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The pood (Russian: пуд, romanized: pud, IPA: [put], plural: pudi or pudy) is an obsolete Russian unit of mass equal to 40 funt (фунт, Russian pound).[1] Since 1899, it has been set to approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pounds).[2][3] The pood was first mentioned in the 12th century.[4]
Use in the past and present
[edit]
The pood is first mentioned in documents dating to the 12th century.[4] It is mentioned in the charter of Vsevolod Mstislavich, the prince of Novgorod, dating to 1134–1135. It is also mentioned in the chronicle of Novgorod under the year 1170.[5]
In 1899, the metric system was introduced into Russia and made obligatory in 1918.[6] Together with other units of weight of the obsolete Russian weight measurement system, the Soviet Union officially abolished the pood in 1924. The term remained in widespread use until at least the 1940s.[7]
Its usage is preserved in modern Russian in certain specific cases, e.g., in reference to sports weights, such as traditional Russian kettlebells, cast in multiples and fractions of 16 kg (which is pood rounded to metric units). For example, a 24 kg kettlebell is commonly referred to as "one-and-half pood kettlebell" (polutorapudovaya girya). It is also sometimes used when reporting the amounts of bulk agricultural production, such as grains or potatoes.
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Idioms
[edit]An old Russian proverb reads, "You know a man when you have eaten a pood of salt with him" (Russian: Человека узнаешь, когда с ним пуд соли съешь).
In modern colloquial Russian, the expression sto pudov (сто пудов) – 'a hundred poods,' an intentional play on the foreign "hundred percent" – imparts the ponderative sense of overwhelming weight to the declarative sentence it is added to. The generic meaning of "very serious" or "absolutely sure"[8] has almost supplanted its original meaning of "very heavy weight." The adjective stopudovy and the adverb stopudovo are also used to convey the same sense of certainty.
The word is also used in Polish idiomatically or as a proverb (with the original/strict meaning commonly forgotten): nudy na pudy (Polish for 'unsupportable boredoms', literally 'boredoms [that could be measured] in poods').
References
[edit]- ^ Cardarelli 2012, p. 122.
- ^ Gyllenbok 2018, p. 2028.
- ^ Yakovlev, V. B. (August 1957). "Development of Wrought Iron Production". Metallurgist. Volume. 1 (8). New York: Springer: 546. doi:10.1007/BF00732452. S2CID 137551466. 0026-0894.
- ^ a b Treese 2018, p. 634.
- ^ . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
- ^ Paxton, J. (17 November 2000). Imperial Russia: A Reference Handbook. Springer. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-230-59872-0.
- ^ Vasily Grossman (2007). A Writer at War: A Soviet Journalist with the Red Army, 1941-1945. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 978-0307275332.
- ^ English-Russian-English dictionary of slang, jargon and Russian names. 2012
Sources
[edit]- Cardarelli, François (6 December 2012). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4471-0003-4.
- Gyllenbok, Jan (12 April 2018). Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures: Volume 3. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-319-66712-6.
- Treese, Steven A. (17 May 2018). History and Measurement of the Base and Derived Units. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-77577-7.
External links
[edit]from Grokipedia
The pood (Russian: пуд, romanized: pud) is a historical unit of mass originating in Russia, equivalent to 40 funt and standardized since 1899 at approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pounds avoirdupois).[1] It was primarily employed in the grain trade across Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus from the 12th century until the early 20th century.[1]
The pood first appeared in records from Novgorod the Great in the 12th century, serving as a key measure in commerce and daily transactions.[1] By the 19th century, it was commonly equated to exactly 36 pounds avoirdupois in international trade contexts.[1] The Soviet Union officially abolished the pood along with other traditional Russian weight units in 1924 as part of metrication efforts, though it lingered in some grain statistics into the 1970s.[1] It continues to be used in modern kettlebell sports, where one pood corresponds to 16 kg.[3]
Etymologically, the word "pood" derives from the Russian pud, which stems from Old Norse pund or Low German pund, both meaning "pound" as a unit of weight.[4] The unit's precise value of 16.3805 kilograms was documented in international standards by the United Nations in 1966.[1]
These relations reflect the hierarchical structure of Imperial Russian weights, where 1 funt = 32 lot = 96 zolotnik = 9,216 dolya, scaled up by the factor of 40 for the pood.[10]
A larger unit, the berkovets, equals 10 pood and thus 163.8 kilograms, often used for bulk commodities like timber or grain in historical contexts.[8]
Definition and Measurement
Definition
The pood (Russian: пуд, romanized: pud; pronounced /pud/ or /püt/) is an obsolete unit of mass within the traditional Russian system of weights and measures, defined as equal to 40 funt (the Russian pound).[5][6] The plural forms in Russian are pudi or pudy.[5] As a key component of the Imperial Russian weight system, the pood served as a standard measure for bulk commodities and trade, reflecting the hierarchical structure of pre-metric Russian metrology where larger units like the pood aggregated smaller ones such as the funt.[7] Although it holds no modern legal status following the adoption of the metric system in the Soviet era, the pood persists in cultural and historical contexts, particularly in discussions of Russian heritage and traditional practices.[7]Value and Conversions
The pood was standardized in 1899 to exactly 16.38 kilograms, or 36.11 pounds avoirdupois.[8] This value aligned the traditional Russian unit with international metric standards while preserving its relation to the funt, the base mass unit in the Imperial Russian system.[9] The pood equals 40 funt, with the funt defined as 0.4095 kilograms following the 1899 standardization; thus, the conversion is calculated as 1 pood = 40 × 0.4095 kg.[10] This formula provides a direct link to the smaller subdivisions within the Russian weight system, emphasizing the pood's role as a multiple of the funt for practical measurements in trade and industry.[8]| Unit | Relation to Pood | Equivalent Mass (grams) |
|---|---|---|
| Lot | 1,280 | ≈12.80 |
| Zolotnik | 3,840 | ≈4.27 |
| Dolya | 368,640 | ≈0.0444 |
History
Origins
The pood (Russian: пуд, pud) first emerged as a unit of weight in medieval Russia during the 12th century, serving as a key measure in regional commerce amid the principalities of Kievan Rus'. Its earliest documented reference appears in the Novgorod Chronicle under the year 1170, recording economic distress in the city where essential goods reached exorbitant prices, including honey at 10 kunas per pud. This mention highlights the pood's practical application in quantifying commodities during times of scarcity, such as alongside rye at 4 grivnas per barrel and bread at 2 nogatas per loaf. The term derives from the Old Norse pund or Low German pund, both denoting a pound, reflecting linguistic influences from Northern European interactions.[6][11] These roots trace to extensive trade networks linking Kievan Rus' with Scandinavian Varangians in the 9th–11th centuries and, later, Hanseatic League merchants from the 13th century onward, who facilitated exchanges of furs, amber, and wax across the Baltic region.[6] In its initial adoption, the pood functioned as a standardized measure for weighing trade goods in early Russian principalities like Novgorod, equivalent to 40 funt (the Russian pound).[12] This scale enabled efficient transactions in bustling markets, underscoring its foundational role in the economic fabric of medieval Rus' before later refinements.[12]Standardization and Abolition
The pood played a central role in the Imperial Russian weight measurement system prior to the 18th-century reforms under Peter the Great, which introduced incremental alignments with European standards through measures like the 1719 directive for local verification of trading weights, though comprehensive standardization remained elusive until later.[13] In 1899, a reform influenced by emerging metric conventions formalized the pood's value at 16.38 kilograms (40 funt) to promote uniformity across the empire's trade and administration, as enacted in the June 4 law under Nicholas II that optionally permitted metric usage while preserving traditional units with precise definitions.[14][15] The Soviet Union officially abolished the pood, along with other traditional Russian weight units, effective January 1, 1924, as part of the broader adoption of the international metric system decreed on September 14, 1918, by the Council of People's Commissars to modernize industry and science, replacing imperial units in official contexts.[16] Despite this, the pood lingered in some grain statistics into the 1970s.[1]Uses
Historical Applications
The pood served as a primary unit for measuring bulk commodities in Russian trade and commerce from medieval times through the 19th century, particularly for grain and salt, which were essential staples in domestic and international exchanges. Merchants and state officials quantified shipments of rye, wheat, and other grains in poods to facilitate taxation, storage, and transport across vast territories, as evidenced in records of grain requisitions during wartime efforts in the early 20th century that reflected longstanding practices.[17] Similarly, salt production from Siberian lakes and coastal evaporation sites was tallied in poods, with annual outputs reaching hundreds of thousands of poods to support preservation needs and trade routes to Europe and Asia.[18][19] In military contexts, the pood was employed to specify weights for artillery equipment and projectiles in the Imperial Russian Army, ensuring standardization in logistics and manufacturing up to the early 20th century. Cannonballs and shells for field and siege guns were often designated by their pood equivalents, as illustrated in technical diagrams from 1915 that detailed ammunition loads for various calibers, such as 152 mm howitzers requiring shells around several poods each. Entire cannons, like the massive Tsar Cannon, were described in poods for their total mass, with historical foundries casting pieces up to 2,400 poods to bolster fortifications.[20][21] Agriculturally, the pood functioned as the standard for reporting cereal yields and harvests in official statistics throughout the 19th century, aiding in assessments of regional productivity and state grain reserves.[22] Industrial applications extended to bell casting for Orthodox churches, where founders measured bronze alloys in poods to produce monumental instruments.Modern Applications
In contemporary fitness contexts, the pood remains a standard unit for measuring kettlebells in girevoy sport, Russia's national kettlebell lifting discipline, where competitions use bells calibrated to multiples of the pood, such as 16 kg for one pood and 24 kg for 1.5 poods, emphasizing endurance through high-repetition sets of swings, cleans, and snatches.[23] This practice traces its competitive formalization to 1985, when the Soviet Union established official rules for girevoy sport, reviving traditional training methods in a structured athletic format post-World War II.[23] Internationally, the pood gained prominence in the 1990s and 2000s through Pavel Tsatsouline's introduction of Russian kettlebell training to the West via his 2001 book The Russian Kettlebell Challenge, which popularized the 16 kg and 24 kg bells as one and 1.5 poods for strength and conditioning workouts. CrossFit, a global high-intensity fitness program, incorporates the pood as a prescriptive weight standard in its workouts of the day (WODs), such as specifying a 1.5-pood kettlebell (24 kg) for swings or snatches, aligning with traditional Russian sizing to ensure scalability across athletes while nodding to the unit's historical roots in physical labor.[24] This adoption has contributed to the pood's persistence in modern gym culture, where it serves as a benchmark for progressive overload in functional training, distinct from metric or imperial weights used elsewhere. In traditional crafts, the pood is occasionally referenced in Russian Orthodox Church bell manufacturing as a nod to imperial-era conventions, with contemporary foundries like Blagovest Bells describing large bells in poods—for instance, a 200-pood bell weighing approximately 3,276 kg—to evoke historical significance in church installations.[25] Although officially abolished as a legal unit in 1924, this usage highlights the pood's lingering role in niche, tradition-bound applications within Russia's cultural heritage.[26]Cultural Significance
Idioms and Expressions
In Slavic languages, the pood, a historical Russian unit of mass equivalent to approximately 16.38 kilograms, persists in idiomatic expressions that leverage its connotation of substantial quantity to convey proverbial meanings related to experience, certainty, and tedium. These linguistic survivals highlight the unit's cultural embedding, transforming a defunct measure into a tool for metaphorical emphasis across everyday speech. One prominent Russian idiom is s"yest' pud soli (съесть пуд соли), literally "to eat a pood of salt," which signifies developing a long-term friendship or deep personal acquaintance through shared hardships over time. This expression implies that enduring significant trials together—symbolized by consuming a large, burdensome amount of salt—fosters true understanding between individuals.[27] Another common Russian phrase is sto pudov (сто пудов), meaning "a hundred poods," used colloquially to denote absolute certainty or "without a doubt." Popular in modern youth slang as stopudovo (стопудово), it plays on the idea of an immense, unshakeable weight to affirm conviction in a statement.[28] In Polish, the expression nudy na pudy translates to "boredom in poods" and indicates extreme boredom or something tediously uninteresting.[29] This rymowanka-style idiom employs the pood to exaggerate the overwhelming scale of ennui, often applied to monotonous situations or narratives. Broader Slavic proverbs similarly invoke the pood to underscore emphasis on quantity or certainty, as seen in Russian and Polish variants where it amplifies abstract concepts like endurance or assurance, reflecting shared historical metrological influences across the region.[30]References in Sports and Media
The pood unit has played a central role in Russian Girevoy Sport, a competitive kettlebell lifting discipline, since its formal beginnings in the late 1940s. The first All-Soviet Union Competition of Strongman in 1948 featured events like the two-kettlebell jerk and single-arm snatch using traditional kettlebells calibrated in poods, with the standard 1-pood weight equaling approximately 16 kilograms.[31] By the 1950s, kettlebell training, measured in poods, had become popular among Soviet youth, farmers, and military personnel, evolving into an official sport with standardized rules in the 1970s and the first USSR Championship in 1985.[23] In the 2000s, the pood entered global fitness culture through CrossFit, which incorporated kettlebell exercises specifying weights in poods to honor Russian origins, such as the 1-pood (16 kg) or 1.5-pood (24 kg) bells in benchmark workouts like swings and snatches.[32] This adoption, popularized by Russian émigré Pavel Tsatsouline's writings and training programs in the late 1990s and early 2000s, transformed the pood from a historical measure into a staple of high-intensity functional training worldwide.[26] Although officially abolished in 1924, the pood persisted in post-Soviet Russia through cultural revival in fitness media, where documentaries and instructional content on Girevoy Sport highlight its traditional use to evoke national heritage and strength. This nostalgia extends to exhibitions by post-Soviet athletes, reinforcing the pood's symbolism in modern portrayals of Russian physical culture, as seen in events like the IUKL 2025 World Championships held in Kalisz, Poland, from October 15–20, 2025.[3][33][34] In 19th-century Russian literature, the pood frequently appears in depictions of trade and rural life, underscoring the era's economic realities and the physical demands of commerce, as seen in short stories from collections like In the Depths.[35] Such references emphasize the pood's role as a symbol of burdensome yet essential labor in narratives by authors like Anton Chekhov and Nikolai Gogol.References
- https://www.[dictionary.com](/page/Dictionary.com)/browse/pood