань-1)[12] (50°20′57″N 137°11′22″E / 50.34917°N 137.18944°E / 50.34917; 137.18944 (Pivan-1 Oko satellites control centre)) in the Russian Far East. The centre at Serpukhov-15 burned down in 2001[13][14] which caused the loss of contact with currently orbiting satellites.[15]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Oko

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
OKO is a mixed-use complex in the , comprising the 85-story South Residential Tower at 354 meters tall and the 49-story North Office Tower at 245 meters. Developed by and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the project features luxury apartments in the South Tower, premium office spaces in the North Tower, and a base structure housing retail and amenities, with construction starting in 2011 and completing in 2015. The complex is notable for its , including a crystalline connecting the towers, and contributes to City's skyline as one of Russia's tallest developments, emphasizing high-end residential and commercial functionality.

History

Planning and Initiation

The OKO complex, comprising two skyscrapers on plot 16 of the Moscow International Business Center, was conceived by developer Capital Group as a multifunctional development including office, residential, and hotel spaces. The project planning originated in 2001, when Capital Group prepared and secured approval for the initial design, enlisting the U.S.-based architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) to lead the schematic and conceptual work. SOM's involvement focused on creating a paired-tower configuration responsive to the site's urban context, with a taller residential/hotel south tower and a shorter north office tower linked by a base structure, emphasizing structural efficiency and mixed-use integration. Despite the 2001 approvals, project initiation faced significant delays spanning approximately 11 years, attributed to economic constraints that required Capital Group to build financial reserves and secure additional investors before proceeding. This period coincided with broader challenges in Moscow City's expansion, including the 2008 global financial crisis, which stalled high-rise developments across Russia. By 2011, Capital Group recommenced active preparation, finalizing refined designs and engineering plans, with SOM completing design development that year. The total estimated cost for the complex reached US$1-1.2 billion, reflecting the scale of the 354-meter south tower and associated infrastructure. Groundbreaking and foundational construction officially launched in 2011, marking the transition from planning to execution under Capital Group's oversight as both owner and primary builder.

Construction Timeline

Construction of the towers commenced in 2011 under the development of on plot 16 of the . The North Tower, a 49-story office structure rising to 245 meters, and the South Tower, an 85-story mixed-use building reaching 354 meters, were constructed simultaneously, connected at their bases by a multi-level housing retail, parking, and amenities. Site preparation and foundational work preceded vertical progression, with visible structural growth evident by September 2012, when both towers had risen several dozen floors above ground level. Progress accelerated through 2013 and 2014, incorporating advanced engineering from firms like Skidmore, Owings & Merrill for the towers' design and structural systems. By November 2014, the South Tower approached its spire, marking near-topping-out status, while the North Tower had largely achieved its full height. The complex achieved structural completion in 2015, enabling subsequent fit-out for occupancy. This four-year build period reflected efficient phased construction amid Moscow's regulatory and logistical challenges for supertall developments.

Architecture and Design

Structural Overview

The OKO complex features two distinct all-concrete towers rising from a shared seven-story crystalline base structure in Moscow's International Business Center. The North Tower, primarily an office building, stands at 224.5 meters with 46 floors above ground, while the South Tower, dedicated to residential and hotel uses, reaches 354.2 meters across 90 floors above ground, making it one of Europe's tallest residential structures upon completion. Both employ a virtual outrigger lateral system to enhance stiffness against wind and seismic loads without compromising interior column-free spaces, a design choice that optimizes open floor plans in high-rise applications. The towers' tapering profiles, clad in glass curtain walls with varying translucency and reflectivity, contribute to aerodynamic efficiency, reducing wind pressures as height increases. The all-concrete construction, including reinforced cores and slabs, supports the supertall proportions of the South Tower, which underwent height adjustments during development to reach its final stature through advanced analytical modeling for dynamic stability. Engineering innovations include ventilated mullions on the South Tower to facilitate natural airflow and mitigate pressures, enhancing occupant comfort in the upper levels. The base structure integrates the towers via a transparent, multifaceted podium that houses amenities and provides a transitional load path, distributing foundational stresses across two below-ground levels per tower. This configuration ensures holistic stability for the 447,085 square meters of gross area, with the framework enabling efficient vertical transportation systems, such as elevators reaching speeds of 8.3 m/s in the South Tower. Overall, the design prioritizes structural redundancy and material efficiency, reflecting adaptations to site-specific geotechnical conditions in the floodplain.

Innovative Features

The OKO complex features a virtual outrigger lateral system in both towers, which enhances structural against wind and seismic loads while eliminating the need for internal bracing elements that would obstruct interior floor plans. This approach allows for column-free spaces up to 49 meters in span, optimizing usable area in the North Tower's office floors and the South Tower's residential and levels. The towers' design incorporates a distinctive tapering form, where the 85-story South Tower (reaching 354 meters) and 49-story North Tower diverge gradually from their shared seven-story crystalline base, reducing wind exposure and enabling panoramic views without mutual shadowing. The facade employs a high-performance curtain wall system with modulated translucency, clarity, and reflectivity to mitigate solar heat gain and glare, contributing to energy efficiency in Moscow's variable climate. Engineering adaptations during construction included iterative testing and computational modeling after the South Tower's height was increased, addressing dynamic responses unique to its slender profile and the site's exposure in Moscow City. At completion in 2015, the South Tower's spire-crowned observation deck at 354 meters became Europe's highest, offering 360-degree visibility facilitated by the structure's open core and minimal obstructions.

Engineering and Sustainability Elements

The OKO towers utilize a virtual outrigger lateral system in their structural design, which distributes wind and seismic loads efficiently across the building height while avoiding interior columns that could obstruct usable floor space. This system, engineered by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), enables the slender profiles of the 352-meter South Tower and 236-meter North Tower to resist lateral forces inherent to supertall structures in Moscow's variable climate. The foundations incorporate deep piled systems adapted to the site's soft alluvial soils, with construction involving high-strength cores and perimeter frames for enhanced rigidity. Facade engineering features extensive panoramic glazing with low-emissivity coated panels, optimizing daylight penetration and thermal performance without compromising structural integrity. The towers' bases connect via a seven-story crystalline of and , which serves as a load-transfer mechanism and public interface, engineered to accommodate differential settlement between the unevenly loaded towers. Sustainability measures in OKO emphasize operational efficiency through energy-saving systems, including advanced HVAC with zoned climate control and high-efficiency chillers, though the complex lacks formal certifications such as . Water management incorporates multi-stage to achieve potable quality from municipal supplies, reducing reliance on bottled alternatives, while fiber-optic cabling supports low-energy data transmission. These elements align with broader Moscow City standards for resource conservation, but independent assessments note limited integration of sources or passive solar design compared to Western supertalls.

Facilities and Components

North Tower (Office)

The North Tower, also designated as the Office Tower, stands at 245 meters in height with 49 floors dedicated exclusively to premium-class . Construction commenced in 2011 and reached completion in 2015, establishing it as a key component of the complex within Moscow's Center. Designed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), the tower features an elegant rectangular silhouette that tapers upward, integrated with glass curtain walls exhibiting varying degrees of translucency, clarity, and reflectivity to optimize natural light and views. Structurally, the North Tower employs an all-concrete core for stability, supporting flexible layouts with plates averaging 200 square meters or larger to accommodate high-end corporate tenants requiring minimal reconfiguration. At its base, it connects to the adjacent South Tower via a seven-story transparent crystalline that houses shared amenities, including lobbies, retail spaces, and access to 3,700 spaces across the complex. The emphasizes vertical efficiency with 30 high-speed elevators serving the office levels, facilitating rapid vertical circulation for occupants. Office facilities prioritize modern business needs, incorporating advanced systems for climate control, security, and energy efficiency, though specific sustainability certifications like remain unverified in primary project documentation. Tenancy focuses on multinational firms and financial institutions, with leasable area exceeding 100,000 square meters configured for open-plan or partitioned executive suites. As of October 2025, the broader City district reports a vacancy rate of 1.5%, indicating strong demand for premium akin to that in the North Tower, though exact figures for this building are not publicly detailed.

South Tower (Residential and Hotel)

The South Tower, also designated as the Residential Tower, rises 354.3 meters with 85 floors above ground, forming the taller component of the complex dedicated to mixed residential and use. Construction commenced in 2011 and reached completion in 2015, integrating luxury apartments across upper levels with accommodations in lower sections. The structure features an all-glass curtain wall system that maximizes and panoramic views of , while its tapered form reduces wind loads through aerodynamic shaping. Primarily residential, the tower contains 365 apartments sized between 80 and 298 square meters, plus two expansive penthouses each measuring 790 square meters on the uppermost levels. These units emphasize high-end finishes, including custom kitchens, premium appliances, and floor-to-ceiling windows, with immediate available upon purchase for fully fitted residences. The residential portion caters to affluent buyers seeking urban luxury, supported by 24/7 services, secure access systems, and dedicated parking in the complex's underground facilities accommodating up to 1,500 vehicles. Hospitality elements include a four-star integrated into the tower, offering approximately 330 guest rooms alongside amenities such as a , fitness center, restaurants, bars, and a private cinema hall. Lower floors provide apart-hotel options like the Diamond Apartments, blending short-term stays with residential-style suites equipped with , full kitchens, and in-unit . Shared facilities extend to a , services, and solarium, enhancing resident and guest convenience within the Moscow City business district. Atop the South Tower, an at 354 meters marks Europe's highest such vantage point, accessible for public viewing and offering unobstructed 360-degree vistas, though primarily serving as a premium feature for occupants. The tower's design prioritizes energy efficiency via ventilated facades and sustainable materials, aligning with the complex's broader engineering goals despite the challenges of Moscow's variable climate.

Connecting Base and Amenities

The OKO complex's North and South Towers are linked at their base by a six-story designed as a multifaceted crystalline structure, which serves as a integrating shared and public access points. This transparent base facilitates seamless connectivity between the office, residential, and hotel components, including a shared lobby with reception areas that provide entry from street level, underground parking, and elevated pathways. The primary amenity in the base is an extensive parking system, recognized as Europe's largest underground facility with 3,740 spaces across 16 levels, supplemented by a two-level above-ground structure accommodating 179 vehicles and dedicated on the first floor. These parking areas connect directly to both towers via internal highways, supporting high occupancy in the . Commercial and service amenities within the base include shops, cafes, ATMs, bank branches, and a high-tech service offering door-to-door delivery, enhancing convenience for occupants and visitors. The also incorporates landscaped plazas and pedestrian promenades lined with restaurants, integrating with a continuous greenway featuring pocket groves of indigenous trees, open lawns, ponds, walking paths, children's play areas, and sports grounds—the only such public green space in City. This design promotes urban connectivity while addressing the district's limited open space.

Completion and Operations

Milestones and Official Opening

The OKO complex's construction commenced in , with both the North and South Towers developed simultaneously by as part of Moscow's International Business Center. The North Tower, dedicated to , achieved substantial completion and was put into operation by late 2014, enabling initial tenancy preparations. The South Tower, encompassing residential apartments and a component, topped out and reached structural completion in 2015, marking the project's core structural milestones. No public ceremonial opening event for the complex has been documented; instead, operational handover occurred progressively, with the full ensemble entering service in 2015 following regulatory approvals. Key post-completion activations included the September 2016 launch of Restaurant 354 on the South Tower's rooftop, Europe's highest open-terrace dining venue at the time, and the December 2016 opening of the world's highest skating rink atop the same structure. In July 2016, the city government acquired the North Tower from for 13.8 billion rubles to support administrative functions, signaling early institutional adoption.

Tenancy and Recent Usage

The North Tower of the OKO complex, dedicated to premium Class A office space totaling approximately 104,000 square meters across 49 floors, has hosted a mix of Russian and international tenants since its completion in 2015. Early occupants included the property consultancy CBRE, which leased 1,250 square meters, and companies such as , TransTeleCom, , , Hyundai Motor, and Biocad. By 2018, American fashion retailer established its Russian head office and showroom on the 40th floor, occupying space suited for corporate and retail operations. Available office suites range from 65 to over 2,800 square meters, with leasing rates reflecting Moscow City's premium positioning. The South Tower, an 85-story structure combining residential apartments and serviced accommodations, primarily serves high-end private residency and short-term rentals. It features luxury units with panoramic views, often furnished and equipped for immediate occupancy, including studios to multi-room apartments spanning 45 to 110 square meters. The Diamond Apart-Hotel operates within the tower as Moscow City's only five-star apart-hotel, providing serviced apartments for daily, weekly, or longer stays, emphasizing amenities like high ceilings, climate control, and proximity to business facilities. Residential tenancy focuses on premium buyers and renters seeking integrated options, with units marketed for their move-in-ready interiors and access to on-site shops, cafes, and fitness centers. As of October 2025, tenancy in the complex reflects robust demand amid International Business Center's low overall office vacancy rate of 1.5%, near historical lows driven by domestic relocation and limited new supply. While Western sanctions following Russia's 2022 invasion of initially pressured international tenancy through corporate exits and rental corrections of 40-50% in City, recent data indicate recovery via increased Russian firm occupancy and flexible spaces like areas in the North Tower. Residential usage in the South Tower remains stable, with active short-term rentals supporting and executive stays despite broader economic constraints.

Impact and Reception

Economic and Urban Contributions

The OKO complex, integrated into the (MIBC), bolsters the district's function as a concentrated hub for financial and , drawing businesses away from Moscow's overcrowded historic core and thereby easing urban economic pressures. With the North Tower offering 104,000 square meters of premium-class across 49 floors, OKO accommodates tenants in sectors such as consulting and , exemplified by CBRE's 1,250-square-meter on the 14th floor in 2015 under a seven-year agreement. This office capacity supports direct employment in high-value industries, contributing to the broader MIBC's role in generating thousands of jobs amid total district investments exceeding $12 billion. Urbanistically, exemplifies vertical on MIBC's 16th plot, combining 245-meter facilities with the 354-meter Tower's residential apartments and components, totaling approximately 250,000 square meters of built space to promote self-sustaining neighborhood dynamics. The complex's base incorporates retail outlets, cafes, ATMs, and a high-tech dry-cleaning service with delivery, enhancing daily accessibility for residents and workers while integrating with MIBC's parklands and transport infrastructure, including a dedicated . Additionally, its 3,400-space underground parking—Europe's largest—mitigates surface in the Presnensky area, facilitating smoother urban flows for the estimated 250,000 to 300,000 daily users across the business center. These elements position as a catalyst for Moscow's post-2010s high-rise expansion, where the MIBC has evolved into a decongested alternative economic node, with the towers' completion in 2016 aligning with the district's phased buildup to over 20 skyscrapers by the mid-2020s. By prioritizing efficient on a 100-hectare site, OKO advances causal linkages between density, productivity, and reduced sprawl, though its impacts remain intertwined with broader sanctions-era challenges affecting Russian commercial real estate occupancy.

Awards and Achievements

The OKO complex was awarded the FIABCI Prix d'Excellence in in the category of best development project in the Russian market, recognizing its excellence in , , and execution. Upon completion in 2015, the South Tower (OKO Residential Tower) reached a height of 354 meters, becoming the tallest building in and at the time, as well as the tallest residential globally until surpassed. The tower's pinnacle also hosts Europe's highest outdoor at 354 meters. The North Tower (OKO Office Tower), at 245 meters, ranks among Moscow's prominent structures, contributing to the complex's status as a key component of the with over 250,000 square meters of mixed-use space.

Criticisms and Debates

Critics have questioned the economic viability of the OKO towers as part of Moscow's (MIBC), arguing that the development's ambitious vision as a global financial hub has not fully materialized amid Russia's economic challenges. In 2015, approximately 45% of MIBC's 4 million square meters of and commercial space remained vacant, with rental rates falling below Moscow's citywide average, leading some observers to describe the district as more symbolic than functional. During the 2014-2016 economic downturn triggered by oil price collapse and sanctions, occupancy rates in MIBC towers plummeted, prompting reliance on state-owned enterprises as anchor tenants to sustain operations, which fueled debates over whether such projects primarily serve political rather than market-driven goals. More recent data from 2025 indicates a rebound, with premium rents exceeding 80,000 rubles per square meter annually and a shortage of available space, suggesting improved demand but also highlighting ongoing volatility tied to geopolitical factors. Urban planning debates center on the complex's integration with Moscow's broader fabric, with detractors noting its location on the city's edge creates an isolated enclave reliant on limited transport links, exacerbating and issues. Early phases of MIBC development, including , faced criticism for inadequate , such as insufficient metro connections and pedestrian pathways, contributing to perceptions of the district as a "nightmare" in layout despite its visual appeal. This separation from historic core areas has sparked discussions on whether high-rise clusters like prioritize prestige over practical urban connectivity, potentially hindering everyday use beyond elite business and residential functions. The premium pricing of OKO's residential units has drawn scrutiny for limiting accessibility, with top-floor apartments in the South Tower listed at up to $14,000 per square meter as of , far exceeding typical rates and catering primarily to high-net-worth individuals. Such costs, combined with the towers' luxury positioning, have prompted debates on , as the development reinforces spatial divides in a city already strained by affordability challenges. Architectural commentary praises OKO's simple, elegant form designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill for standing out amid MIBC's varied skyline, yet broader critiques of European skyscrapers, including those in , highlight a frequent oversight of local context, resulting in structures that may clash with surrounding heritage without enhancing cultural continuity. These elements underscore ongoing tensions between modernization ambitions and practical, inclusive urban development in post-Soviet .

References

  1. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/oko-residential-tower/363
  2. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/oko-office-tower/12025
  3. https://www.som.com/projects/oko-tower/
  4. https://oko-capitalgroup.com/en/about/
  5. https://moscow-city.guide/en/towers/mfk-oko/
  6. https://moscow-city.guide/en/towers/mfk-oko-severnaya-bashnya/
  7. https://delovoy-kvartal.ru/oko-towers-in-moscow-city/
  8. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=48165
  9. https://datum.imgix.net/about/Jim_Projects/3_OKO_03-23.pdf
  10. https://www.antyapi.co.uk/international-projects-1/oko-towers
  11. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-10-tallest-buildings-europe-2024-bestdiplomats-heqpf
  12. https://moscow-city.guide/en/news/v-moskva-siti-stremitelno-ischezayut-svobodnye-ofisy/
  13. https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/oko-residential-tower-moscow-354m-94-fl.2179973/
  14. https://oko-capitalgroup.com/en/
  15. https://www.fs2ec.com/oko-tower
  16. https://www.vladislavdoronin.com/oko-group/oko-tower/
  17. https://www.zenhotels.com/hotel/russia/moscow/mid8869265/hotel_diamond_apartments/
  18. https://www.agoda.com/oko-towers-in-moscow-city/hotel/moscow-ru.html
  19. https://eurobuildcee.com/en/news/15553-oko-tower-attracts-cbre
  20. https://oko-capitalgroup.com/en/news/354-restaurant-opens-at-oko-tower-in-moscow-city/
  21. https://oko-capitalgroup.com/en/news/world-s-highest-skating-rink-opens-atop-oko-skyscraper-in-moscow-city/
  22. https://moscow-city.guide/en/towers/severnaya-bashnya/
  23. https://oko-capitalgroup.com/en/news/new-tenant-in-nbsp-oko-business-center/
  24. https://rentofficetoday.com/en/office-space-for-rent-moscow/moscow-city/OKO-TOWER/
  25. https://diamond-apart.com/en/
  26. https://www.ft.com/content/7088f370-ddca-11e4-8d14-00144feab7de
  27. https://diamond-apart.com/en/news/arenda-kvartir-v-bashne-oko-moskva-siti/
  28. https://moscow-city.guide/en/about/
  29. https://moscow-city.guide/en/articles/delovoy-tsentr-moskva-siti-spravlyaetsya-s-vozlozhennymi-na-nego-funktsiyami/
  30. https://oko-capitalgroup.com/en/news/oko-skyscrapers-in-moscow-city-officially-launched/
  31. https://www.archdaily.com/610406/high-rise-bohemia-the-moscow-international-business-district-with-no-business
  32. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2017/12/18/analysis-moscow-s-skyscraper-city-has-become-a-citadel-of-vladimir-putin-s-state-capitalism/stories/201712170288
  33. https://moscow-city.guide/en/articles/moskva-siti-i-bolshoy-siti-ofisnyy-bum-defitsit-ploshchadey-i-novye-tendentsii/
  34. https://www.reddit.com/r/skyscrapers/comments/1hbsgve/moscow_international_business_center_mibc_is/
  35. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/06/24/sky-high-apartments-at-soaring-prices-a25211
  36. https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/3381-the-special-nature-of-the-european-skyscraper.pdf
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.