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Prithee is an archaic English interjection formed from a corruption of the phrase pray thee ([I] ask you [to]), which was initially an exclamation of contempt used to indicate a subject's triviality.[1] The earliest recorded appearance of the word prithee listed in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1577, while it is most commonly found in works from the seventeenth century.[2] The contraction is a form of indirect request that has disappeared from the language.[3]

Prithee is the most widely known example of second person object enclitics. Linguists consider it to have been the final step in the grammaticalisation of the verb pray.[4] The eventual use of prithee outside the thee/thou usage signalled its transition into a discourse particle.[5]

There has been extensive scholarship investigating the difference in usage of prithee as opposed to pray you, both in terms of politeness and grammaticalisation.[6] Because prithee eventually came to be used in the same context with the word you, it is considered to have developed into a monomorpheme.[7] Prithee was almost always used as a parenthesis in order to introduce indirect questions and requests.

u often coincide in Early Modern English texts, and the difference between the two terms has been debated by scholars. Scholars such as Roger Brown and Albert Gilman have suggested that prithee was an ingroup indicator. Other scholars suggest that it is simply the more deferential form.[8] The relationship between the two is complicated by the phrase beseech you, which was used in the same time period and was clearly the form used most deferentially.[9]

Although the closest Modern English equivalent of prithee is please, or "could", the two terms presume different attitudes within the addressee. While please accompanies a request addressing itself to the positive desire of the addressee, as in "if it please you," prithee accompanies a request which addresses itself to the threat of being answered in the negative, as though the request were against the addressee's wishes.[10] Stated otherwise, the word please suggests that the person being addressed is willing to comply with the request, whereas the word prithee suggests that he or she is not willing. This switch from stating the speaker's contrary desire to stating the speaker's wish not to impose signaled a cultural shift in the English-speaking world in which politeness became stated negatively rather than positively. Wider repercussions are observable in the replacement of such phrases as "excuse me" and "pardon me," which request understanding or forgiveness, with "I am sorry," which instead acknowledges the speaker's remorse.[11]

In the Complete Works of Shakespeare, prithee occurs 228 times while pray thee occurs only 92 times.

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Prithee

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Prithee is an archaic English interjection used to politely request or implore something, essentially a contraction of "pray thee" meaning "I pray you" or "please." It serves to soften commands or questions in formal or courteous speech, often adding emphasis to a plea. The term emerged in the mid-16th century, with the earliest recorded use around 1560. By the late 1500s, it appeared frequently in Elizabethan literature, including the works of William Shakespeare, where it conveyed a sense of genteel urgency or deference in dialogue. For instance, characters might say "Prithee, tell me" to urge information politely. Over time, as English evolved, prithee fell out of common usage by the 18th century, surviving primarily in historical texts, period dramas, and as a stylistic flourish in modern fantasy or Renaissance-inspired writing. Its phonetic form, pronounced /ˈprɪði/, reflects the elision typical of spoken Early Modern English contractions.

Definition and Meaning

Primary Definition

Prithee is an archaic English derived as a contraction of the "pray thee," serving to express a polite request, entreaty, or in . It functions primarily to soften commands or introduce questions, conveying deference toward the addressee while implying a mild sense of urgency or earnestness in the appeal. This usage positions prithee as a courteous alternative to direct imperatives, often employed in formal or intimate interactions during its period of prevalence. In syntactic terms, prithee typically appears as a parenthetical element at the beginning of a , setting a polite tone for the ensuing request. For instance, it might precede a question such as "Prithee, tell me the time," where it underscores the speaker's and indirectness. Though now obsolete in everyday speech, its role highlights conventions for politeness, linking briefly to the broader etymological roots in "pray thee" as an earnest .

Contextual Nuances

The use of "prithee" exhibits variations in politeness levels depending on the social and dialogic context, often appearing more deferential in formal or hierarchical interactions while adopting a casual or even collaborative tone in informal exchanges among familiars. In structured settings, such as appeals from subordinates to superiors, it functions as a marker of that softens the imposition of a request, thereby preserving the hearer's negative face by minimizing threats to autonomy. Conversely, in peer-to-peer dialogues, "prithee" conveys intimacy and solidarity, aligning with positive strategies that emphasize shared rapport rather than strict , as evidenced in Shakespearean comedies where it accompanies or . A key nuance lies in "prithee"'s role in implying reluctance or , where it subtly acknowledges the addressee's potential unwillingness to comply, thereby framing the request as a gentle entreaty rather than a . This softening effect highlights the speaker's awareness of the request's burden, using the to mitigate face-threatening aspects and encourage through implied or mutual benefit. For instance, when paired with offers of reciprocity, such as promises of reward, it underscores persuasive intent while maintaining an air of non-imposition, distinguishing it from blunter imperatives. In comparison to related forms, "prithee" occupies a mid-level position on the deference spectrum, less formal and expansive than "pray you," which carries a higher degree of negative through its fuller performative structure emphasizing the speaker's . Similarly, it contrasts with "beseech you," a more intense variant evoking pleading or urgency in dire circumstances, whereas "prithee" strikes a balanced, routine suitable for everyday solicitations without escalating emotional weight. This intermediate status allows "prithee" to adapt fluidly across contexts, bridging and familiarity without the overt formality of its counterparts.

Etymology

Origins from "Pray Thee"

"Prithee" derives from the phrase "I pray thee," a contraction that emerged in the late 16th century as a deferential request meaning "please" or "if you will." In this expression, "pray" functions as a verb meaning "to ask earnestly" or "to entreat," originating from Old French preier and Latin precārī, which carried connotations of supplication or petition. The element "thee" is the archaic second-person singular object pronoun, stemming from Old English þē (accusative/dative of þū "thou"), used in Early Modern English to address someone familiarly or of lower status. This derivation reflects a phonetic reduction typical of spoken , where the full phrase "I pray thee" blended into a single word through and weakening of unstressed syllables, enhancing conversational efficiency. The contraction often appears as prythee or prithee in texts, with the initial "I" frequently omitted in rapid speech, leading to forms like pray thee before full fusion. Such reductions were commonplace in the period's , allowing for smoother in polite or informal interactions. The roots of this usage trace to prayer forms, where "pray" initially denoted religious supplication but shifted by the early to secular polite requests, as in entreaties for favor or action. This evolution facilitated the parenthetical insertion of "I pray thee" in sentences, paving the way for its grammatical consolidation into "prithee" as an interjectional courtesy marker in the following centuries.

Earliest Attestations and Evolution

The earliest recorded use of "prithee" dates to 1577, as documented in the Oxford English Dictionary. This initial attestation reflects the word's emergence as a contracted form of the polite request "pray thee," a linguistic shortening that mirrored informal spoken English of the late 16th century. By the 17th century, "prithee" rose to prominence in English literature, particularly in drama and prose, as contractions in spoken language became more prevalent to convey urgency or familiarity in requests. Corpus analyses of Early Modern English drama show "prithee" as one of the most frequent variants of "pray," often used as a discourse marker to soften imperatives, with its usage peaking in the works of playwrights reflecting everyday colloquialisms. This evolution aligned with broader trends in English toward phonological reductions, making "prithee" a staple in representing natural dialogue across genres. The word's frequency began to wane in the , as evolving norms of formal favored more elaborate or indirect expressions over such contractions. Corpus studies indicate a peak in usage during 1640–1709, followed by a decline thereafter, with "prithee" supplanted by phrases like "I beg" or "be so good" and becoming obsolete in by the , though sporadic uses persisted in literary or archaic revivals until 1875.

Linguistic Analysis

Grammatical Function

"Prithee serves as a second-person object enclitic, attaching to the verb pray to form a fused expression that functions as an adverbial interjection in polite requests. As an enclitic, the pronoun thee leans upon pray, creating a cliticized form that modifies the subsequent verb or clause to convey entreaty. In syntactic placement, prithee typically occurs sentence-initially, preceding the verb of the request, as in the example "Prithee, go hence," where it adverbially softens the imperative. Less commonly, it integrates post-verbally in constructions like "go prithee," though such forms emphasize the enclitic attachment to the action. This positioning underscores its role in framing requests without altering the core sentence structure. Morphologically, prithee displays a monomorphemic structure in later attestations, with the original elements pray and thee—a contraction from the etymological phrase "pray thee"—becoming indistinct as a single, uninflected unit. This fusion eliminates separate morphological boundaries, treating it as an indivisible rather than a analyzable verb-object combination.

Grammaticalization and Discourse Role

The of "prithee" illustrates the transformation of a lexical into a fixed particle through processes of semantic bleaching, phonological reduction, and routinization. It originated as the full expression "I pray thee," in which "pray" served as a content denoting entreaty, combined with the "thee." Over time, particularly from the late period onward, the contracted into "prithee," losing its propositional meaning and subject pronoun, to emerge as a bleached by . This evolution represents the terminal phase of "pray"'s , shifting it from a matrix to a non-referential that no longer inflects or takes arguments. In discourse, "prithee" functioned primarily as a politeness marker, softening requests and directives to mitigate perceived impositions on the hearer. It aligned with negative strategies by signaling and acknowledging the face-threatening potential of the speech act, such as in hierarchical or formal interactions where direct imperatives might threaten . For example, in drama, "prithee" often prefaced or parenthetically interrupted commands, reducing their assertiveness compared to bald, positive forms that relied on familiarity or solidarity without such hedging. This role underscores its interpersonal orientation, enhancing hearer involvement while reflecting a cultural shift toward non-imposition in English norms. Theoretically, "prithee"'s development exemplifies pragmaticalization, emphasizing discourse-level interpersonal effects over purely syntactic integration, though it parallels in features like intersubjectification—where the form orients toward the addressee's perspective—and fixed positional constraints akin to enclisis in English contractions. Unlike positive politeness markers that build through directness, "prithee" contrasts by prioritizing avoidance of , as seen in its routine use in parenthetical slots to frame illocutions. Syntactically, it typically occurs in initial or medial positions, reinforcing its role as a pragmatic softener rather than a .

Historical Usage

In Early Modern English Texts

In literature outside of Shakespeare, "prithee" appears frequently as a contracted form of "I pray thee," serving as a in and, to a lesser extent, in prose such as personal correspondence. Analysis of the Early Modern English Drama Corpus, comprising 242,561 words from plays spanning 1500 to 1760, identifies 418 tokens of "pray" forms functioning as politeness markers, with "prithee" among the most common reduced variants, particularly in comedic works by authors like , Richard Brome, and . This prevalence underscores its role in everyday polite discourse, often embedded in to soften requests or express familiarity among characters of comparable social standing, such as friends or colleagues. For instance, in Jonson's Bartholomew Fair (1614), Cokes uses "prithee" reassuringly: "Come, mistress Grace, prithee be not melancholy for my mischance." Similarly, Brome's A Mad Couple Well Match’d (1653) employs "prithee" in casual exchange: "Why prithee, who can heare us?" where it tempers interaction between equals, reflecting the influence of oral contractions in dramatic speech. In Congreve's The Double-Dealer (1694): "prithee dear Rogue, make haste," it fosters rapport among social peers. In non-dramatic prose, such as 16th- and 17th-century letters, the full form "I pray you" predominates, with contracted forms like "prithee" absent in examined correspondence. The correspondence of Joan and Maria Thynne, women writing in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, exemplifies this: Joan's letters to her husband frequently use "I pray you" (66 instances across 53 personal and 13 divine appeals) to frame requests with , as in "I pra you parsuade m r Thynne for the beste" (1595), denoting familial without overt . Maria employs related forms like "I praye thee" sparingly, such as in "I praye thee vew them" to her husband , blending familiarity with mild urgency in domestic matters. Sermons do not feature "prithee" due to their formal tone, favoring more elaborate invocations of . Frequency trends in these texts reveal "prithee" as markedly more common in dialogue than in narrative descriptions, aligning with its roots in spoken English and rising notably from the late 16th century (1570–1639) through the mid-17th (1640–1709) before declining. This pattern highlights its utility in interactive contexts, from theatrical exchanges to epistolary familiarity, across social equals rather than strict superiors.

Prominence in Shakespearean Works

Prithee is a hallmark of Shakespearean dialogue, appearing 228 times in the alongside 92 instances of the expanded form "pray thee," making it one of the most recurrent interjections in his oeuvre. This high frequency highlights its versatility as a strategy, often employed to mitigate direct commands or to convey intimacy, urgency, or irony in interactions among characters of varying social standings. Shakespeare's deployment of the term reflects the of discourse markers, where it functions primarily as an adverbial softener in requests, contributing to the rhythmic flow and emotional nuance of his verse and . In plays such as , prithee underscores moments of heightened tension and pleading. For instance, during the graveyard scene in Act 5, Scene 1, Hamlet grapples with Laertes and exclaims, "I prithee, take thy fingers from my throat," illustrating a defensive yet urgent tone amid physical and . Similarly, in , the term appears in diverse contexts, from Caliban's subservient pleas to Stephano in Act 3, Scene 2—"Prithee, my king, be quiet. Seest thou here, this is the mouth o' th' cell"—which conveys desperate , to more sarcastic uses by characters like Trinculo, who employs it to mock or dismiss others, revealing Shakespeare's skill in layering through linguistic choice. These examples demonstrate prithee's range, from earnest to biting wit, adapting to the play's thematic explorations of power and . Shakespeare's prolific incorporation of prithee not only popularized the contracted form but also cemented its enduring link to Elizabethan , influencing subsequent perceptions of period speech in and . By embedding it in iconic lines across comedies, tragedies, and romances, he elevated a commonplace expression into a symbol of the era's colloquial , as noted in linguistic analyses of his dramatic . This prominence helped standardize prithee as an emblem of courteous yet informal address, distinguishing Shakespeare's dialogue from more formal contemporaries.

Modern Interpretations

Contemporary Equivalents

In contemporary English, the closest parallel to "prithee" is the simple "," which serves as a basic marker for requests, but lacks the nuanced implication of anticipated reluctance or inherent in the archaic form. While "" directly seeks compliance without emphasizing the speaker's , "prithee"—derived from "I pray thee"—functions as an indirect request that mitigates potential by signaling the speaker's earnest wish and acknowledging possible hesitation from the addressee, akin to modern phrases like "if you wouldn't mind" or "would you be so kind?" This reflects a broader shift in politeness strategies from , where "prithee" embodied negative politeness through deference and face-saving in hierarchical social contexts, to the more direct and egalitarian conventions of present-day usage. Modern equivalents like "" or "" prioritize minimizing imposition without the same level of explicit subordination, as English discourse has evolved toward greater informality and reduced emphasis on rigid . Consequently, "prithee" does not carry the softening, anticipatory nuance of phrases such as "come on, ," which convey persuasion amid expected resistance. Although fully obsolete in standard contemporary English, "prithee" survives rarely in formal archaic speech, such as theatrical performances or historical reenactments, where it preserves its role as a of . No significant continuations appear in modern dialects, underscoring its complete and replacement by streamlined forms in everyday communication.

Cultural and Media References

In film and theater adaptations of Shakespeare's works, "prithee" is often retained to preserve the authenticity of Early Modern English dialogue, as seen in screen versions of Othello where lines like "I prithee speak to me as to thy thinkings" are delivered verbatim to maintain the play's rhetorical intensity. Similarly, audio adaptations of Shakespearean plays, such as those cataloged in the Learning on Screen Shakespeare database, incorporate "prithee" in performances to evoke the original Elizabethan soundscape, enhancing listener immersion. These choices underscore directors' efforts to balance accessibility with historical fidelity in modern productions. Parodic invocations of "prithee" appear frequently in comedy sketches and media that mock archaic speech patterns, notably in , where episode 36 features lines like "Prithee nay!" amid absurd Tudor-era impersonations to satirize pretentious historical reenactments. Such humorous uses extend to cartoons, including mannerism-themed illustrations that twist the phrase into exaggerated pleas like "Prithee maketh my cup runneth over!" to lampoon overly formal . In educational and linguistic media, "prithee" serves as a key example of obsolete politeness forms in language learning resources, with Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defining it as an archaic contraction of "I pray thee" used to illustrate contractions and historical shifts in English request structures. Etymology discussions in Shakespeare-focused glossaries, such as those for modern Anglophiles, highlight "prithee" to teach polite imperatives from , aiding comprehension of classic texts without altering their cultural resonance.

References

  1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prithee
  2. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/prithee
  3. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/prithee_int
  4. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/prithee
  5. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/prithee
  6. https://www.etymonline.com/word/prithee
  7. http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/2419/1/PolitenessInShakespeare.pdf
  8. https://www.etymonline.com/word/pray
  9. https://www.etymonline.com/word/thee
  10. https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/21557/3/DemmenPray.pdf
  11. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/pragmatics-in-the-history-of-english/politeness/A5B3EBA1179D9B7E9107004480F4F737
  12. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61919132.pdf
  13. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1075/pbns.106.13sum/pdf
  14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313528410_The_grammaticalization_of_the_verb_pray
  15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270509024_Grammaticalization_or_pragmaticalization_of_discourse_markers_More_than_a_terminological_issue
  16. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49461/49461-h/49461-h.htm
  17. https://www.dhi.ac.uk/brome/viewOriginal.jsp?play=MC&type=ORIG&act=4
  18. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/1456/1/2009WilliamsPhD.pdf
  19. https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/21557/3/DemmenPray.pdf
  20. https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/download/pdf/1973909
  21. https://shakespearenewsletter.com/look-with-thine-ears-the-challenges-and-rewards-of-audio-shakespeare-part-one/
  22. https://www.ibras.dk/montypython/episode36.htm
  23. https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/m/mannerism.asp
  24. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/prithee
  25. https://anglotees.com/the-ultimate-shakespeare-slang-dictionary-for-modern-anglophiles/
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