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Dolby Pro Logic
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 1982 |
| Related brands | Dolby Surround Dolby Pro Logic Dolby Pro Logic II Dolby Pro Logic IIx Dolby Pro Logic IIz Dolby Surround Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo LtRt |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
Dolby Pro Logic is a surround sound processing technology developed by Dolby Laboratories, designed to decode soundtracks encoded with Dolby Surround. The terms Dolby Stereo and LtRt (Left Total, Right Total) are also used to describe soundtracks that are encoded using this technique.[1]
Dolby Stereo—also known as Dolby MP (Motion Picture) or Dolby SVA (stereo variable-area)—was developed by Dolby in 1976 for analog cinema sound systems. The format was adapted for home use in 1982 as Dolby Surround when HiFi capable consumer VCRs were introduced. It was further improved with the Dolby Pro Logic decoding system after 1987.
The Dolby MP Matrix was the professional system that encoded four channels of film sound into two. This track used by the Dolby Stereo theater system on a 35mm optical stereo print and decoded back to the original 4.0 Surround. The same four-channel encoded stereo track was largely left unchanged and made available to consumers as "Dolby Surround" on home video. However, the original Dolby Surround decoders in 1982 were a simple passive matrix three-channel decoder: L/R and mono Surround. The surround channel was limited to 7 kHz. It also had Dolby Noise Reduction and an adjustable delay, for improved channel separation and to prevent dialog leaking and arriving to listeners' ears first. The front center channel was equally split between the left and right channels for phantom center reproduction. This differed from the Cinema Dolby Stereo system which used active steering and other processing to decode a center channel for dialog and center focused on-screen action.
Later on in 1987, the Pro Logic decoding system was released to consumers. It featured virtually the same type of four-channel decoding as the Dolby Stereo theater processor with active steering logic and much better channel separation (up to 30 dB) as well as including a dedicated center channel output for the first time. Many standalone Pro Logic decoders also included a phantom center option for compatibility with earlier non-Pro Logic Dolby Surround equipped home theaters to split the center channel signal to the L/R speakers for legacy phantom center reproduction.
Dolby Surround Pro Logic is the full name that refers to the matrix surround format and decoding system in one. When a Dolby Surround soundtrack is created in post-production (Dolby MP Matrix), four channels of sound are matrix-encoded into an ordinary stereo (two-channel) soundtrack. The center channel is reduced in level by 3 dB and summed to the left and right channels; the surround channel is attenuated by 3 dB, passes through a band-pass filter (cutting frequencies under 100 Hz and above 7 kHz), passes through Dolby B noise reduction and is encoded on the left and right channels with opposite polarity (this is achieved by applying a +90-degree phase shift to the left channel and a −90-degree phase shift to the right channel).[2] The surround channel was often used for ambient background sounds in the original recording, music scores and effects.
A Dolby Pro Logic decoder/processor "unfolds" the soundtrack back into its original 4.0 surround—left and right, center, and a single limited frequency-range (7 kHz low-pass filtered)[3] mono rear channel—while systems lacking the decoder play back the audio as standard stereo.
Although Dolby Surround was introduced as an analog format, all Dolby Digital decoders incorporate a digitally implemented Dolby Surround Pro Logic decoder for digital stereo signals that carry matrix-encoded Dolby Surround. One of the first was the MSP400 surround sound receiver and amplifier by RCA for their high-end Dimensia brand. It was released in 1987 for the Digital Command Component System.
Dolby Surround
[edit] | |
| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 1982 |
| Related brands | Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
Dolby Surround is the earliest consumer version of Dolby's surround sound decoding technology. It was introduced to the public in 1982 during the time home video recording formats (such as Betamax and VHS) were introducing Stereo and HiFi capability. The name Dolby Surround described the consumer passive matrix decoding technology; the professional, active-matrix cinema technology bore the name Dolby Stereo. It was capable of decoding Dolby Stereo four-channel soundtracks to three output channels (Left, Right, Surround). The Center channel was fed equally to the Left and Right speakers. The Surround channel was limited to a 100 Hz to 7 kHz frequency bandwidth, as dialog from the center channel could leak into the surround channel—there was as little as 3 dB of separation between LCR and Surround channels.[3]
Dolby Pro Logic
[edit] | |
| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 1987 |
| Related brands | Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
In 1987 the decoding technology was updated and renamed Dolby Pro Logic.
A Pro Logic decoder/processor "unfolds" the sound into the original 4.0 surround—left and right, center, and a single limited frequency-range (7 kHz low-pass filtered)[3] mono rear channel.
A Pro Logic decoder also uses 'Steering Logic', which drives amplifiers to raise or lower the output volume of each channel based on the current dominant sound direction. For example, while a mono signal is played, the strong correlation to the center channel triggers the output volume of the left, right and surround channels to be lowered. This increases the channel separation achievable to around 30 decibels between channels. By careful tuning of the response of the amplifiers, the total amount of signal energy remains constant and is unaffected by the operation of the channel steering. Additionally, the response time of the system to changes in sound direction is important as too fast a response results in a twitchy feel, while too slow a response leaves sounds coming from an inappropriate direction.[3]
In addition to 5 dB of noise reduction, the surround channel is slightly delayed, so that any front channel sounds that leak into the surround channel arrive at the listener after the front channels. This takes advantage of the Haas effect—audio that is present in the front speakers but delayed in the surround speakers will have the psychoacoustic effect of emanating from the front of the sound stage.
Dolby Surround and Dolby Pro Logic decoders are similar in principle, as both use matrix technology to extract extra channels from Dolby Stereo stereo-encoded audio. The terms Dolby Stereo, Dolby Surround and Lt/Rt are all used to describe soundtracks that are matrix-encoded using this technique.[1]
Dolby Pro Logic II
[edit] | |
| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 2000 |
| Related brands | Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
In 2000, Dolby introduced Dolby Pro Logic II (DPL II), an improved implementation of Dolby Pro Logic created by Jim Fosgate.[4] DPL II processes any high-quality stereo signal source into five separate full frequency channels (right front, center, left front, right rear and left rear), while also decoding five channels from stereo signals encoded in traditional four-channel Dolby Surround. DPL II implements greatly enhanced steering compared to DPL, and as a result, offers an exceptionally stable sound field that simulates five-channel surround sound.
Because of the limited nature of the original Dolby Pro Logic encoding, many consumer electronics manufacturers introduced their own processing circuitry, such as the "Jazz", "Hall", and "Stadium" modes found on most common home audio receivers. DPL II forgoes this type of processing and replaces it with simple servo (negative feedback) circuits used to derive five channels. The extra channel content is extracted using the difference between the spatial audio content between two individual channels of stereo tracks or Dolby Digital encoded 5.1 channel tracks and outputs it appropriately.
In addition to five full-range playback channels, Pro Logic II introduced a Music mode that includes optimized channel delays and adds user controls to—for example—adjust apparent sound stage width.
Pro Logic II systems also have a mode designed specifically for video games which is used in games for PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Wii as an alternative to digital surround formats such as Dolby Digital or DTS. Game mode is similar to Movie mode, except it redirects more bass to the LFE channel.
Dolby Pro Logic IIx
[edit] | |
| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 2003 |
| Related brands | Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
The Dolby Pro Logic IIx system, available since 2003, can take two-channel stereo, Dolby Surround (sometimes called Dolby Stereo Surround) and Dolby Digital 5.1 source material and up-convert it to 6.1 or 7.1 channel surround sound.
Dolby Pro Logic IIz
[edit] | |
| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 2009 |
| Related brands | Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
Dolby Pro Logic IIz expands on Pro Logic IIx with the addition of a height component, creating front height channels above the front left and right speakers, expanding a 5.1 or 7.1 system to 7.1 Height or 9.1. It identifies spatial cues in low-level, uncorrelated information, such as ambience and effects like rain or wind in the side and rear surround channels, and directs it to the front height speakers.[5] The channels it adds are matrixed, not discrete.
Dolby Surround (2014)
[edit]| Product type | Surround sound |
|---|---|
| Owner | Dolby Laboratories |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 2014 |
| Related brands | Dolby Digital Dolby Stereo Dolby Atmos |
| Markets | Worldwide |
| Website | Dolby official website |
Dolby reintroduced the Dolby Surround terminology in 2014. The term now refers to a new upmixer whose purpose is to enable Dolby Atmos receivers and speaker configurations to serve non-Atmos signals.
Dolby Surround is a complete replacement for Pro Logic that upmixes stereo and multi-channel inputs to play over Atmos configurations.
Software encoding and decoding
[edit]- The liba52 decoder library for AC3 and A52 digital sound optionally exports Lt/Rt stereo sound compatible with Pro Logic decoders.
- HandBrake and FFmpeg are capable of downmixing Dolby Digital AC-3 5.1 to Lt/Rt stereo tracks compatible with Dolby Pro Logic I & II decoders.
- SurCode for Dolby Pro Logic II is a Dolby-certified software encoder and decoder available in plug-in formats for DAWs and as a standalone application.
Hardware encoding
[edit]- Dolby Digital (AC3) compatible hardware (DVDs, TVs, Blu-ray players) downmixes the 5.1 channel tracks into Lt/Rt stereo compatible with Pro Logic decoders[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Cohen, Simon; Hall, Parker (2023-11-10). "Ultimate surround sound guide: DTS, Dolby Atmos, and more explained". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ Robjohns, Hugh (September 2001). "Surround Sound Explained: Part 2". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ a b c d Dressler, Roger. "Dolby Surround Pro Logic Decoder – Principles of Operation" (PDF). Dolby Laboratories. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ Scarpelli, Paul (2015-03-03). "History of Surround Sound Processing: The Battle for Dolby Pro Logic II". Audioholics. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
- ^ "Dolby Pro Logic IIz". Dolby Laboratories. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Neyrinck, Paul (February 26, 2015). "Tech Blog – TV/DVD Surround Encoding Technologies". Neyrinck. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
External links
[edit]- Dolby's official site
- Dolby's official history page 4
- Home theatre focus' history of dolby surround decoders
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolby Surround.
Dolby Pro Logic
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Dolby Pro Logic is a surround sound processing technology developed by Dolby Laboratories, introduced in 1987, that decodes matrix-encoded two-channel stereo audio signals into four discrete channels: left, center, right, and a mono surround channel band-limited to 100 Hz–7 kHz for compatibility with standard stereo playback.[1] This system builds on the earlier Dolby Surround format from the early 1980s by incorporating an active matrix decoder and a dedicated center channel, enabling clearer dialogue reproduction and more stable surround effects through directional steering logic.[1][2]
The encoding process matrices the four channels into a left total (Lt) and right total (Rt) stereo pair, ensuring backward compatibility with mono and conventional stereo equipment while allowing Pro Logic decoders to extract and separate the surround information.[1] Primarily an analog system, it was implemented in consumer AV receivers, televisions, and VCRs, supporting applications like broadcast TV and home video where discrete multichannel audio was not feasible.[3][4]
Dolby Pro Logic played a pivotal role in popularizing home theater surround sound during the late 1980s and 1990s, transforming stereo content into immersive experiences and setting the foundation for subsequent digital formats like Dolby Digital.[5][6] Its widespread adoption in millions of households worldwide during the 1990s underscored its influence on consumer audio, though it was eventually superseded by discrete multichannel technologies offering greater channel separation and bandwidth.[2][7]
Historical Development
Dolby Surround
Dolby Surround was introduced by Dolby Laboratories in 1982 as an analog surround sound format aimed at bringing cinema-like audio immersion to home video and television environments.[8] This system adapted the matrix encoding principles originally developed for theatrical Dolby Stereo, enabling surround effects to be delivered via existing stereo playback devices without requiring additional tracks.[9] At its core, Dolby Surround employed Lt/Rt (Left total/Right total) matrix encoding to integrate the left, right, and mono surround channels into a two-channel stereo signal. The surround channel was specifically phase-shifted by ±90 degrees relative to the front channels, creating a 180-degree differential between the Lt and Rt outputs that allowed for extraction through simple difference decoding.[10] This passive matrix approach ensured backward compatibility with standard stereo systems while providing basic spatial audio cues. Notably, the format did not include a discrete center channel; instead, it depended on optimal speaker placement to generate a phantom center image, where dialogue and on-screen effects appeared to emanate from between the left and right speakers.[10] Early adoption of Dolby Surround was driven by the rise of hi-fi consumer electronics in the 1980s, with widespread implementation on VHS tapes, Laserdiscs, and stereo broadcast television. Encoding occurred during the production phase, embedding the surround information directly into the stereo audio mix to maintain compatibility across playback formats.[9][11] By the mid-1980s, major studios routinely included Dolby Surround on home video releases of theatrical films, enhancing the viewing experience without necessitating specialized hardware beyond a basic decoder.[11] Despite its innovations, Dolby Surround faced inherent technical limitations, including noticeable crosstalk between the surround and front channels due to the fixed matrix structure, which could blur spatial imaging. Additionally, the absence of dynamic steering meant decoding remained static, without real-time adjustments to optimize channel separation based on the audio signal's content.[10] These constraints highlighted the need for advancements, leading to the evolution toward Dolby Pro Logic for enhanced performance.[8]Dolby Pro Logic
Dolby Pro Logic was launched in 1987 by Dolby Laboratories as a major advancement in consumer home theater surround sound, enabling the decoding of matrix-encoded stereo signals into four discrete channels: left, center, right, and mono surround.[2] This system marked a significant improvement over earlier formats, providing enhanced channel separation and a dedicated center channel for clearer dialogue reproduction. It built upon the Dolby Surround matrix encoding but introduced active decoding capabilities to extract and steer sounds more precisely.[1] The first consumer products featuring Pro Logic decoders appeared in 1987 AV receivers from manufacturers like Pioneer and Yamaha.[1] The encoding process for Dolby Pro Logic involves matrixing the original four-channel audio into two channels, labeled left total (Lt) and right total (Rt). The center channel information is added in-phase and at equal levels to both Lt and Rt, allowing the decoder to extract it as the sum of these signals, which is particularly effective for anchoring dialogue. The surround channel, encoded as a mono signal, is added out-of-phase to Lt and Rt, enabling extraction through difference signals (Lt - Rt), while there is no explicit digital flag for surround content—instead, the system relies on the decoder's logic to identify and process it. To minimize phase-related artifacts, the surround channel undergoes band-limiting and noise reduction during encoding.[1] A key innovation in Dolby Pro Logic is its directionally adaptive decoding, achieved through steering logic that analyzes signal dominance across channels to improve separation and reduce crosstalk. For instance, if a dominant signal is detected in the left channel, the logic attenuates bleed into the right channel by adjusting gain in voltage-controlled amplifiers, enhancing the perceived directionality of sounds like effects or music. This steering operates dynamically, prioritizing the strongest signal in front or rear directions while maintaining stability in the soundfield. The center channel's frequency response is optimized for dialogue clarity as the direct sum of Lt and Rt, whereas the surround channel is limited to 100 Hz to 7 kHz to suppress encoding artifacts and phase issues in higher frequencies.[1][4] During the 1990s, Dolby Pro Logic saw widespread adoption in AV receivers, becoming a standard feature in home theater systems from manufacturers like Sansui and Denon, as well as in media formats such as VHS, Laserdisc, early DVDs, and broadcast television.[2][12] Decoders required licensing and certification from Dolby Laboratories to ensure compliance with performance standards, including proper channel separation and steering accuracy, which helped maintain audio quality across consumer devices.[13]Evolution of Enhancements
Dolby Pro Logic II was introduced in 2000 as an enhancement to the original system, primarily to improve the extraction of 5.1-channel surround sound from matrixed stereo sources while maintaining full backward compatibility with existing stereo content.[14] This upgrade addressed limitations in the 1987 Pro Logic decoder by providing more discrete surround channels and better separation, allowing decoders to process standard stereo audio into immersive 5.1 playback without requiring specialized encoding.[15] In 2003, Dolby launched Pro Logic IIx to extend the technology's capabilities to 6.1 and 7.1 configurations, deriving discrete rear surround channels from stereo or 5.1 sources to support the growing popularity of multi-speaker home theater setups during the rise of high-resolution formats like DVD-Audio and SACD.[16] The motivation behind these enhancements was to enhance surround immersion from legacy content while preserving compatibility with two-channel stereo broadcasts and recordings, offering a simpler alternative to discrete digital formats such as AC-3 (Dolby Digital), which demanded higher bandwidth and decoding complexity.[15][17] The evolution continued in 2009 with the release of Pro Logic IIz, which incorporated front height channels to create a more enveloping soundfield, responding to early trends in home theater design that favored vertical audio dimensions ahead of object-based systems like Dolby Atmos.[18] This addition allowed upmixing of stereo, 5.1, or 7.1 sources to 7.1 or 9.1 layouts, further emphasizing the system's role in revitalizing older media for modern speaker arrays.[19] By the 2010s, the prominence of Pro Logic enhancements waned as discrete multichannel formats like Dolby Digital and immersive technologies such as Atmos became standard, shifting focus to native object audio over matrix decoding.[20] Despite this, legacy support persists in many AV receivers and processors for upmixing stereo content.[21] As of 2025, no major updates have been issued for Pro Logic variants, but the technology remains relevant for upmixing legacy stereo media in compatible systems.[15]Core Technical Principles
Encoding Process
The encoding process for Dolby Pro Logic involves matrixing four discrete audio channels—left (L), center (C), right (R), and mono surround (S)—into a compatible two-channel stereo signal, known as left total (Lt) and right total (Rt), for distribution over analog media. This analog matrix encoding uses the following equations, where the center channel is attenuated by 3 dB (equivalent to a coefficient of approximately 0.707) and added in-phase to both Lt and Rt, while the surround channel is similarly attenuated, band-limited (typically 100 Hz to 7 kHz), and subjected to a 90-degree phase shift before being added in opposite phase: Here, represents the 90-degree phase lead applied to the surround signal for better isolation during decoding.[22] The center channel summation ensures dialogue clarity by deriving C as (Lt + Rt)/√2 in decoding, avoiding phase cancellation issues since it is encoded in-phase across both channels.[22] This approach preserves mono compatibility while centering vocals and effects. Surround channel isolation relies on the out-of-phase encoding, where the phase-shifted S component allows extraction via (Lt - Rt)/√2, providing about 3 dB of natural separation that active decoding can enhance to 20-30 dB.[22] Noise reduction is integrated during encoding to expand dynamic range on noisy analog carriers; Dolby B or C is typically applied to the Lt and Rt signals, while the surround channel receives a modified, lighter Dolby B processing (reduced to about 5 dB gain) to minimize pumping artifacts in its limited bandwidth.[22] In production workflows, encoding occurs at the mastering stage for analog media such as VHS Hi-Fi tapes or broadcast transmissions, where discrete LCRS mixes are fed into hardware encoders like the Dolby SEU4 to generate the Lt/Rt pair. Digital variants, such as those in PCM streams for early DVD authoring or software tools, apply the same matrix mathematics for compatibility.[1] A key limitation of this encoding is potential crosstalk between channels, particularly if L and R signals are highly correlated, leading to reduced separation; this is mitigated primarily through decoder-side logic rather than encoding adjustments.[22] Decoding relies on reversing this matrix to recover the original channels.Decoding Process
The decoding process in Dolby Pro Logic recovers the left (L), center (C), right (R), and surround (S) channels from the encoded left total (Lt) and right total (Rt) stereo signals using a passive matrix followed by signal processing stages. The basic matrix equations for channel extraction are L = Lt, R = Rt, C = (Lt + Rt) / √2 (with a 3 dB attenuation to maintain balance), and S = j (Lt - Rt) / √2, where the imaginary unit j denotes a 90-degree phase shift applied to the surround difference signal to reverse the encoding phase modulation.[10] Following matrix decoding, the surround channel undergoes Dolby noise reduction decoding, specifically a modified version of Dolby B-type companding that provides approximately 5 dB of noise suppression to restore dynamic range and mitigate tape hiss or transmission artifacts inherent in the matrixed format.[10] Channel-specific filtering is then applied: the center channel receives a low-pass filter to emphasize dialogue frequencies and reduce high-frequency bleed, while the surround channel employs a band-pass filter (typically 100 Hz high-pass and 7 kHz low-pass) to eliminate low-frequency rumble and attenuate high-frequency noise, ensuring cleaner rear-channel output.[10] Hardware implementation requires an AV receiver with a minimum four-channel amplifier to drive the L, C, R, and mono S outputs, along with a certified Dolby Pro Logic decoder chip or DSP for proper signal processing; certification mandates at least 20 dB channel separation, though typical implementations achieve around 30 dB.[10] In cases of signal instability or logic processing errors, such as in noisy environments, the decoder falls back to a fixed passive matrix mode to maintain stable output and prevent artifacts like pumping or phasing issues.[10] For backward compatibility, Lt/Rt signals play as standard stereo on non-decoding systems without perceptible loss, as the encoding preserves full left-right balance.[10]Matrix and Steering Logic
The steering logic in Dolby Pro Logic decoders enhances channel separation by adaptively adjusting the matrix outputs based on detected signal dominance among the left (L), center (C), right (R), and surround (S) channels. This process begins with deriving preliminary channel signals from the Lt/Rt stereo input via basic matrix decoding, followed by analysis of their short-term energy levels. The logic employs logarithmic subtraction of these signal levels to measure relative dominance, where a significant imbalance indicates a primary sound direction.[10][23] If one channel's energy exceeds others by a perceptible margin—typically on the order of several decibels—the steering attenuates contributions from non-dominant channels to minimize crosstalk or bleed between speakers, achieving separations up to 37 dB for adjacent channels.[10] Directional enhancement relies on phase differences inherent in the encoding: in-phase components favor front channels (L, C, R), while out-of-phase signals steer to the mono surround channel. The logic monitors these differences across bandpass-filtered mid-frequency components (approximately 200 Hz to 10 kHz) to localize sounds accurately. Transient detection triggers rapid adjustments via short time constants (around 3.5 ms) for quick response to sudden audio events, preventing localization errors during dynamic scenes, while longer constants (up to 50 ms) ensure stability in steady-state conditions.[23] This dual-mode operation—fast for transients and slow for low-dominance periods—maintains a coherent soundfield without excessive twitching.[10] To preserve headroom and avoid overload during steering, the system incorporates constant-power redistribution, ensuring total output energy remains balanced as signals are reallocated across channels. Steering is frequency-dependent, with more aggressive processing in the midrange (roughly 500 Hz to 5 kHz) to optimize separation for dialogue and key surround effects, while the surround channel itself is band-limited to 100 Hz–7 kHz to reduce phase artifacts at extremes.[10][1] In the original Dolby Pro Logic implementation, steering speeds are fixed with no user-selectable modes, relying on servo-controlled variable time constants for automatic adaptation. Dominance detection can involve correlation measures, such as the coefficient corr = (L · R) / (|L| |R|), derived from patent logic to quantify phase alignment and inform steering decisions.[23]Variants
Dolby Pro Logic II
Dolby Pro Logic II, introduced in 2000, represents an enhancement to the original Dolby Pro Logic system, enabling the decoding of stereo sources—such as Lt/Rt matrix-encoded audio or plain stereo—into a discrete 5.1-channel surround sound format consisting of left, center, right, left surround, right surround, and subwoofer channels.[24][15] This technology was developed by Dolby Laboratories in collaboration with audio engineer Jim Fosgate, building on his earlier innovations in matrix surround processing to deliver more immersive audio from existing stereo content without requiring dedicated multi-channel encoding.[25] Key technical advancements in Dolby Pro Logic II include an improved unmatrixing stage that employs finer phase analysis and a feedback-based steering logic, which analyzes phase differences and amplitude between the left and right input channels to achieve greater channel separation and a more stable soundfield compared to the feed-forward design of the original Pro Logic.[14][1] This results in full-range stereo surround channels (extending beyond the 100 Hz to 7 kHz limitation of prior systems) and faster attack and release times—up to 100 times quicker—to reduce artifacts like pumping and breathing.[25] Additionally, a panorama control allows users to adjust front-stage imaging on a 0-1 scale, blending front left/right signals into the surrounds to create a wider, more enveloping soundfield.[14][1] For the subwoofer channel, low-frequency content is extracted through summing the stereo inputs and applying a low-pass filter below 120 Hz, with optional level trimming to integrate seamlessly into 5.1 setups.[1] The system incorporates multiple decoding modes tailored to different content types, enhancing its versatility. In Movie mode, steering prioritizes dialogue and effects to the center channel for clear narrative focus, with a default 10 ms surround delay to maintain front-back separation.[14] Music mode emphasizes broader surround imaging and width, reducing reliance on the center channel for a more ambient, stereo-like expansion suitable for non-film sources, often with adjustable dimension controls to balance front-to-rear depth.[14][24] Pro Logic mode emulates the original system's fixed steering and mono surround output for compatibility with legacy content.[14] Some receiver implementations include a manufacturer-specific Game mode that accentuates transients and directional cues, optimizing for interactive audio in video games by enhancing surround energy without excessive center dominance.[26] Dolby Pro Logic II maintains full backward compatibility with earlier Dolby Pro Logic and standard stereo decoders, as Lt/Rt-encoded material plays as conventional stereo on non-Pro Logic II systems, while new Pro Logic II encoding—though optional—was rarely implemented due to the rise of discrete digital formats like Dolby Digital.[1][24] It evolved briefly from the original Pro Logic's phase-based steering but introduced multi-axis feedback for superior performance. Adoption peaked in the early 2000s, becoming a standard feature in DVD players, AV receivers, and home theater systems, with digital implementations supporting HDMI passthrough for seamless integration in modern setups—though often underemphasized in favor of native multi-channel audio.[25][15]Dolby Pro Logic IIx
Dolby Pro Logic IIx, introduced by Dolby Laboratories in September 2003, extends the capabilities of Dolby Pro Logic II by processing stereo or 5.1-channel sources to derive additional surround channels, enabling playback in 6.1 or 7.1 configurations.[16] This technology builds on Pro Logic II's 5.1 decoding by further analyzing the mono surround channel to create discrete left and right rear surround outputs, enhancing spatial immersion without requiring native 7.1 content.[1] It was first demonstrated at the CEDIA trade show and became available in consumer products by early 2004.[27] The core algorithm of Pro Logic IIx employs advanced matrix decoding to split the single surround channel (S) into left rear (SLi) and right rear (SRi) channels, utilizing phase differences and inter-channel correlations from the front and surround signals.[28] This rear matrix process mirrors the Lt/Rt encoding principles used in earlier Dolby systems but focuses on horizontal expansion for the rear soundstage, preserving the front channels intact while distributing rear effects more precisely across multiple speakers.[27] Operating modes include extensions of Pro Logic II's Movie and Music settings, with added rear expansion options; the Movie mode optimizes for film content, including compatibility with Dolby Surround EX, while Music mode provides balanced upmixing for stereo sources, and a double rear configuration supports full 7.1 playback.[26] Implementation requires amplifiers or receivers with at least seven amplification channels to drive the additional rear speakers, and it gained popularity in mid-2000s home theater setups for upmixing high-resolution formats such as SACD and DVD-Audio, as well as processing digital sources like Dolby Digital 5.1.[29] Pro Logic IIx also integrates with early discrete surround formats like DTS-ES by applying its upmixing to expand 6.1 content to 7.1, though it performs best on matrix-encoded material.[30] However, as a non-discrete matrix system, it can introduce rear imaging artifacts, such as phantom centering or blurred separation, particularly when the source lacks inherent rear surround information or exhibits high correlation between channels.[27]Dolby Pro Logic IIz
Dolby Pro Logic IIz was introduced in 2009 as an enhancement to the Pro Logic II family, enabling the upmixing of 5.1-channel sources to a 7.1 configuration by adding two front height channels positioned above the left and right main speakers, or extending 7.1 setups to 9.1 by incorporating those heights alongside rear surrounds derived from Pro Logic IIx processing.[18][31][32] The processing derives height information from ambient, nondirectional elements in the source material, such as wind or rain, by analyzing correlations between front left/right and surround channels to isolate subtle cues without altering the original mix's directional content.[32][33] If a 7.1 system is present, the decoder leverages Pro Logic IIx-derived rear channels to support the full 9.1 output, ensuring compatibility while emphasizing vertical immersion. Like its predecessors, Pro Logic IIz operates in adapted modes including Movie for cinematic content with enhanced height envelopment and Music for stereo sources with balanced vertical emphasis, but it features no dedicated encoding for height channels—instead relying on matrix decoding of existing stereo or multichannel signals.[15][34] The steering logic is extended to include vertical directionality, routing nondirectional sounds to the height channels for a more natural overhead effect, with height speakers recommended to be mounted at least three feet above the front mains to optimize reflection and immersion.[32][35] Developed as a response to emerging cinema height-channel systems like those in professional theaters, Pro Logic IIz brought vertical audio to consumer home setups, and it was integrated into high-end AV receivers such as Onkyo's TX-SR607 (the first model) and Yamaha's DSP-equipped units using "presence" speakers for height simulation.[18][31] As of 2025, Dolby Pro Logic IIz serves as a legacy upmixer for non-Dolby Atmos content on compatible older receivers, maintaining its utility for immersive playback of legacy media.[34][20]Implementation
Software Encoding and Decoding
Software encoding of Dolby Pro Logic involves creating Lt/Rt matrixed stereo signals from multichannel sources using digital signal processing techniques, implemented in tools such as FFmpeg and Adobe Audition. In FFmpeg, the AC3 and other audio encoders support specifying Dolby Surround (Pro Logic) mode via thedsur_mode option, which applies the necessary matrixing to produce Lt/Rt outputs compatible with Pro Logic decoders.[36] Adobe Audition facilitates surround encoding through its Multichannel Encoder, often augmented by third-party plugins like SurCode for Dolby Pro Logic II, which perform the Lt/Rt downmix while preserving phase relationships for accurate decoding.[37] Digital implementations approximate the analog 90-degree phase shifts required for surround channels using Hilbert transforms, which shift the phase of frequency components without altering amplitude, enabling precise matrix encoding in software environments.[38]
Decoding libraries, such as libavcodec within the FFmpeg project, provide open-source support for extracting 5.1 channels from Lt/Rt stereo via upmix filters. The FFmpeg surround audio filter applies matrix decoding to convert two-channel input to multichannel output, simulating Pro Logic extraction by isolating left, center, right, and surround components based on phase and amplitude differences.[39] This library integrates into media players like foobar2000, where plugins such as the Dolby Pro Logic II DSP wrapper enable real-time upmixing of legacy stereo content to 5.1, supporting variants up to Pro Logic II through configurable steering parameters. These implementations use digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms for steering logic, detecting channel dominance via correlation analysis between left and right signals to dynamically adjust surround and center levels.
In applications, software encoding and decoding allow streaming services to deliver legacy Dolby Surround content for upmixing in modern multichannel playback devices, enhancing older films and broadcasts without re-recording audio tracks. Compatible playback devices and receivers can employ DSP-based upmixers derived from Pro Logic principles to convert stereo legacy assets to 5.1 or higher. Mobile applications, such as Dolby Access for Windows and Android, integrate virtual surround decoding for headphone users, rendering Pro Logic-encoded audio as binaural 5.1 or 7.1 via head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) for immersive listening on portable devices.[40]
Compared to hardware solutions, software approaches offer lower costs through open-source accessibility and easier integration into existing systems, while allowing updates via software patches to refine algorithms or add variant support. Open-source implementations like those in FFmpeg fill gaps in proprietary tools, providing verifiable, community-maintained code for Pro Logic processing without licensing fees.[41]