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Horse cloning
Horse cloning is the process of obtaining a horse with genes identical to that of another horse, using an artificial fertilization technique. Interest in this technique began in the 1980s. The Haflinger foal Prometea, the first living cloned horse, was obtained in 2003 in an Italian laboratory. Over the years, the technique has improved. It is mainly used on high-performance but castrated or infertile animals, for reproductive cloning. These horses are then used as breeding stock. Horse cloning is only mastered by a handful of laboratories worldwide, notably in France, Argentina, North America and China. The technique is limited by the fact that some differences remain between the original and its clone, due to the influence of mitochondrial DNA.
Reproductive cloning of the Pieraz and Quidam de Revel horses began in 2005. The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI by its acronym in French) decided to ban clones from competition in 2007, before authorizing them in 2012. A few clones are used in equestrian sports, winning major titles such as the Argentine polo championship in 2013. Nevertheless, the number of cloned horses is growing every year. The practice is highly controversial, particularly for bioethical reasons, since it involves a high failure rate on embryos. It also raises questions about the management of horses' genetic diversity, the future of the horse breeding profession, and the outbreak of new genetic disorders or fraud.
The horse is the seventh species to be cloned yet.
Horse cloning has undergone a rapid qualitative and quantitative evolution. While Italian professor Cesare Galli believes that horse cloning has aroused less interest than that of other large mammals, other scientists believe that the high commercial value attained by some horses has created immediate interest, unlike in the case of less valuable agricultural animal species. Equine cloning owes much of its development to the Belgian stud farm of Zangersheide, one of the pioneers of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. According to Éric Palmer, a French biologist specializing in horse reproduction (who introduced ultrasound to mares and produced the first foal by in vitro fertilization), the way for the use of cloning was initiated in the 1980s by veterinarian surgeon Dr. Leo de Backer. He was in contact with some of the world's leading sports stables. According to Palmer, the ones that are interested are Alwin Schockemöhle, Jan Tops, Thomas Fruhman, John and Michael Whitaker, Willi Melliger, Jean-Claude Van Geensbergen and La Silla (in Mexico), among many others. The value of cloning high lineage horses was recognized as early as 1998, with the Westhusin study. Research to this end was publicly announced in 2001. That same year, with the support of Genopole, Éric Palmer founded Cryozootech, a company dedicated to preserving the genes of horses with exceptional performance, with a view to future cloning. The horse is not the first large mammal to be cloned, as Dolly the sheep and other animals precede it, making it the seventh mammal to be cloned.
The birth of three cloned mules in the United States on May 4, 2003, came just before that of the first horse. The first successful attempt to produce a viable clone was made by the Italian laboratory LTR-CIZ, which gave birth to Prometea on May 28, 2003, a Haflinger foal carried to term by her mother, whose genetic copy she is. Her birth was announced publicly on August 6, 2003. Born 36 kilogram after a natural delivery and a full-term pregnancy in Laboratory of Reproductive Technology, Cremona, Italy,[full citation needed] At 2 months old, Prometea weighed 100 kg (220 lb)[citation needed] The name "Prometea" is the feminine form of Prometeo ("Prometheus" in Greek). These scientists worked under the guidance of Professor Cesare Galli.
Dr. Cesare Galli and others at the lab experimented with 841 reconstructed embryos; of the 14 viable embryos, four were implanted in surrogate mothers - only that of Prometea succeeded in being born. Prometea was born to her twin mother who her cloning cells originated from. Texas A&M University was also undertaking a horse-cloning project when the Italian team first succeeded.
In 2002, LTR-CIZ merged with Cryozootech. In Italy, they produced the world's second cloned horse, Pieraz-Cryozootech-Stallion. This is a purely commercial clone, aimed at obtaining a fertile genetic copy of a successful but castrated horse. According to Bernard Debré, the birth of Pieraz-étalon heralded the commercial direction that equine cloning would later take. Prometea and Pieraz were obtained using the same method, that of Professor Galli.
Shortly afterwards, on 13 March 2005, Dr Katrin Hinrichs gave birth to Paris-Texas, a clone of Quidam de Revel, in a laboratory at Texas A&M University in Texas (USA). The clone foal is also produced commercially for breeding purposes, at the request of Quidam's owner. The technique used is slightly different from that of the Italians. As a result, the number of clones produced has increased over the years. In 2009, the E.T. FRH clone became the first cloned show jumping horse authorized for breeding by a studbook (the Zangersheide studbook), while endurance champion Pieraz's clone entered its third breeding season. In Argentina, polo player Adolfo Cambiaso uses Crestview Genetics to clone his polo ponies. At the end of 2010, a clone of his polo mare Cuartetera was sold at auction for a record $800,000. In May 2013, a non-clone foal was born for the first time from two parents cloned by embryo transfer. On 7 December 2013, a cloned polo pony won a major sporting competition for the first time. It was the Argentine polo championship. In 2018, equine cloning was widely used in Argentina's polo scene. The Argentine polo horse has become the most cloned animal in the world.
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Horse cloning
Horse cloning is the process of obtaining a horse with genes identical to that of another horse, using an artificial fertilization technique. Interest in this technique began in the 1980s. The Haflinger foal Prometea, the first living cloned horse, was obtained in 2003 in an Italian laboratory. Over the years, the technique has improved. It is mainly used on high-performance but castrated or infertile animals, for reproductive cloning. These horses are then used as breeding stock. Horse cloning is only mastered by a handful of laboratories worldwide, notably in France, Argentina, North America and China. The technique is limited by the fact that some differences remain between the original and its clone, due to the influence of mitochondrial DNA.
Reproductive cloning of the Pieraz and Quidam de Revel horses began in 2005. The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI by its acronym in French) decided to ban clones from competition in 2007, before authorizing them in 2012. A few clones are used in equestrian sports, winning major titles such as the Argentine polo championship in 2013. Nevertheless, the number of cloned horses is growing every year. The practice is highly controversial, particularly for bioethical reasons, since it involves a high failure rate on embryos. It also raises questions about the management of horses' genetic diversity, the future of the horse breeding profession, and the outbreak of new genetic disorders or fraud.
The horse is the seventh species to be cloned yet.
Horse cloning has undergone a rapid qualitative and quantitative evolution. While Italian professor Cesare Galli believes that horse cloning has aroused less interest than that of other large mammals, other scientists believe that the high commercial value attained by some horses has created immediate interest, unlike in the case of less valuable agricultural animal species. Equine cloning owes much of its development to the Belgian stud farm of Zangersheide, one of the pioneers of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. According to Éric Palmer, a French biologist specializing in horse reproduction (who introduced ultrasound to mares and produced the first foal by in vitro fertilization), the way for the use of cloning was initiated in the 1980s by veterinarian surgeon Dr. Leo de Backer. He was in contact with some of the world's leading sports stables. According to Palmer, the ones that are interested are Alwin Schockemöhle, Jan Tops, Thomas Fruhman, John and Michael Whitaker, Willi Melliger, Jean-Claude Van Geensbergen and La Silla (in Mexico), among many others. The value of cloning high lineage horses was recognized as early as 1998, with the Westhusin study. Research to this end was publicly announced in 2001. That same year, with the support of Genopole, Éric Palmer founded Cryozootech, a company dedicated to preserving the genes of horses with exceptional performance, with a view to future cloning. The horse is not the first large mammal to be cloned, as Dolly the sheep and other animals precede it, making it the seventh mammal to be cloned.
The birth of three cloned mules in the United States on May 4, 2003, came just before that of the first horse. The first successful attempt to produce a viable clone was made by the Italian laboratory LTR-CIZ, which gave birth to Prometea on May 28, 2003, a Haflinger foal carried to term by her mother, whose genetic copy she is. Her birth was announced publicly on August 6, 2003. Born 36 kilogram after a natural delivery and a full-term pregnancy in Laboratory of Reproductive Technology, Cremona, Italy,[full citation needed] At 2 months old, Prometea weighed 100 kg (220 lb)[citation needed] The name "Prometea" is the feminine form of Prometeo ("Prometheus" in Greek). These scientists worked under the guidance of Professor Cesare Galli.
Dr. Cesare Galli and others at the lab experimented with 841 reconstructed embryos; of the 14 viable embryos, four were implanted in surrogate mothers - only that of Prometea succeeded in being born. Prometea was born to her twin mother who her cloning cells originated from. Texas A&M University was also undertaking a horse-cloning project when the Italian team first succeeded.
In 2002, LTR-CIZ merged with Cryozootech. In Italy, they produced the world's second cloned horse, Pieraz-Cryozootech-Stallion. This is a purely commercial clone, aimed at obtaining a fertile genetic copy of a successful but castrated horse. According to Bernard Debré, the birth of Pieraz-étalon heralded the commercial direction that equine cloning would later take. Prometea and Pieraz were obtained using the same method, that of Professor Galli.
Shortly afterwards, on 13 March 2005, Dr Katrin Hinrichs gave birth to Paris-Texas, a clone of Quidam de Revel, in a laboratory at Texas A&M University in Texas (USA). The clone foal is also produced commercially for breeding purposes, at the request of Quidam's owner. The technique used is slightly different from that of the Italians. As a result, the number of clones produced has increased over the years. In 2009, the E.T. FRH clone became the first cloned show jumping horse authorized for breeding by a studbook (the Zangersheide studbook), while endurance champion Pieraz's clone entered its third breeding season. In Argentina, polo player Adolfo Cambiaso uses Crestview Genetics to clone his polo ponies. At the end of 2010, a clone of his polo mare Cuartetera was sold at auction for a record $800,000. In May 2013, a non-clone foal was born for the first time from two parents cloned by embryo transfer. On 7 December 2013, a cloned polo pony won a major sporting competition for the first time. It was the Argentine polo championship. In 2018, equine cloning was widely used in Argentina's polo scene. The Argentine polo horse has become the most cloned animal in the world.