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RPK-6 Vodopad/RPK-7 Veter
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RPK-6 Vodopad (Russian: РПК-6 Водопад, "waterfall") is a Soviet 533 mm anti-submarine missile deployed operationally since 1981.[1]
RPK-7 Veter (Russian: РПК-7 Ветер, "wind") is a 650 mm version, deployed operationally since 1984.[1]
Both missiles are given the same United States Navy designation SS-N-16 and NATO designation Stallion.[1]
Both missiles are torpedo-tube launched, with a solid-fuel rocket engine to power them above the surface.[1] Theys are dual-role and can be armed with either a 400 mm anti-submarine torpedo or a nuclear depth charge.[1]
The Veter's increased range of approximately 100 kilometers was an impressive boost over its predecessor the RPK-2 Vyuga, which could only reach half the distance.
Specifications (RPK-7 Veter)
[edit]Performance:
- Range: 100 km (55 nmi)
Payload:
- Nuclear depth charge or 400 mm torpedo
Guidance:
Operators
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Autofilled, Norman Polmar (2003). Cold War Submarines. Potomac Books. p. 670. ISBN 9781597973199.
External links
[edit]| External videos | |
|---|---|
 SS-N-16 Stallion test launch on YouTube |
 | This article relating to missiles is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
RPK-6 Vodopad/RPK-7 Veter
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Introduction
General description
The RPK-6 Vodopad and RPK-7 Veter constitute a family of Soviet-era anti-submarine missile systems developed during the late Cold War to address escalating NATO submarine threats in oceanic theaters. Originating from design efforts initiated in the 1970s by the Novator Design Bureau (formerly OKB-9), these weapons were intended to enhance the standoff engagement capabilities of Soviet naval forces against advanced underwater adversaries, such as U.S. and allied attack submarines. The RPK-6 was adopted into service in 1981 and the RPK-7 in 1984, representing a strategic response to the need for extended-range underwater attack options beyond the limitations of unassisted torpedoes.[3][5] Operationally, the RPK-6 Vodopad/RPK-7 Veter employs a ballistic flight profile to dramatically extend the effective range of delivered payloads, allowing launch platforms to engage targets from positions outside the immediate detection envelope of enemy submarines. Upon ejection from the torpedo tube, the missile ascends above the surface, follows a powered ballistic arc, and then re-enters the water to release its warhead in the designated target area for subsequent underwater prosecution. This concept transforms standard torpedoes into long-range, rocket-assisted munitions, enabling precise area denial or direct strikes against submerged threats while minimizing exposure of the launching vessel. The RPK-6 variant, with its 533 mm diameter, is optimized for surface combatants, while the larger 650 mm RPK-7 suits submarine applications.[3][5][6] These missiles exhibit dual-role versatility, functioning primarily in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) configurations armed with lightweight homing torpedoes, such as the 400 mm UGMT-1, for targeted engagements against submarines. In anti-surface warfare (ASuW) mode, they can carry nuclear depth charges, providing area-effect devastation against surface ship formations or reinforced underwater defenses through underwater detonation. This adaptability allows the system to support both offensive submarine hunting and defensive operations against carrier groups or escort screens.[7][3][5] A key advantage of the RPK-6 Vodopad/RPK-7 Veter lies in its compatibility with existing naval platforms, launching seamlessly from standard 533 mm or 650 mm torpedo tubes on surface ships like Kirov-class battlecruisers and Udaloy-class destroyers, as well as submarines including Oscar II and Akula classes, without requiring significant structural modifications. This plug-and-play integration facilitated rapid fleet-wide adoption during the 1980s. Known to NATO as the SS-N-16 Stallion, the system underscored Soviet emphasis on versatile, nuclear-capable naval armaments amid heightened East-West tensions.[6][3][5]Designations and nomenclature
The RPK-6 Vodopad, translating to "Waterfall" in English, serves as the official Russian designation for the surface ship-launched variant of this anti-submarine missile system.[1] The RPK-7 Veter, meaning "Wind," denotes the submarine-launched counterpart, both developed during the late Soviet era.[1] These names reflect the system's naval anti-submarine warfare role, with "RPK" abbreviating the Russian term for reactive anti-submarine complex (Reaktivnyy Protivolodochnyy Kompleks).[8] Both variants share the NATO reporting name SS-N-16 Stallion, assigned by Western intelligence to identify the missile's dual-role capabilities in anti-submarine operations.[1] This unified designation underscores the similarities in design and function between the surface and submarine versions, despite differences in launch platform and caliber—533 mm for the RPK-6 and 650 mm for the RPK-7.[1] The system's components carry specific GRAU indices, the standardized Soviet/Russian military nomenclature for ordnance. For the torpedo payload, the 83R index applies to the RPK-6 variant carrying the UMGT-1 universal compact torpedo, a 400 mm lightweight weapon designed for deployment against submerged targets, while the RPK-7 uses the 88R.[9] Nuclear variants utilize the 86R index for the 533 mm configuration and 90R for the 650 mm version, each equipped with a depth charge warhead.[1] Regarding exports, no confirmed sales or transfers of the RPK-6 Vodopad or RPK-7 Veter systems have occurred outside Russian forces, though the Veter designation has been noted in discussions of potential export offerings for allied navies.[1]Development
Origins and requirements
The RPK-6 Vodopad and RPK-7 Veter anti-submarine missile systems emerged from Soviet naval efforts in the late 1960s and 1970s to counter the intensifying underwater threats during the Cold War. As NATO advanced its submarine technology—particularly through quieter designs like the U.S. Los Angeles-class attack submarines introduced in the mid-1970s, which featured significant acoustic quieting improvements that complicated detection—the Soviet Navy required enhanced standoff capabilities to engage these elusive, deep-diving platforms without risking close-range exposure.[10][11] Prior ASW systems, such as the RPK-2 Vyuga, suffered from limited range—typically 10 to 40 kilometers—which constrained Soviet surface ships and submarines to operate perilously close to potential threats, heightening vulnerability to counterattacks amid escalating naval tensions. The strategic imperative shifted toward longer-range weapons that could be fired from standard torpedo tubes, enabling safer, more effective engagement of NATO submarines operating at greater depths and with reduced noise profiles.[12][13] Development was formalized by a December 1969 decree from the USSR Council of Ministers, directing the creation of advanced anti-submarine missiles tailored for nuclear-powered submarines to address these gaps in precision and reach. Initial design responsibilities fell to OKB-9 (now the Novator Design Bureau) under chief designer L.V. Lyulyev, with a focus on seamless integration into existing launch systems: the RPK-6 for 533 mm torpedo tubes on surface ships and smaller submarines, and the RPK-7 for 650 mm tubes on larger platforms. NPO Uran supported the effort by developing the UGMT-1 torpedo warhead component, ensuring compatibility while prioritizing inertial guidance for accurate delivery over extended distances.[3][4]Testing and deployment
The testing of the RPK-6 Vodopad commenced in the late 1970s, utilizing modified Project 633 submarines equipped with 533 mm torpedo tubes to evaluate the system's launch and flight characteristics during factory and state trials.[3] These efforts culminated in the achievement of full operational capability in 1981, enabling integration on Soviet surface ships such as Project 1144 Orlan-class cruisers.[3][7] Key sea trials for the RPK-6 included launches from surface ships such as the Kirov-class cruisers, validating the missile's performance in operational naval environments. For the submarine-launched variant, the RPK-7 Veter underwent trials in the early 1980s on modified Project 633 submarines before advancing to full-scale evaluations from Project 949 submarines.[4] The RPK-7 reached full operational capability in 1984 on Oscar-class (Project 949) prototypes, marking a significant enhancement in submerged anti-submarine warfare.[4][14] By the mid-1980s, both variants had been fully integrated into Soviet Navy inventories, with production supporting widespread adoption across surface combatants and submarines equipped with compatible torpedo tubes.[3][4] This rollout addressed the navy's requirements for extended-range anti-submarine capabilities, building on prior developmental goals for standoff engagement.[1]Design
Launch and propulsion
The RPK-6 Vodopad and RPK-7 Veter anti-submarine missile systems are designed for launch from standard naval torpedo tubes without requiring any structural modifications to the launchers, allowing them to be loaded and fired using conventional torpedo procedures.[3] The RPK-6 variant is compatible with 533 mm torpedo tubes commonly found on surface ships and submarines,[3] while the RPK-7 is adapted for larger 650 mm tubes primarily on submarines.[1][4] Ejection occurs via compressed gas systems, propelling the missile out of the tube in a manner analogous to a standard torpedo launch.[3][4] Upon exiting the tube, the missile travels a short distance underwater—typically to clear the launching platform—while stabilizing surfaces, such as trellis rudders or wings, deploy to maintain orientation.[3][4] This underwater phase is brief, lasting only until the missile surfaces, after which the solid-propellant rocket motor ignites to initiate the ascent.[3] The propulsion system employs a single-stage solid-fuel rocket motor utilizing mixed-fuel propellant in a dual-mode configuration: an initial starting mode for water exit and early boost, followed by a sustainer mode for continued acceleration.[3][4] The motor's burn duration spans several seconds across both modes, imparting sufficient velocity—reaching supersonic speeds—for a ballistic trajectory and subsequent unpowered glide phase.[3][4] This rocket-powered ascent elevates the missile above the surface, enabling it to cover standoff ranges before payload deployment during descent.[7]Guidance and flight profile
The RPK-6 Vodopad and RPK-7 Veter utilize an inertial navigation system for primary guidance during flight, developed by the Moscow Scientific Research Institute-25 under chief designer A.S. Abramov.[15] This system enables autonomous trajectory control following launch, with flight parameters inputted via specialized equipment such as the AERVD-100 on submarines.[15] Mid-course command updates are possible through a datalink from the launching platform, incorporating sonar targeting data acquired pre-launch by the vessel's hydroacoustic complex.[3] These updates allow for corrections based on real-time environmental assessments, enhancing precision in dynamic underwater threat environments. The overall accuracy depends heavily on the quality of initial sonar data, as the missile's effectiveness relies on convergence zone detection for distant targets.[3] Post-launch, the missile follows a ballistic arc trajectory after emerging from the water, propelled initially by a solid-fuel rocket motor that transitions to cruising mode.[3] Lattice rudders deploy for aerodynamic control throughout the flight, maintaining stability during the ascent and cruise phases at low altitudes to minimize detection.[15] Upon approaching the target area, the missile descends to deliver the payload, which separates and enters the water under parachute retardation to control descent speed.[3] For torpedo payloads, such as the UMGT-1, the parachute enables a controlled splashdown followed by active acoustic search within a radius of up to 1.5 kilometers at speeds reaching 41 knots.[3] Depth charge variants, by contrast, provide area-denial effects through broader dispersal upon water entry, optimized for suppressing submerged threats in the vicinity.[3]Payloads and warheads
The RPK-6 Vodopad and RPK-7 Veter anti-submarine missile systems are designed with interchangeable payloads to address diverse underwater threats, primarily employing a lightweight anti-submarine torpedo for precision targeting or a nuclear depth charge for area denial. The primary payload is the UMGT-1, a 400 mm caliber homing torpedo developed in the Soviet Union during the late 1970s, which serves as the conventional warhead option for both variants.[9][16] This torpedo, weighing approximately 720 kg overall, carries a 60 kg high-explosive warhead equivalent to about 100 kg of TNT and achieves a maximum speed of 41 knots over a range of up to 8 km after release, enabling effective engagement of submerged submarines through active/passive acoustic homing.[17] An alternative nuclear payload provides enhanced lethality against submarine groups or surface formations, consisting of a depth charge with a yield estimated at 10-20 kilotons.[1] These nuclear depth charges are optimized for underwater detonation to maximize shockwave propagation and cavitation effects that can disable or destroy multiple targets.[3] The nuclear option's blast is reported to guarantee destruction or severe damage to enemy submarines within a radius of several kilometers, leveraging the medium's density for broader propagation compared to air bursts.[3] In both configurations, the payload is encapsulated within the missile's nose section for protection during flight and initial underwater travel. Upon reaching the predetermined release point—typically determined by the missile's guidance system—the warhead or torpedo is deployed using barometric or hydrostatic sensors to trigger separation at the optimal depth or altitude, allowing the payload to activate its propulsion and homing systems independently.[1] This mechanism ensures reliable delivery even in contested environments, with the torpedo's post-release range providing standoff capability from the drop zone and the nuclear charge creating a lethal underwater zone of 1-2 km radius for area saturation.[3]Variants
RPK-6 Vodopad
The RPK-6 Vodopad is the 533 mm caliber variant of the anti-submarine missile system, compatible with standard 533 mm torpedo tubes found on surface ships such as destroyers and cruisers, as well as certain submarines. This caliber allows seamless integration into existing naval armament without requiring modifications to launch platforms, enabling rapid deployment from surface vessels during anti-submarine warfare operations.[1][3][5][6] With an operational range of approximately 50 km, the RPK-6 is optimized for launches from platforms with 533 mm tubes, where higher launch angles from deck-level tubes enhance ballistic trajectory and reach compared to submerged firings. This configuration prioritizes standoff engagement against submerged threats, allowing surface ships to maintain distance while delivering payloads. The missile's design incorporates adaptations such as a shorter rocket section to conform to the length constraints of standard torpedo tubes, ensuring reliable loading and ejection. Additionally, it integrates directly with the host ship's sonar systems for initial target acquisition and fire control, leveraging hull-mounted or towed-array sensors to cue launches without independent onboard detection.[1][3] A key limitation of the RPK-6 stems from its 533 mm diameter, which imposes restrictions on overall size and results in reduced payload capacity relative to the larger RPK-7 variant's 650 mm configuration. This smaller profile accommodates the same 400 mm torpedo or nuclear depth charge warhead but constrains the missile's structural volume, potentially limiting fuel or auxiliary components for extended performance. The RPK-6 shares the inertial guidance profile common to the family, enabling preset trajectories toward sonar-designated impact zones.[3][4]RPK-6M Vodopad-M
The RPK-6M Vodopad-M is a modernized variant adopted in the 1990s, featuring improved guidance systems and an extended range of approximately 55 km. It is integrated on contemporary Russian Navy platforms, such as the Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates, enhancing anti-submarine capabilities with updated electronics and reliability improvements.[3]RPK-7 Veter
The RPK-7 Veter is the submarine-launched variant of the Vodopad family, specifically designed for deployment from 650 mm heavy torpedo tubes on nuclear-powered submarines such as the Project 949A Oscar II-class (Antey).[4] This larger caliber allows integration with the oversized launch systems on these platforms, enabling the missile to be fired without requiring surface exposure.[18] With a range of up to 100 km, the RPK-7 Veter achieves greater reach than its predecessor, the RPK-2 Vyuga, which was limited to 35-50 km, thereby doubling the effective anti-submarine warfare (ASW) standoff distance for submerged submarines.[18][19] This extended range is facilitated by a larger solid-fuel rocket motor and increased fuel load, optimized for the demands of underwater launches where initial propulsion must overcome water resistance.[4] Key adaptations for submarine operations include a pressure-sealed casing capable of withstanding launches from depths up to 100 meters, using compressed air ejection from the torpedo tube followed by rocket motor ignition to ensure reliable surfacing.[18] The design incorporates buoyancy elements and a staged solid-fuel engine— with starting and sustainer phases—to facilitate ascent through the water column and transition to supersonic flight, enhancing reliability in covert submerged engagements.[4] These features allow submarines to engage distant threats without compromising stealth, providing a significant tactical advantage in ASW scenarios.[18] The RPK-7 Veter utilizes the same payload options as the broader Vodopad system, such as the UMGT-1 anti-submarine torpedo or the 88P nuclear depth charge.[4]Operational history
Soviet service
The RPK-6 Vodopad entered operational service with the Soviet Navy in 1981, primarily equipping surface combatants with 533 mm torpedo tubes, while also being used on submarines with compatible tubes; the RPK-7 Veter followed in 1984 for platforms with 650 mm tubes.[3][4] By the late 1980s, both variants had achieved widespread integration across the Northern and Pacific Fleets, with the RPK-6 arming Delta III-class ballistic missile submarines in the Pacific Fleet and Delta IV-class in the Northern Fleet, as well as Akula-class attack submarines and Oscar II-class guided-missile submarines primarily in the Northern Fleet; the RPK-7 was integrated on Akula- and Oscar II-class submarines equipped with 650 mm tubes.[6] Surface ships, including Kirov-class battlecruisers and Udaloy-class destroyers, also incorporated the RPK-6 to bolster fleet anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities.[3] In Soviet service, the systems fulfilled a critical strategic role by extending the reach of ASW operations, allowing cruisers and submarines to engage potential NATO threats at standoff ranges of up to 50 km for the RPK-6 and 100 km for the RPK-7, thereby enhancing defensive screens around high-value assets against enemy submarine incursions near carrier battle groups.[3][4] This capability was particularly vital during the height of Cold War tensions, supporting the Soviet emphasis on countering U.S. and allied submarine forces in the Atlantic and Pacific theaters.[6] Routine ASW exercises in the 1980s incorporated the Vodopad and Veter systems to simulate hunts for NATO submarines, refining tactics for rapid detection and engagement in contested waters.[20] These drills, often conducted in fleet training areas, underscored the missiles' role in maintaining naval readiness up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.[20]Russian service
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the full inventory of RPK-6 Vodopad and RPK-7 Veter anti-submarine missiles was inherited by the Russian Federation as the legal successor to the Soviet Navy.[6] Maintenance and upgrades for these systems have primarily occurred at the Zvezdochka Shipyard in Severodvinsk, a key facility for overhauling nuclear submarines and associated weaponry in the Northern Fleet.[14] In the 1990s, the RPK-6 received an upgrade to the RPK-6M Vodopad-NK variant, which incorporated improved guidance electronics and compatibility with modernized launch platforms such as the Project 1155 Udaloy-class destroyers.[3] The RPK-6 was test-fired during a Northern Fleet exercise in the Barents Sea on November 15, 2018, launched from the Kirov-class battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy to validate its anti-submarine role in Arctic conditions.[7] These legacy systems have seen no combat deployments in Russian service. Due to their aging design from the 1980s, active employment remains limited, with the Otvet (91RE1) missile complex—accepted into service in 2021—serving as a primary supplement for long-range anti-submarine tasks on newer platforms.[21] As of 2025, no major documented exercises involving live firings of the Vodopad or Veter have occurred since 2018, though refitted vessels like Oscar II-class submarines continue to maintain these systems for sustained readiness alongside modernization priorities shifting toward newer alternatives such as the Otvet.[6]Operators
Surface ship platforms
The RPK-6 Vodopad anti-submarine missile system is primarily deployed on major surface combatants of the Soviet and Russian navies to provide standoff capability against submerged threats. Integrated via 533 mm torpedo tubes, the system allows these vessels to launch the missile, which deploys a lightweight torpedo or depth charge at extended ranges, enhancing fleet defense without exposing the launching ship to close-range submarine attacks.[22][23] The Kirov-class battlecruisers (Project 1144 Orlan) serve as the primary surface ship users of the RPK-6 Vodopad since their commissioning in the 1980s. These nuclear-powered heavy cruisers feature 10 single 533 mm launchers for the Vodopad-NK variant, enabling the deployment of up to 10 anti-submarine guided missiles or compatible SET-65 torpedoes per salvo, with reload capabilities during operations. This armament supports the class's role in blue-water escort and power projection, where the system's 30-50 km range allows engagement of submarines beyond the horizon. One Kirov-class ship, Pyotr Velikiy, remains active in the Russian Navy as of 2025, while Admiral Nakhimov is undergoing final sea trials following a major refit and is expected to rejoin the fleet soon.[24][22][25][26] Slava-class cruisers (Project 1164 Atlant) incorporate 8-tube installations of the RPK-6 Vodopad for dedicated anti-submarine warfare (ASW) defense, complementing their primary surface strike role. The system's integration via modified torpedo tubes provides these guided-missile cruisers with a layered ASW envelope, firing the 83-R or 84-R missile variants to deliver payloads against submerged targets at distances up to 50 km. This setup was standard from the class's entry into service in the late 1970s, bolstering their utility in carrier battle groups. Two Slava-class cruisers are operational in the Russian Navy as of 2025.[27][28][25] Udaloy-class destroyers (Project 1155 Fregat) received selective retrofits of the RPK-6 Vodopad in the 1990s to extend their ASW engagement range, primarily on upgraded Udaloy I and II variants. These installations utilize the ships' existing 533 mm torpedo tubes (typically configured as two quad mounts for 8 tubes total), allowing launch of the Stallion missile for standoff torpedo delivery. The upgrades focused on a subset of the class to modernize their anti-submarine suite amid post-Cold War budget constraints, replacing or supplementing earlier SS-N-14 Silex systems. Approximately five Udaloy-class destroyers equipped with the RPK-6 remain active as of 2025, with ongoing refits incorporating compatible vertical launch systems for related munitions.[29][30][25] The modernized RPK-6M Vodopad variant is integrated on Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates (Project 22350), enhancing the ASW capabilities of these multi-role surface combatants. Equipped with two twin 533 mm torpedo tubes, the frigates can launch the RPK-6M for standoff engagements up to 55 km. As of 2025, four Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates are operational in the Russian Navy, with additional units under construction or trials.[3]Submarine platforms
The RPK-7 Veter anti-submarine missile system is integrated into several classes of Soviet- and Russian-designed nuclear-powered submarines, primarily those equipped with 650 mm torpedo tubes for enhanced anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities. These platforms leverage the system's extended range and dual-role payload to engage submerged targets from standoff distances, complementing their primary strike or attack roles.[6] The Oscar II-class (Project 949A Antey) guided missile submarines (SSGNs) are standardly equipped with the RPK-7 Veter, featuring four 650 mm torpedo tubes located externally amidships. This configuration has been a core element of the class since its commissioning in 1986, allowing for the launch of up to four missiles alongside other heavy weapons like Type 65 torpedoes. The system's integration supports the Oscar II's role in long-range ASW operations against carrier battle groups. Approximately 7-8 Oscar II submarines remain in active service as of 2025, with additional units in modernization or reserve status.[6][14] Akula-class (Project 971 Shchuka-B) nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) incorporate mixed-caliber torpedo tubes, with four 533 mm and four 650 mm tubes, enabling selective equipping of the RPK-7 Veter in the larger tubes for ASW missions. This flexibility allows Akula boats to carry the missile alongside standard torpedoes or other munitions, enhancing their hunter-killer profile in multi-threat environments. The class's design prioritizes acoustic stealth and speed, making the RPK-7 a key asset for deep-ocean engagements. Around six Akula-class submarines are operational as of 2025, with others in reserve or undergoing upgrades.[6][31] The Sierra II-class (Project 945A Kondor) SSNs are fitted with four 650 mm torpedo tubes positioned amidships, optimized for deep-water ASW operations where the RPK-7 Veter's range provides a tactical advantage over conventional torpedoes. These titanium-hulled submarines emphasize high-speed pursuit and depth performance, with the tubes dedicated to heavy ASW loads like the Veter to counter adversary submarines in contested Arctic or Atlantic waters. Two Sierra II submarines are active as of 2025.[6][32]Specifications
RPK-6 Vodopad parameters
The RPK-6 Vodopad is the surface ship variant of the Soviet-era anti-submarine missile system, designed for launch from standard 533 mm torpedo tubes on destroyers and cruisers. Its technical parameters emphasize compatibility with existing naval platforms, enabling rapid deployment of either conventional or nuclear payloads to counter submarine threats at standoff ranges. Key specifications include dimensions suited for torpedo tube integration and performance optimized for boost-phase acceleration to deliver the warhead efficiently.| Parameter | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 2,500 kg | Total launch weight, including booster and payload.[33] |
| Length | 8.1 m | Overall length, compatible with 533 mm torpedo tubes.[29] |
| Diameter | 533 mm | Caliber matching standard surface ship torpedo launchers.[29] |
| Range | 50 km | Maximum effective range for payload delivery.[2] |
| Speed | Mach 1.5 | Achieved during boost phase via solid-fuel rocket engine.[1] |
| Warhead options | 400 mm UMGT-1 torpedo (60 kg explosive) or 10-20 kt nuclear depth charge | Dual-role capability; torpedo variant uses UMGT-1 for anti-submarine strikes, nuclear for area denial.[1][29][9] |
| Platform integration | 1-2 missiles per tube; reload time 10-15 min | Launched from existing 533 mm tubes on platforms like Udaloy-class destroyers; manual reload requires crew handling.[29] |
RPK-7 Veter parameters
The RPK-7 Veter is a Soviet-era anti-submarine missile system designed for launch from 650 mm torpedo tubes on submarines, featuring solid-fuel propulsion and inertial guidance. Adopted by the Soviet Navy in 1984, it exists in variants such as the 86R (armed with a UGMT-1 torpedo) and 88R (armed with a nuclear depth charge), enabling both conventional and nuclear anti-submarine warfare capabilities. Key parameters emphasize its role in extending the reach of submarine-launched ordnance beyond traditional torpedo ranges.[18][34]| Parameter | Specification | Notes/Source |
|---|---|---|
| Caliber | 650 mm | Standard for compatible torpedo tubes.[18] |
| Length | 11 m | Overall missile length.[34] |
| Launch Weight | 5,500 kg | Includes warhead and booster.[18] |
| Range | 70–100 km | Varies by variant and payload; maximum reported as 100 km.[18][34] |
| Speed | Supersonic (> Mach 1) | Achieved via solid-fuel rocket motor.[18] |
| Propulsion | Solid-fuel, dual-mode rocket engine | Starting and sustainer phases for underwater launch transition.[34] |
| Guidance | Inertial | Programmed with target data from submarine sonar; no mid-course correction.[18] |
| Launch Method | Underwater from 650 mm tubes | Ejected by compressed air, up to 100 m depth.[34] |
| Warhead (86R) | UGMT-1 torpedo (400 mm, 720 kg, 60 kg explosive) | Parachute-deployed at trajectory end for independent search.[18][34] |
| Warhead (88R) | 10-20 kt nuclear depth charge | Yield based on shared SS-N-16 configuration; free-fall delivery.[18][1] |