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Ossification
Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor.
In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis.
Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. Calcification is often confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not necessarily vice versa.
The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but growth factors and cytokines appear to play a role.
Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, mandible and hip bone.
Osteoblasts cluster together to create an ossification center. They then start secreting osteoid, an unmineralized collagen-proteoglycan matrix that has the ability to bind calcium. As calcium binds to the osteoid, the matrix hardens, and the osteoblasts become entrapped, transforming into osteocytes.
As osteoblasts continue to secrete osteoid, it surrounds blood vessels, leading to the formation of trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. These blood vessels will eventually develop into red bone marrow. Mesenchymal cells on the bone surface form a membrane known as the periosteum. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid in parallel with the existing matrix, creating layers of compact (cortical) bone.
Endochondral ossification is the formation of long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification.
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Ossification
Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor.
In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis.
Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. Calcification is often confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not necessarily vice versa.
The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but growth factors and cytokines appear to play a role.
Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, mandible and hip bone.
Osteoblasts cluster together to create an ossification center. They then start secreting osteoid, an unmineralized collagen-proteoglycan matrix that has the ability to bind calcium. As calcium binds to the osteoid, the matrix hardens, and the osteoblasts become entrapped, transforming into osteocytes.
As osteoblasts continue to secrete osteoid, it surrounds blood vessels, leading to the formation of trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. These blood vessels will eventually develop into red bone marrow. Mesenchymal cells on the bone surface form a membrane known as the periosteum. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid in parallel with the existing matrix, creating layers of compact (cortical) bone.
Endochondral ossification is the formation of long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification.