The plastisphere is a human-made ecosystem consisting of organisms able to live on plastic waste. Plastic marine debris, most notably microplastics, accumulates in aquatic environments and serves as a habitat for various types of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. As of 2022, an estimated 51 trillion microplastics are floating in the surface water of the world's oceans. A single 5mm piece of plastic can host thousands of different microbial species. Some marine bacteria can break down plastic polymers and use the carbon as a source of energy.

Plastic pollution acts as a more durable "ship" than biodegradable material for carrying the organisms over long distances. This long-distance transportation can move microbes to different ecosystems and potentially introduce invasive species as well as harmful algae. The microorganisms found on the plastic debris comprise an entire ecosystem of autotrophs, heterotrophs and symbionts. The microbial species found within plastisphere differ from other floating materials that naturally occur (i.e., feathers and algae) due to plastics' unique chemical nature and slow speed of biodegradation. In addition to microbes, insects have come to flourish in areas of the ocean that were previously uninhabitable. The sea skater, for example, has been able to reproduce on the hard surface provided by the floating plastic.

The plastisphere was first described in 2013 by a team of three marine scientists, Linda Amaral-Zettler from the Marine Biological Laboratory, Tracy Mincer from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Erik Zettler from Sea Education Association. They collected plastic samples during research trips to study how the microorganisms function and alter the ecosystem. They analyzed plastic fragments collected in nets from multiple locations within the Atlantic Ocean. The researchers used a combination of scanning electron microscopy and DNA sequencing to identify the distinct microbial community composition of the plastisphere. Among the most notable findings were "pit formers", crack and pit forming organisms that provide evidence of biodegradation and may also have the potential to break down hydrocarbons. In their analysis, the researchers also found members of the genus Vibrio, a genus which includes the bacteria that cause cholera and other gastrointestinal ailments. Some species of Vibrio can glow, and it is hypothesized that this attracts fish that eat the organisms colonizing the plastic, which then feed from the stomachs of the fish. Studies carried out in the Baltic Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea, also found microorganisms of the genus Vibrio, in plastic films and fragments, and in plastic fibres, respectively.

Plastic was invented in 1907 by Leo Baekeland using formaldehyde and phenol. Since then, plastic use has exploded and is prevalent throughout human society. From 1964 to 2014, the use of plastic increased twenty-fold. It is expected to double from the 2014 levels by 2035. Efforts to curb plastic production through plastic bans have largely focused on packaging and single-use plastics, but have not slowed the pace of plastic pollution. Similarly, plastic recycling rates tend to be low. In the EU, only 29% of the plastic consumed is recycled. Plastic that does not reach a recycling facility or landfill, accumulates in marine environments due to accidental dumping of the waste, losses during transport, or direct disposal from ships. In 2010, it was estimated that 4 to 12 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste entered into marine ecosystems.

Smaller, more inconspicuous microplastic particles have aggregated in the oceans since the 1960s. A more recent concern in microplastic pollution is the use of plastic films in agriculture. 7.4 million tons of plastic film are used each year to increase food production. Scientists have found that microbial biofilms can form within 7–14 days on plastic film surfaces, and have the ability to alter the chemical properties of the soil and plants that we are ingesting. Microplastics have been recorded everywhere, even the Arctic due to atmospheric circulation.

Large-scale sequencing studies have found alpha diversities to be lower in the plastisphere relative to surrounding soil samples due to a decrease in species richness in the plastisphere. Polymer film fragments affect microbes in different ways, leading to mixed effects on microbial growth rates in the plastisphere. Certain polymer degrading bacteria release toxic byproducts as a result of the degradation, serving as a deterrent to the colonization of the plastisphere by other species. Phylogenetic diversity is also decreased in the plastisphere relative to nearby soil samples.

The bacterial and microbial communities in the plastisphere are significantly different from those found in surrounding soil samples, creating a new ecological niche within the ecosystem. The specific growth of bacteria caused by film fragments is a primary cause for the creation of a unique bacterial community. Changes in bacterial community composition over time in the plastisphere have also been shown to drive changes in surrounding land.

In another study which looked at the factors influencing the diversity of the plastisphere, the researchers found that the highest degree of unique microorganisms tended to favor plastic pieces that were blue.