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Ray Milton Dolby (/ˈdoʊlbi, ˈdɒl-/; January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR, which has been said to have "transformed sound reproduction".[3]

Key Information

In the 1950s he contributed to development of the video tape recorder while at Ampex, and in 1965 he founded Dolby Laboratories in London. There he invented and patented a method of noise reduction for use in analog recording which was widely adopted for the cassette tape. The company moved to California in 1976 and went on to develop audio and video formats for films, home video recorders, home theater, television broadcasts, and video streaming services.

Early life and education

[edit]

Dolby was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of Esther Eufemia (née Strand) and Earl Milton Dolby, an inventor. He attended Sequoia High School (class of 1951) in Redwood City, California.[4] As a teenager in the decade following World War II, he held part-time and summer jobs at Ampex in Redwood City,[5] working with their first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service),[6] he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg.

In 1957, Dolby received his B.Sc. in electrical engineering from Stanford.[7] He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, England, where he was a Research Fellow at Pembroke College and completed his PhD, "Long wavelength X-ray microanalysis"[8] under the supervision of Ellis Cosslett.[9]

Career

[edit]

As a non degree-holding "consultant",[6] Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production.[6]

After Cambridge, Dolby acted as a technical advisor to the United Nations in India until 1965, when he returned to England, where he founded Dolby Laboratories in London with a staff of four. In that same year, 1965, he invented the Dolby noise-reduction system, a form of audio signal processing for analog tape recorders. His first U.S. patent application was made in 1969, four years later. The system was first used by Decca Records in the UK.[3]

The Dolby B consumer noise-reduction system works by compressing (boosting) low-level high-frequency sounds during recording and expanding (decreasing) them symmetrically during playback, which also decreases inherent tape noise. This reduces the audible level of tape hiss.[3] The professional Type A system operates on four different frequency bands, and the final SR system on ten.

After his pioneering work with audiotape noise reduction, Dolby sought to improve film sound. As Dolby Laboratories' corporate history explains:[citation needed]

Upon investigation, Dolby found that many of the limitations in optical sound stemmed directly from its significantly high background noise. To filter this noise, the high-frequency response of theatre playback systems was deliberately curtailed… To make matters worse, to increase dialogue intelligibility over such systems, sound mixers were recording soundtracks with so much high-frequency pre-emphasis that high distortion resulted.

The first film with Dolby sound was A Clockwork Orange (1971), which used Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, but a conventional optical sound track on release prints. Callan (1974) was the first film with a Dolby-encoded optical soundtrack. The first true LCRS (Left-Center-Right-Surround) soundtrack was encoded on the movie A Star Is Born in 1976. In fewer than ten years, 6,000 cinemas worldwide were equipped to use Dolby Stereo sound.

Dolby then developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for the cinema. Dolby Stereo Digital (now simply called Dolby Digital) was first featured on the 1992 film Batman Returns. Dolby Digital is now found in the HDTV (ATSC) standard of the United States, DVD players, and many satellite-TV and cable-TV receivers.[10][11]

Dolby was a Fellow and past president of the Audio Engineering Society.[12]

Death and legacy

[edit]

Dolby died of leukemia on September 12, 2013, at his home in San Francisco at the age of 80.[13] Dolby was survived by his wife Dagmar, two sons, Tom and David, and four grandchildren.[14][15] Kevin Yeaman, president and chief executive of Dolby Laboratories, said, "Today we lost a friend, mentor and true visionary."[14] Neil Portnow, president of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, said Dolby had "changed the way we listen to music and movies for nearly 50 years" and that Dolby's "technologies have become an essential part of the creative process for recording artists and filmmakers, ensuring his remarkable legacy for generations to come."[16]

In his will, Dolby bequeathed £35 million to Pembroke College, Cambridge, reportedly the largest single donation received by any college in the university's history.[17] In December 2017 it was announced that his family had donated a further £85m from his estate to Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory[18] which funded a physics professorship and the building of the Ray Dolby Centre.[19] Funding for the new building was supplemented with £75m from the UK government, and it was completed in 2024; its facilities include lecture halls and 173 laboratories.[20][21]

In 2022, the Dolby Family Fund for Excellence in Physics was expected to fund further academic posts and PhD studentships, as well as an annual symposium.[22]

Awards and honors

[edit]

U.S. patents

[edit]
  • U.S. patent 3,631,365, Frequency selective, symmetric signal compressor/expander (Dolby noise reduction); application filed October 20, 1969, patent granted December 28, 1971

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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Ray Dolby

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Ray Dolby (January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American inventor and electrical engineer renowned for founding Laboratories and pioneering noise-reduction technologies that transformed audio recording and reproduction in the entertainment industry. His innovations, including the Dolby A noise-reduction system introduced in 1965, dramatically reduced tape hiss and background noise in equipment, enabling clearer sound for recordings and film soundtracks. Over his career, Dolby secured more than 50 U.S. patents and developed systems like and , which immersed audiences in multidimensional audio experiences and became standards in cinemas, home entertainment, and consumer devices worldwide. Born in Portland, Oregon, Dolby demonstrated an early aptitude for electronics, building his first radio at age eight and working as a technician at Ampex Corporation while still a teenager. At Ampex from 1949 to 1957, he contributed significantly to the development of the world's first practical broadcast-quality videotape recorder, the Ampex VRX-1000, which he helped demonstrate to the press in 1956 and which earned an Emmy Award for technical achievement. He earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1957 and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Cambridge in 1961 as a Marshall Scholar, experiences that honed his expertise in signal processing and acoustics. In 1965, Dolby established Dolby Laboratories in to commercialize his noise-reduction inventions, initially targeting the professional recording market before expanding to consumer products like Dolby B for cassette tapes in the 1970s. The company relocated to in 1976 and grew under his leadership into a global enterprise with approximately 1,100 employees across multiple countries by the time of his retirement in 2009. His technologies powered thousands of films, from Star Wars (1977) onward, and were licensed for billions of devices, fundamentally enhancing how sound is captured, mixed, and experienced. Dolby's contributions earned him prestigious honors, including the National Medal of Technology in 1997, an Academy Award for Scientific and Technical Achievement in 1989, multiple (including for the recorder and Dolby systems in 1989 and 2005), and induction into the in 2004. He was also appointed Officer of the (OBE) in 1986 and received the posthumously in 2010. In his later years, Dolby focused on philanthropy, donating hundreds of millions to institutions like the , for medical research and education. He died in at age 80 from complications of , leaving a legacy that continues to define modern audiovisual entertainment.

Early life and education

Early life

Ray Milton Dolby was born on January 18, 1933, in , to Esther Eufemia Strand and Earl Milton Dolby, a salesman. His family relocated to the during his childhood, settling in the Peninsula region. Dolby's early fascination with emerged in this environment, influenced by wartime radio technologies and his own home experiments with mechanical devices. He grew up tinkering with sound-related gadgets, developing a keen interest in how audio worked from an early age. This curiosity led him to attend Sequoia High School in , where he graduated in 1951. At age 16, while still in high school, Dolby began working part-time at Corporation in Redwood City, assisting with audio and instrumentation projects, including early development of the videotape recorder, under founder Alexander Poniatoff. This early job provided hands-on exposure to recording technology and reinforced his passion for electronics.

Education

After high school, Dolby attended San Jose State College for one year before serving in the U.S. Army from approximately 1952 to 1955. He then transferred to , where he earned a degree in in 1957 while continuing part-time work at . His undergraduate studies provided a strong foundation in electronics, building on his earlier interest in radio and audio technology. Following graduation, Dolby received a that enabled him to pursue advanced studies at the , where he attended Pembroke College. He completed a Ph.D. in at the in 1961, immersing himself in the renowned environment of that had previously hosted discoveries like the and the splitting of the atom. The Cavendish's emphasis on innovative influenced Dolby's approach to technical problem-solving in both physics and engineering. Dolby's doctoral thesis, titled "Long Wavelength X-ray Microanalysis," focused on adapting for soft s to analyze the of light elements, such as oxygen, with applications in relevant to research. This work addressed and interference reduction in X-ray measurements, a technique that paralleled challenges in high-energy physics experiments at the Cavendish. During his time in , Dolby also explored early audio engineering concepts as a personal pursuit, experimenting with tape recordings of musical performances to mitigate recording .

Career

Early career

After graduating from with a degree in in 1957, Ray Dolby had already established himself in the field through his earlier work at Corporation, where he began as a part-time employee in 1949 as a high school student. After graduating high school, he attended San Jose State College while continuing part-time work there, before leaving college in 1952 to join full-time. His work was interrupted by two years of service in the U.S. Army from 1953 to 1955, after which he resumed at . He contributed significantly to the development of the company's groundbreaking Quadruplex videotape recorder, demonstrated in April 1956. Dolby's role involved designing key electronics for the system, including advancements in the modulation scheme that shifted the FM carrier frequency to six MHz to enhance video , as well as work on the synchronization mechanisms essential for stable magnetic tape playback in video recording. These innovations addressed critical challenges in achieving reliable, high-quality on 2-inch , marking a pivotal step in broadcast television technology. Dolby departed in 1957 to pursue graduate studies at University on a , earning his PhD in physics in 1961. After completing his doctorate, in 1963 he accepted a two-year appointment as a technical advisor for the in , where he focused on establishing a scientific instrumentation laboratory in the region to support UNESCO's special fund projects for relief and development programs. His responsibilities included for deploying audio and measurement equipment in resource-limited settings, honing his expertise in practical audio engineering applications. Upon returning to in 1965, Dolby established a small independent consulting practice in , advising on audio systems for recording studios and broadcasters during the mid-1960s. This period exposed him to persistent challenges in engineering, particularly the audible tape hiss that plagued recordings, which he first notably observed in 1963 while transporting and reviewing scratchy tapes on an recorder during his UN work in . Such noise, inherent to analog tape duplication in studios, limited the fidelity of multitrack productions and underscored the need for improved in the industry.

Founding and development of Dolby Laboratories

In 1965, Ray Dolby founded Dolby Laboratories in as a specializing in audio engineering. The company began operations with a small staff of four in the Fulham area (SW6), initially providing services and developing custom tailored for and professional recording studios. This focus addressed the era's limitations in , where tape hiss and noise degraded audio quality in professional environments. By late 1965, Dolby Laboratories had prototyped its A-type noise reduction system, which was demonstrated to in that November. In January 1966, following successful tests, Decca placed an order for nine A301 units, priced at £700 each, marking the system's first major commercial adoption. The units were delivered by April, enabling Decca's first Dolby-enhanced recording session in May 1966 with pianist recording piano concertos. This was followed by the release of Decca's inaugural LP using Dolby master tapes in November 1966: Solti's Mahler Symphony No. 2. This partnership quickly established credibility among major recording labels, with the system expanding to U.S. clients like and RCA by winter 1966–67. The early years presented significant business challenges for Dolby Laboratories, including difficulties in securing licensing deals for its analog technologies amid a fragmented market. Manufacturers hesitated to adopt without widespread compatible playback devices, creating a that slowed consumer penetration for open-reel and early cassette formats. from other analog audio enhancement methods further intensified pressures, as the industry grappled with inconsistent standards and limited high-fidelity adoption in the and . To navigate this, the company shifted toward licensing its B-type system to electronics firms by , exemplified by an exclusive deal with KLH for their Model 40 cassette player, which helped broaden without heavy investments. In January 1976, Dolby Laboratories relocated its headquarters to , , while retaining London facilities for manufacturing and international sales. This move facilitated expansion into the U.S. market, capitalizing on growing demand from American studios and broadcasters, and positioned the company for broader North American operations during a period of increasing analog audio standardization.

Leadership and global expansion

Under Ray Dolby's leadership, Dolby Laboratories transitioned from a small research-focused entity into a major global player in audio technology. Assuming the role of chief executive in the early years following the company's founding, Dolby prioritized strategic investments in (R&D) during the 1970s and 1980s, fostering innovations that expanded the company's reach beyond professional recording studios. This emphasis on R&D enabled the firm to license its technologies widely, driving revenue growth from approximately $40 million in 1992 to $60 million by 1995. In the , Dolby spearheaded the expansion into consumer products, particularly systems, with the introduction of Dolby Surround Sound for formats. This move capitalized on the growing home entertainment market, resulting in Dolby circuits being integrated into over 70 million consumer products by 1982. Key partnerships with major film studios, such as those for films like in 1992, and hardware manufacturers like for digital audio chips, accelerated adoption in cinemas and consumer devices, establishing Dolby as the industry standard for high-quality sound. These collaborations not only boosted commercialization but also solidified the company's position in both professional and consumer sectors. By the mid-2000s, under Dolby's continued guidance as chairman, the company had grown to approximately 825 employees and established offices in multiple countries, including expansions in , , and , reflecting its international footprint across more than 20 nations. This period marked significant scaling, with Dolby technologies featured in billions of devices worldwide. Ray Dolby served as chairman until 2009, when he retired to focus on .

Technological innovations

Noise reduction systems

Ray Dolby invented the Dolby A-type noise reduction system in 1965, motivated by audio recording challenges he encountered while serving as a technical advisor for the in , specifically targeting the persistent tape hiss in professional multitrack recordings. This system employed a technique, where the audio signal undergoes sliding bandpass filtering and during recording to boost quieter high-frequency components above the floor, followed by complementary expansion during playback to restore the original dynamics while suppressing hiss. The core innovation was patented as US 3,631,365 in 1971, describing signal compressors and expanders that selectively process audio bands to achieve without introducing audible artifacts, using variable gain cells controlled by rectifiers for precise level-dependent operation. Building on the professional success of Dolby A, which divided the audio spectrum into four bands for up to 10 dB of overall (increasing to 15 dB at high frequencies above 10 kHz), Laboratories evolved the for applications. In 1968, B was introduced as a single-band system optimized for compact cassette tapes, applying pre-emphasis and a 10 dB primarily to frequencies above 1 kHz to mitigate hiss while maintaining compatibility with non- equipment through limited low-frequency processing. This adaptation made high-fidelity audio more accessible to home users, as cassettes suffered from inherent noise limitations due to their narrow track width and slow tape speed. By 1980, C further enhanced performance with dual-band processing and spectral skewing, providing approximately 20 dB of across a broader range (15 dB A-weighted from 2 kHz to 8 kHz) and improved by reducing compression artifacts through anti-saturation features. The technical principles underlying these systems relied on pre-emphasis to amplify high-frequency signals during encoding, allowing them to ride above tape , followed by de-emphasis on decoding to recover the original ; the compander ensured that in quiet passages was masked or minimized, typically yielding 10 dB of effective hiss reduction in Dolby A and B without altering perceived . In professional settings, Dolby A was rapidly adopted by recording studios for its transparency, enabling cleaner multitrack overdubs. A notable early commercial application occurred in 1973 with Pink Floyd's album , recorded at where the Dolby A system was integrated midway through sessions to enhance tape quality on 16-track equipment. This marked one of the first major album releases to utilize Dolby , demonstrating its impact on production by preserving sonic detail in complex mixes.

Surround sound and digital audio advancements

In 1975, Ray Dolby's Dolby Laboratories introduced Dolby Stereo, a pioneering matrix-encoded four-channel sound system designed for theatrical release prints on 35mm film. This innovation combined left, center, right, and surround channels into two optical tracks, enabling immersive spatial audio without requiring extensive modifications to existing cinema projectors. The system debuted with the film Lisztomania and gained widespread acclaim through its use in Star Wars (1977), which prompted thousands of theaters worldwide to upgrade their sound equipment for enhanced clarity and directionality. Building on this foundation, Dolby Laboratories launched Dolby Surround in 1982, adapting the matrix encoding technology for consumer home video formats such as and Beta tapes. This extension brought multi-channel audio to living rooms, allowing viewers to experience rear surround effects derived from signals, thus democratizing cinematic for personal entertainment systems. By the mid-1980s, Dolby Surround had become a standard feature in home theater setups, influencing the design of televisions and VCRs to support four-channel playback. A major leap forward came in 1991 with the development of , also known as the AC-3 codec, under Ray Dolby's leadership at Dolby Laboratories. This compression standard delivered discrete 5.1-channel sound—comprising front left, center, right, surround left, surround right, and a (LFE) channel—while efficiently reducing data bandwidth to fit within the constraints of optical film soundtracks and emerging DVD formats. First implemented commercially in the 1992 film , which premiered in 60 U.S. theaters, maintained high-fidelity audio quality at bit rates as low as 384 kbps for 5.1 channels, enabling richer immersion without excessive storage demands. Its technical prowess, including perceptual coding to prioritize audible frequencies, quickly established it as the dominant format for cinema and home media by the early 2000s. Dolby Digital's influence extended to industry standards, notably through integrations with certification programs developed in collaboration with filmmakers like . systems, which ensure consistent audio performance in theaters and homes, incorporated Dolby's compression and multi-channel technologies to verify playback fidelity, low distortion, and precise surround imaging, thereby solidifying Dolby's role in shaping benchmarks. Over 20,000 North American cinemas were equipped with Dolby Digital by 2001, underscoring its transformative impact on global media production and consumption.

Patents and intellectual property

Ray Dolby held over 50 U.S. patents throughout his career, with the majority focused on innovations in , including , control, and multichannel sound encoding. These patents formed the foundational for technologies that transformed analog and reproduction, enabling high-fidelity sound in consumer and professional applications. A cornerstone of his contributions was U.S. Patent 3,631,365, issued on December 28, 1971, which described a frequency selective, symmetric signal compressor and expander system essential for in processes. This underpinned the Dolby A-type system, widely adopted in professional recording studios during the . Other significant patents included U.S. Patent 3,846,719, issued on November 5, 1974, for systems using complementary compressors and expanders to minimize tape hiss in analog media. In the realm of , one significant covered methods for matrix quadraphonic decoding, facilitating compatible stereo-to-surround playback in cinema and home systems. For digital advancements, U.S. 5,185,806, issued on February 9, 1993, addressed circuits for audio signals, enhancing compatibility with emerging digital formats like those used in compact discs. Later work included U.S. 6,016,473, issued on January 18, 2000, for a low bit-rate spatial audio coding system that supported efficient transmission of multidimensional sound fields. These patents were instrumental in safeguarding Dolby Laboratories' technologies against infringement, allowing the company to license them extensively to manufacturers of recording equipment, , and tools. Licensing revenue from Dolby's IP portfolio became a primary , with agreements enabling widespread adoption while generating substantial income—by the , royalties from alone contributed significantly to the firm's growth. Over time, Dolby's strategy evolved to encompass international filings in major markets such as , , and , ensuring global protection for audio innovations amid the shift to digital standards. The company managed its expanding portfolio through dedicated licensing programs and patent pools, aligning IP assets with emerging technologies like for theatrical and home entertainment. This approach not only defended core inventions but also facilitated collaborations, solidifying Dolby's position as a leader in audio IP.

Personal life and death

Family and personal interests

Ray Dolby married Dagmar Baumert, a British he met while studying at Cambridge University, in 1966. The couple had two sons: Tom, a and filmmaker, and , a businessman. Despite the global success of Dolby Laboratories, the family maintained a low profile, with Ray Dolby particularly known for shying away from public attention and media interviews. During the early years of his career, Dolby and his family lived in , where he founded his company in 1965. In 1976, they relocated to the , settling in the Pacific Heights neighborhood, where they raised their sons and expanded the business from a modest operation into a multinational enterprise. This move allowed the family to establish roots in while continuing to nurture close-knit personal ties away from the industry's glare. Dolby's personal interests reflected his lifelong passion for sound and exploration, including from age ten and the , as well as recording live musical performances as a hobby during his days. He later rekindled an enthusiasm for flying airplanes and enjoyed on occasion. With his family, he devoted significant time to planning philanthropic initiatives in science, , and , often emphasizing long-term societal impact. His son carried forward this legacy by serving as a director on the Dolby Laboratories board, contributing to the company's strategic direction in later years.

Illness and death

In his later years, Ray Dolby was diagnosed with around 2010, which gradually impaired his cognitive functions while he managed the ongoing operations of Dolby Laboratories until stepping down as chairman in 2009 and from the board in 2011. This health challenge was compounded in July 2013 when he was diagnosed with , leading to his death on September 12, 2013, at the age of 80 in his home. Dolby's family provided support during his illness, with his wife Dagmar at his side in his final days. Following his passing, the family issued a statement expressing pride in his achievements: "Our family is very proud of his achievements and . He will be sorely missed, but his legacy of will live on." Laboratories responded promptly with tributes, including a company statement and video highlighting his pioneering contributions to audio technology. President and CEO Kevin Yeaman remarked, "Today we lost a friend, mentor, and true visionary," underscoring 's enduring influence on the organization he founded.

Legacy and recognition

Philanthropy and endowments

Ray Dolby's philanthropic efforts, channeled primarily through the Ray and Dagmar Dolby Family Fund, emphasized advancing and research, reflecting his own formative experiences at Cambridge University. Upon his death in 2013, Dolby bequeathed £35 million to , his alma mater, marking the largest single donation to any Cambridge college at the time and enabling the creation of new teaching, research, and graduate accommodation spaces, including the Ray and Dagmar Dolby Court. In 2017, Dolby's family donated an additional £85 million from his estate to the to establish the Ray Dolby Centre, a state-of-the-art research facility for the Department of Physics at the , supporting work in physics and among other fields. This gift, the largest ever to science at the time, funded the construction of laboratories, cleanrooms, collaborative spaces, and public engagement areas, with the building's construction completed in May 2024 and officially opened on May 9, 2025. In the United States, the Dolby family supported key institutions focused on education and medical research. They made generous endowments to , Dolby's undergraduate alma mater, to bolster scientific initiatives, alongside significant contributions to health advancements. For instance, in 2006, Ray Dolby donated $16 million to the (UCSF), and in 2015, the family fund gave $20 million to UCSF's Department of to support research on mood disorders like depression and , aiming to improve treatments and reduce stigma. This gift supported the establishment of the UCSF Dolby Family Center for Mood Disorders in 2018. These efforts through family foundations continued to prioritize audio-related innovations and broader scientific education post-Dolby's passing.

Awards and honors

Ray Dolby received widespread recognition for his pioneering contributions to audio engineering and sound technology throughout his career. His innovations in and earned him prestigious honors from major industry bodies, including multiple , , and a Technical Grammy Award. In 1979, Dolby was awarded the Scientific and Engineering Award (Class II plaque) by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his early contributions to motion picture sound, particularly the development of systems. Ten years later, in 1989, he and colleague Ioan Allen received the Award of Merit (Oscar statuette) for their ongoing advancements in cinema audio through Laboratories, including technologies that enhanced film . Dolby also garnered significant television honors, receiving several Engineering Emmy Awards from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Notable among these was a 1989 award for the development of audio systems for professional television tape recorders, and a 2005 recognition tied to advancements in encoding. Additionally, in 2003, he was presented with the Charles F. Jenkins Lifetime Achievement Award by the Television Academy for his broader impact on broadcast audio. In the music industry, Dolby was honored with the Technical Grammy Award in 1995 by for his transformative work in audio engineering, including the systems that improved recording fidelity across professional and consumer applications. Dolby's inventions led to his induction into key halls of fame. In 2004, he was enshrined in the for developing the , which revolutionized audio clarity in recordings and broadcasts. That same year, he joined the Hall of Fame, acknowledging his role in advancing consumer audio technologies. Further affirming his technical legacy, Dolby received the in 2010 from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for leadership and pioneering applications in audio recording and reproduction technology. In the , where he conducted pivotal research, he was appointed an Honorary Officer of the (OBE) in 1987 by Queen Elizabeth II for services to science and technology.

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  58. https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/record-gift-from-estate-of-sound-pioneer-ray-dolby
  59. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-35006365
  60. https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/news/new-milestone-for-the-ray-dolby-centre-as-construction-is-completed/
  61. https://www.bdp.com/us/news/bdp-engineering-excellence-underpins-completion-of-ray-dolby-centre
  62. https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/opening-of-ray-dolby-centre
  63. https://www.philanthropy.com/article/stanford-u-to-receive-100-million-other-gifts/
  64. https://psych.ucsf.edu/news/20-million-gift-new-mood-disorders-program-aims-advance-treatments-erase-stigma
  65. https://psych.ucsf.edu/news/dolby-family-gift-launches-new-ucsf-center-mood-disorders
  66. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/912159332
  67. https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/engineering-emmys/winners
  68. https://www.grammy.com/awards/technical-awards
  69. https://www.invent.org/inductees/ray-dolby
  70. https://www.nndb.com/people/653/000023584/
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