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Retraction Watch
Retraction Watch
Retraction Watch
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Retraction Watch is a blog that reports on retractions of scientific papers and on related topics.[1] The blog was launched in August 2010[2] and is produced by science writers Ivan Oransky (Former Vice President, Editorial Medscape)[3] and Adam Marcus (editor of Gastroenterology & Endoscopy News).[4] Its parent organization is the Center for Scientific Integrity, a US 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.

Key Information

Motivation and scope

[edit]

In 2011, Oransky and Marcus pointed out in Nature that the peer review process for scholarly publications continues long after the publication date.[5] They were motivated to launch Retraction Watch to encourage this continuation and to increase the transparency of the retraction process.[6] They observed that retractions of papers generally are not announced, that the reasons for retractions are not publicized, and that other researchers or the public who are unaware of the retraction may make decisions based on invalid results.[6] Oransky described an example of a paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that reported a potential role for a drug against some types of breast cancers. Although the paper was later retracted, its retraction was not reported in media outlets that had earlier reported its positive conclusions, with a company having been established on the basis of the ultimately retracted conclusions.[7]

Oransky and Marcus claim that retractions also provide a window into the self-correcting nature of science, can provide insight into cases of scientific fraud, and can "be the source of great stories that say a lot about how science is conducted".[7][8] In January 2021, more than 50 studies have cited Retraction Watch as the scientific publishing community is exploring the impact of retracted papers.[9] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Retraction Watch maintained a separate list of retracted articles that added to misinformation about the pandemic,[10] with additional research undertaken to analyse the subsequent pollution of further research as retracted papers are cited and used within scholarly research.[11]

In 2023, in the wake of the resignation of Stanford University president Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Oransky and Marcus co-authored op-eds in Scientific American[12] and The Guardian.[13] They estimated that scientific misconduct was more common than is reported. They also assessed that, despite recent scandals involving research misconduct, the academic community was not interested in exposing wrongdoing and scientific errors. However, all members of the academic community are responsible for the delays and lack of action.

Impact

[edit]

Retraction Watch has demonstrated that retractions are more common than was previously thought.[7] When Retraction Watch was launched, Marcus "wondered if we'd have enough material".[14] It had been estimated that about 80 papers were retracted annually.[7] However, in its first year, the blog reported on approximately 200 retractions.[15] In October 2019 the Retraction Watch Database reached a milestone 20,000 entries[16] As of January 2024, it contains over 50,000 entries.[17]

Hijacked journal tracker

[edit]

In 2022, Retraction Watch added a feature that tracks journal hijacking. Political scientist Anna Abalkina had developed a method for identifying hijacked journal domains based on an analysis of the archives of clone journals. This method is based on the argument that fraudulent publishers recycle identical papers to create a fictitious archive for a hijacked journal.[18] Methods used to locate or confirm hijacked statuses of journals include duplicated journal archives, identical website templates, growth in indexing, anomalous citations, and scholars’ comments.[19] Abalkina created the Retraction Watch Hijacked Journal Checker in partnership with Retraction Watch.[20]

Administration

[edit]

Retraction Watch has been funded by a variety of sources, including donations and grants. They received grants from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Helmsley Charitable Trust, and the Laura and John Arnold Foundation.[21] The database of retractions was funded by a $400,000 grant from the MacArthur Foundation in 2015.[22][23] They have partnered with the Center for Open Science, which is also funded by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, to create a retraction database on the Open Science Framework.[24]

In 2023, Crossref and Retraction Watch began a collaboration in which Retraction Watch would provide its database and Crossref would process, open, analyze, and present the data.[25][26]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Retraction Watch

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from Grokipedia

Retraction Watch is an independent blog and database dedicated to documenting retractions, expressions of concern, and related issues in peer-reviewed scientific publications to promote transparency and in scholarly . Founded in August 2010 by science journalists Ivan Oransky, a former vice president of editorial at , and Adam Marcus, managing editor of Gastroenterology & News, the platform emerged from their observations of underreported retractions in biomedical . The site's core mission centers on monitoring retractions as indicators of , errors, or ethical lapses, providing detailed case analyses that often reveal systemic flaws in and publishing practices. Oransky and Marcus, leveraging their journalism backgrounds, have published thousands of posts highlighting patterns such as , , and failures by journals to promptly address concerns, thereby fostering greater scrutiny within the academic community. Retraction Watch maintains the Retraction Watch Database, now integrated with Crossref and containing nearly 55,000 entries as of late , which serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, publishers, and policymakers analyzing trends in scientific reliability. Its work has influenced industry practices, including Clarivate's 2025 decision to exclude citations to retracted papers in journal calculations, and has supported empirical studies on the career impacts of retractions and persistent citation of flawed research. While occasionally critiqued for emphasizing individual cases over broader institutional reforms, the platform's data-driven approach has earned recognition, such as Oransky's 2019 John Maddox Prize commendation for defending against distortion.

Founding and History

Origins and Launch

Retraction Watch was launched on August 3, 2010, by science journalists Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus as a dedicated to tracking retractions of peer-reviewed scientific papers. Oransky, a contributor to outlets such as and for The Transmitter, and Marcus, an editor at & Endoscopy News and , had previously covered individual retraction cases but identified a need for systematic monitoring amid rising retraction rates. The founders aimed to use retractions as a lens into broader issues in scientific publishing, such as , errors, and post-publication scrutiny, at a time when such events were infrequently reported or analyzed comprehensively. Initially operating as an independent blog, Retraction Watch sought to fill a gap in by documenting retraction notices, investigating underlying causes, and aggregating data that journals and databases often handled inconsistently. Oransky and Marcus envisioned the platform as a venue for breaking stories on retractions that traditional media overlooked, driven by their observation that the and public deserved greater transparency on flawed . By its , the had already begun cataloging cases, establishing a for crowdsourced contributions and detailed case studies that would define its early operations.

Expansion and Key Milestones

Following its launch on August 3, 2010, Retraction Watch expanded operations in 2014 with the hiring of additional staff, including editor Alison McCook, supported by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. This enabled more consistent coverage and the introduction of features such as Weekend Reads in late 2013 and a daily in January 2016, which grew to over 6,500 subscribers by 2020. A pivotal milestone occurred on October 25, 2018, with the official launch of the Retraction Watch Database, initially containing more than 18,000 retraction records curated from scientific journals. The database rapidly expanded, reaching 20,000 entries by October 17, 2019, and 25,000 by April 2, 2021. In September 2023, Retraction Watch achieved greater sustainability through an agreement with Crossref, which acquired rights to the database data and made it freely accessible to the public, combining it with Crossref's metadata on tens of thousands of retractions. This move aligned with Retraction Watch's integration as a flagship project of the nonprofit Center for Scientific Integrity, founded to advance scientific transparency. By 2024, the database exceeded 50,000 entries, reflecting both growth in tracked retractions and enhanced data curation efforts. Further expansion under the Center for Scientific Integrity included securing a $900,000 grant from Open Philanthropy in June 2025 to launch the Medical Evidence Project, aimed at forensic analysis of influential flawed health-related papers. The organization's 15th anniversary in August 2025 highlighted ongoing staff additions, such as editor Fred Joelving in 2023, and increased investigative output, including multiple features in Science magazine.

Recent Developments and Awards

In 2023, Retraction Watch integrated with the Center for Scientific Integrity as its flagship project, enhancing its nonprofit structure and resources for tracking scientific misconduct. This move supported expanded operations, including more investigative reporting on retractions and related issues. In January 2025, the organization's retraction dataset was incorporated into the Crossref API, enabling automated detection and metadata updates for retracted works across scholarly databases. By 2024, Retraction Watch had documented over 10,000 retractions in that year alone, a record reflecting heightened scrutiny in scientific publishing amid rising concerns over errors, fraud, and AI-generated content. The Retraction Watch database continued to serve as a key resource for analyses of retraction trends, with studies leveraging it to examine 50 years of medical publication retractions through 2024, revealing patterns such as increased rates linked to institutional investigations and peer scrutiny. In August 2025, the organization marked its 15th anniversary since its 2010 launch, highlighting sustained growth in coverage and influence on publishing transparency. In May 2025, Retraction Watch received the Council of Science Editors' Award for Meritorious Achievement, the group's highest honor, recognizing its contributions to science integrity through retraction monitoring and advocacy. Cofounders Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus accepted the award, underscoring the platform's role in fostering accountability in research.

Operations and Methodology

Retraction Tracking and Database

Retraction Watch tracks scientific retractions primarily by monitoring publisher websites, retraction notices, and related announcements on a daily basis, supplemented by investigations into expressions of concern and that may precede or accompany retractions. This process identifies instances where papers are withdrawn due to issues such as , , duplication, or image manipulation, with reasons categorized in detail including specifics like "Duplication of Data" or "Duplication of/in Image." The tracking effort began informally with the blog's launch in 2010 but formalized into systematic to address gaps in centralized retraction reporting by journals and databases like or . In 2018, Retraction Watch launched its dedicated Retraction Database (RWDB), a searchable repository aggregating over 60,000 retraction records as of July 2025, encompassing peer-reviewed articles across disciplines. The database includes not only retractions but also and expressions of concern, with fields capturing metadata such as author names, journal titles, publishers, DOIs, PMIDs, retraction dates, and underlying causes, enabling users to query by affiliation, , or article type. Data entry relies on verified notices from primary sources, though discrepancies can arise from inconsistent publisher practices, such as delayed notice publication or varying retraction date definitions. Following its acquisition by Crossref in 2023, the RWDB became freely downloadable in full via Crossref's platform, updated every working day, and integrated into tools like for enhanced visibility of retracted publications. Search functionality on the original site limits results to 50 per query but supports advanced filters, while the Crossref version facilitates bulk analysis for researchers studying retraction trends. This resource has proven valuable for empirical studies, revealing patterns like rising retraction rates and concentrations in certain journals, though its completeness depends on publisher transparency rather than exhaustive coverage of all potential .

Blog Content and Investigative Reporting

Retraction Watch maintains a blog featuring regular posts that detail specific retractions, expressions of concern, and related developments in scientific publishing, often highlighting patterns of misconduct such as data fabrication, plagiarism, or peer-review manipulation. These entries typically include summaries of retraction notices, institutional investigations, and journal responses, drawing from public records, emails, and collaborations with independent "sleuths" who identify anomalies in published work. The blog also publishes analytical pieces on broader trends, such as the rise in paper mill-generated articles or delays in addressing suspect papers. Investigative reporting forms a core component, with exclusives that uncover unreported issues through original sourcing, including leaked documents and direct inquiries to journals, institutions, and researchers. For instance, on October 22, 2025, the blog reported exclusively that the was reviewing an award given to a researcher with seven prior retractions, based on obtained correspondence. Similarly, an October 20, 2025, post detailed a journal's forthcoming retraction of a 2019 Alzheimer's treatment paper following an institutional finding of misconduct, citing emails from the investigation. Notable investigative series have exposed systemic problems, such as the ongoing scrutiny of hundreds of organ transplant papers, where 44 out of 445 suspect articles had been retracted as of October 24, 2025, despite evidence of irregularities. Other examples include coverage of a Japanese chemist's case, where retractions began in October 2024 for 13 papers after a national institute confirmed data falsification across 42 works, and a 2024 investigation revealing a journal's retraction of 80 products prompted by sleuth reports. In June 2023, reporting led to an journal's commitment to retract nearly 80 papers due to compromised . The blog's methodology emphasizes verification through primary evidence and transparency, often critiquing opaque retraction notices that fail to specify reasons, as supported by analyses showing most retractions stem from intentional errors rather than honest mistakes. Posts frequently incorporate quantitative , such as retraction counts from their database, and occasional "weekend reads" compilations of top stories, like the 2024 review of high-impact cases involving red flags. This approach has amplified awareness of underreported issues, though it relies on voluntary disclosures and external tips for leads.

Specialized Tools and Trackers

Retraction Watch maintains the Retraction Watch Database (RWDB), a curated repository of retracted scientific articles launched in 2018 and comprising over 50,000 entries as of 2024, which tracks retractions across disciplines with details on reasons such as , , and honest errors. The database includes structured fields like retraction date, journal, author affiliations, and categorized reasons (e.g., , ), enabling users to query trends, download datasets via Crossref since its 2023 acquisition, and analyze patterns without subscription fees. Complementing the database, the Retraction Watch Leaderboard provides an unofficial, periodically updated ranking of entities with the highest retraction counts, including the top 30 researchers (e.g., those with dozens of retractions linked to papermill operations or ethical lapses) and journals or institutions exhibiting elevated rates. relies on verified retraction notices cross-referenced against records, excluding expressions of concern unless escalated, to highlight systemic issues in integrity. Additional trackers focus on high-impact cases, such as the list of the top 10 most highly cited retracted papers (e.g., the 1998 Lancet MMR vaccine study with over 2,500 citations post-retraction as of May 2025) and retractions by Nobel laureates, which aggregate data to underscore influences on scientific discourse despite withdrawal. These tools facilitate empirical analysis of retraction trends, with the database's openness praised for enhancing reproducibility and policy evaluation in scientific oversight.

Organizational Structure

Founders and Key Personnel

Retraction Watch was co-founded by science journalists Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus in August 2010. Oransky, who holds an MD from School of Medicine and a BA from where he served as executive editor of , has extensive experience in medical and science journalism. Prior to co-founding the blog, he worked as vice president of editorial at , vice president and global editorial director at MedPage Today, executive editor at Reuters Health, managing editor for online content at , and deputy editor at The Scientist. Currently, Oransky serves as of The Transmitter and distinguished journalist in residence at NYU's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, where he teaches medical journalism; he also previously taught at the Graduate School of Journalism for three years and was president of the Association of Health Care Journalists from 2017 to 2021. Adam Marcus, Oransky's co-founder, is the editorial director for primary care at and formerly served as of Gastroenterology & News. Together, Marcus and Oransky have continued to lead Retraction Watch, receiving recognition such as the Council of Science Editors' highest honor in May 2025 for their contributions to scientific publishing integrity. Other personnel have included Frederik Joelving, a former editor who contributed for over a decade as a reporter before joining and later departing the . The organization maintains a lean structure focused on the founders' expertise in tracking retractions and investigative reporting.

Funding Sources and Financial Model

for Scientific , a 501(c)(3) established in , serves as the parent entity operating Retraction Watch, enabling it to function as an independent watchdog without reliance on advertising revenue or commercial interests. The financial model emphasizes grants, individual donations, and limited ancillary income streams such as speakers' honoraria and freelance contributions from founders, prioritizing sustainability through diversified philanthropic support to maintain . Major funding has come from targeted grants supporting database development and operations. In 2014, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation awarded $400,000 over two years ($200,000 annually) to build a comprehensive retraction database. Subsequent grants included $300,000 from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation (2015–2017) and $130,000 from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (2015–2017) for expansion efforts. More recently, the WoodNext Foundation provided $250,000 starting in 2022 to bolster ongoing activities. Individual donors, including Rick Adams, Harvey Motulsky, and the Helts Family Foundation, contribute alongside broader public support, with financial transparency maintained via annual IRS Form 990 filings. A pivotal shift occurred in September 2023 when Crossref acquired the Retraction Watch Database, rendering it freely accessible while committing financial support of $175,000 upfront plus $120,000 annually (with 5% escalations) to ensure long-term viability without licensing fees to external developers. In June 2025, the Center received a $900,000 grant from Open Philanthropy to fund the Medical Evidence Project, focusing on forensic analysis of health-related publications. These arrangements have enhanced sustainability, with 2023 IRS reporting contributions of $214,156 and licensing revenue of $304,958, reflecting a model geared toward mission-driven growth rather than profit.

Impact on Scientific Publishing

Contributions to Transparency and Awareness

Retraction Watch has enhanced transparency in scientific publishing by maintaining the Retraction Watch Database (RWD), a publicly accessible repository that catalogs over 36,000 retractions as of 2023, enabling researchers and institutions to track patterns of misconduct and flawed publications. The database's detailed metadata, including reasons for retraction, has been integrated into bibliographic tools such as Web of Science—where Clarivate began flagging retracted papers using RWD data in 2022—and reference managers like Zotero and Papers, alerting users to avoid citing invalid work and fostering accountability across scholarly workflows. The organization's Retraction Watch Transparency Index evaluates publishers' handling of retractions, scoring them on criteria like notice clarity and timeliness to incentivize adherence to best practices while highlighting deficiencies, thereby pressuring journals to improve disclosure processes. This index has complemented efforts by entities like Crossref, which partnered with Retraction Watch in 2023 to augment retraction metadata coverage and support downstream services in identifying problematic . By publicizing institutional investigations and sleuth-identified issues—such as crediting external detectors in notices since around —Retraction Watch has normalized greater openness in retraction rationales, countering opaque practices that previously obscured misconduct. Through investigative blogging, Retraction Watch has raised awareness of systemic gaps, such as inconsistent marking of retracted papers in literature—where a 2024 analysis of 441 cases from RWD revealed frequent failures in database and journal notifications—and advocated for standardized guidelines to mitigate risks to -based . Their coverage has informed discussions, including calls in 2020 for reforming retraction notices to include explicit reasons and , directly addressing how poor transparency perpetuates citation of flawed research. This sustained scrutiny has empirically demonstrated rising retraction rates attributable to heightened detection, underscoring Retraction Watch's role in cultivating a culture of vigilance without relying on self-reported publisher data alone. The annual number of scientific paper retractions has escalated dramatically since the early , reflecting heightened scrutiny, expanded publication volumes, and persistent integrity issues. Data from the Retraction Watch Database indicate roughly 70-80 retractions per year from 2000 to 2010, rising to over 4,600 in 2022 and exceeding 10,000 in 2023 alone. This surge aligns with a tenfold increase in retractions over two decades, outpacing overall publication growth. Retraction rates, expressed relative to total publications, have similarly intensified, from approximately 1 in 5,000 papers in 2002 to 1 in 500 by 2023. In the , rates quadrupled between 2000 and 2021, driven by factors including improved detection tools and post-publication . Cross-disciplinary analyses confirm a peak retraction rate of 0.84% in 2023, accompanied by shorter median times from publication to retraction, averaging under two years in recent cohorts. Misconduct—encompassing , falsification, , and fake peer reviews—accounts for the plurality of retractions, though honest errors, ethical lapses like IRB non-approval, and irreproducibility contribute substantially. Empirical reviews of retraction notices consistently identify as the leading cause, with its proportion stable or rising amid overall volume growth, underscoring systemic vulnerabilities in research validation rather than isolated anomalies. Fields like and exhibit disproportionate retraction burdens, often linked to high-stakes pressures for novel findings.

Influence on Policy and Practices

Retraction Watch's documentation of retraction cases has contributed to heightened scrutiny of retraction notice quality, prompting the development of standardized guidelines. In 2024, the (NISO) released recommended practices for retraction notices, emphasizing clear communication of reasons for retraction, which addressed longstanding issues highlighted by analyses of incomplete or vague notices in databases like Retraction Watch's. Publishers such as and Wiley have referenced these practices in updating their internal policies, aiming to reduce ambiguity that previously allowed retracted papers to evade detection in citation databases. The organization's database has informed institutional and publisher responses to systemic issues like paper mills and citation manipulation. For instance, Clarivate's 2025 policy change to exclude citations to and from retracted articles in journal calculations was influenced by empirical evidence from retraction trends, including data aggregated by Retraction Watch showing anomalous citation patterns in manipulated journals. This adjustment affected 17 journals stripped of impact factors in 2024 due to suspected manipulation, demonstrating a direct link between tracked retraction data and metric reforms. In 2023, Retraction Watch partnered with Crossref to integrate its retraction data into the system, enabling automated alerts for users about corrected or retracted content across participating publishers. This collaboration has standardized status updates for over 50 million publications, influencing practices at organizations like the (COPE), whose 2025 retraction guidelines explicitly incorporated provisions for third-party manipulations and paper mills—issues frequently documented in Retraction Watch reports. Such integrations have reduced the persistence of retracted in , as evidenced by studies showing decreased citations to flagged papers post-alert implementation.

Criticisms and Controversies

Allegations of Sensationalism and Overhyping

Critics have contended that Retraction Watch contributes to in scientific discourse by prominently publicizing retractions, which amplifies perceptions of widespread even when many cases involve inadvertent errors rather than intentional . Upon the blog's launch in August 2010, early detractors argued that such exposure could unfairly stigmatize researchers, portraying retractions as career-ending scandals disproportionate to their actual implications in a field where honest mistakes occur. This concern stems from the low overall retraction rate—estimated at less than 0.1% of published papers annually—suggesting that heightened focus risks overhyping isolated issues and eroding in science more broadly than warranted by empirical trends. A 2012 analysis co-authored by Retraction Watch founders Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus, published in mBio, claimed misconduct underlies about two-thirds of retractions, fueling narratives of systemic fraud; however, subsequent reviews, including a 2018 study in PLOS One, indicated that only around 35% involve deliberate fabrication or falsification, with the rest attributable to errors or other non-malicious factors. Opponents allege this early overstatement, echoed in media coverage, exemplifies hype, as it conflates categories and prioritizes dramatic cases over contextual nuance, potentially incentivizing defensive publishing behaviors among scientists wary of reputational fallout. Further allegations point to features like Retraction Watch's "Leaderboard" of researchers with multiple retractions, launched in 2012, as mechanisms that sensationalize individuals by ranking them publicly without equivalent emphasis on the rarity of such patterns or exonerating details in specific instances. For instance, a 2021 critique on academic forums described the site's approach as fostering a "retraction panic" that overemphasizes outliers, arguing it distorts causal understanding by implying retractions signal pervasive untrustworthiness rather than targeted self-correction in a vast literature exceeding 2 million papers yearly. While Retraction Watch defends these tools as transparency aids, skeptics from within academia maintain they prioritize narrative impact over balanced empirical portrayal, akin to journalistic sensationalism in unrelated fields.

Claims of Selective Coverage and Bias

A 2016 analysis published on ResearchGate accused Retraction Watch of engaging in biased moderation of comments on its platform and displaying disinterest in covering certain retractions, which the author interpreted as evidence of selective priorities that undermine the site's purported mission of comprehensive tracking. The piece specifically questioned the motives of Retraction Watch's co-founders, suggesting that moderation practices favored certain viewpoints while suppressing others related to overlooked cases. Further claims of selective coverage have centered on Retraction Watch's emphasis on high-profile retractions, particularly in biomedical and life sciences, at the expense of more routine or discipline-specific cases elsewhere. A 2025 comparative study of retraction databases noted that while the Retraction Watch Database provides broader overall detection than or , its efficacy fluctuates markedly across fields—such as lower recall in social sciences or —fueling arguments that this unevenness reflects deliberate or structural cherry-picking rather than exhaustive monitoring. Critics contend this focus amplifies sensational narratives in prominent journals while underrepresenting systemic issues in less visible areas, potentially distorting public perceptions of retraction trends. Allegations of ideological bias have occasionally surfaced, with some attributing Retraction Watch's coverage patterns to influences from its journalistic and academic ecosystem, where left-leaning perspectives predominate. However, independent assessments, such as a evaluation, have rated the outlet as least biased with high factual reporting, citing its handling of politically sensitive retractions—like those involving claims about indigenous histories or correlates with ideological scales—as counterevidence to systemic partiality.

Responses and Defenses from Retraction Watch

Retraction Watch co-founders Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus have addressed early criticisms that publicizing retractions causes excessive reputational harm, arguing in a 2020 retrospective that such damage is overstated and that transparency ultimately benefits scientific . They noted that initial detractors anticipated severe career consequences from exposure, but empirical observation over a decade showed retractions often do not derail researchers' trajectories as feared, positioning their work as a corrective force rather than a punitive one. In response to claims of selective coverage favoring certain fields or demographics, Retraction Watch attributes its emphasis on life sciences—where most reported retractions occur—to the higher volume of publications in those areas and the founders' journalistic expertise in and , rather than intentional bias. The site's explains that resource limitations, including a small team, necessitate prioritizing recent, verifiable retractions from public notices over unconfirmed tips or exhaustive historical scans, leading to apparent gaps in coverage of physical sciences or non-U.S. researchers. Oransky and Marcus have maintained by declining to intervene in specific retraction cases or provide advice, which they defend as essential to preserving amid accusations of overreach. In broader defenses, they frame Retraction Watch's role as amplifying underreported institutional failures in retraction processes, countering narratives of by highlighting systemic issues like vague notices or delayed actions by journals.

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