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Smoot
"364.4 smoots ± 1 ear" painted on the Harvard Bridge sidewalk in Cambridge, Massachusetts
General information
Named afterOliver R. Smoot
Conversions
1 smoot in ...... is equal to ...
   imperial/US units   5 ft 7 in
   SI units   1.7018 m

The smoot /ˈsmuːt/ is a nonstandard, humorous unit of length created as part of an MIT fraternity pledge to Lambda Chi Alpha by Oliver R. Smoot, who in October 1958 lay down repeatedly on the Harvard Bridge between Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, so that his fraternity brothers could use his height to measure the length of the bridge.[1]

Description

[edit]

One smoot is equal to Oliver Smoot's height at the time of the pledge, 5 feet 7 inches (1.7018 m). The bridge's length was measured to be 364.4 smoots (2,035 ft; 620.1 m) "± 1 εar" with the "±" showing measurement uncertainty and spelled with an epsilon to further indicate possible error in the measurement.[2][3] Over the years the "±" portion and "ε" spelling have been left out in many citations, including some markings at the site itself, but the "±" is recorded on a 50th-anniversary plaque at the end of the bridge.[4]

History

[edit]
Further information: Oliver R. Smoot
A plaque on Harvard Bridge on the history of the smoot

Oliver R. Smoot was selected by his Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity pledgemaster because he was deemed shortest—which made measuring the bridge the most labor-intensive—and he was the "most scientifically named."[2][5] Smoot repeatedly lay down on the bridge, let his companions mark his new position in chalk or paint, and then got up again. Eventually, he wearied of the exercise and was carried thereafter by the fraternity brothers to each new position.[6][7]

Smoot graduated from MIT in 1962, and then attended Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C., where he obtained his Juris Doctor. He served as chairman of the American National Standards Institute from 2001 to 2002,[8] and then as president of the International Organization for Standardization from 2003 to 2004.[1][9] Neither organization has provided a standard value for the smoot.

Public knowledge and interest in the story began when Holiday investigated the marks on the bridge years later, and published an interview with Smoot.[5] The prank's fiftieth anniversary was commemorated on October 4, 2008 as Smoot Celebration Day at MIT, which Smoot attended.[7]

A 2016 April Fools' Day article by the MIT Alumni Association announced that MIT would recalibrate the smoot to 65.7500 inches (1.67005 m) and the ear to 2.48031 inches (62.999874 mm), and the bridge would thus be 372 smoots, give or take 11 ears.[10]

100-smoot mark with the Charles River and Cambridge, Massachusetts in the background

On May 7, 2016, Smoot served as grand marshal of the alumni parade across the bridge, celebrating the 100th anniversary of MIT's move from Boston to Cambridge.[11]

Practical use

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The bridge is marked with painted markings indicating how many smoots there are from where the sidewalk begins on the Charles River bank in Boston, with a number every ten smoots.[12] The marks were repainted each semester by the incoming associate member class (similar to pledge class) of Lambda Chi Alpha before they were suspended due to repeated infractions of MIT's alcohol rules.[13][14][15] Lambda Chi Alpha alumni, along with current students of MIT, have maintained the markings.[16][17]

"HALF WAY TO HELL" and an arrow pointing towards MIT.

Markings typically appear every 10 smoots (56 ft; 17 m), but additional marks appear at other numbers in between. For example, the 70-smoot (390 ft; 120 m) mark is accompanied by a mark for 69. The 182.2-smoot (1,017 ft 3 in; 310.1 m) mark is accompanied by the words "Halfway to Hell" and an arrow pointing towards MIT.

The markings are recognized as milestones on the bridge, to the degree that during bridge renovations in the 1980s, the Cambridge, Massachusetts, police department requested that the markings be restored, since they were routinely used in police reports to identify locations on the bridge. The renovators at the Massachusetts Highway Department also scored the concrete surface of the sidewalk on the bridge at 5-foot-7-inch (1.70 m) intervals instead of the conventional 6 feet (1.83 m).[18] The Lambda Zeta (MIT) chapter of Lambda Chi Alpha, which created the smoot markings, continues to repaint the markings once or twice per year.[19]

Starting in 2011, Google Earth enabled the ability to measure distance using smoots, with the standard length of 5 feet 7 inches.[20] The calculator function of Google Search also provides values in smoots,[21] and in 2011, smoot was one of the 10,000 new words added to the fifth edition of The American Heritage Dictionary.[22][23] Robert Tavenor's book covering the history of measurement is titled Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity.[24] MIT's student-run college radio station WMBR gives its broadcasting wavelength as two smoots (3.40 m), i.e. 88.1 MHz.[25]

See also

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References

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[edit]
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Smoot

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The smoot is a nonstandard equal to five feet seven inches (1.7018 meters), created as a humorous prank by members of the MIT fraternity in 1958. As part of a pledge task, Oliver R. Smoot Jr., who stood exactly five feet seven inches tall, was laid end to end across the —spanning the between and —while his fraternity brothers marked the pavement every interval of his length using paint. The process required 364.4 such repetitions (with the fractional "0.4 smoot" humorously noted as extending to Smoot's ear), establishing the bridge's length in smoots and turning the measurement into a longstanding MIT tradition. Since its inception, the smoot marks have been repainted annually by members to preserve the prank against weathering and municipal efforts to remove them, embedding the unit deeply in MIT's hacking culture and local lore. The smoot gained broader recognition when it was added to the American Heritage Dictionary in 2011, defined as a unit highlighting the of standards, and has been incorporated into digital tools like for referencing the bridge's location. Notable milestones include the 50th anniversary celebration in 2008, which featured events and reflections from Smoot himself, and the creation of an official gold-colored smoot bar housed in the , calibrated to his precise height. This whimsical unit exemplifies MIT's tradition of creative, irreverent engineering feats and continues to symbolize the institution's playful approach to science and .

Definition and Measurement

Unit Length

The smoot is a nonstandard, humorous equal to five feet seven inches, or 1.7018 meters, defined as the height of Oliver R. Smoot at age eighteen in 1958. This measurement was established during a prank in which Smoot lay end-to-end across the , with his brothers marking the pavement at intervals corresponding to his full body length. The resulting length of the bridge's sidewalk was calculated as 364.4 smoots ±1 ear, where the "±1 ear" denotes the approximate uncertainty of the final partial segment, equivalent to about 620.1 meters or 2,035 feet.

Origin and Standardization

The smoot originated as a nonstandard named after Oliver R. Smoot Jr., a at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a pledge to the , who was selected for the measurement due to his consistent height of approximately 5 feet 7 inches. This naming occurred during a lighthearted fraternity initiation activity intended to humorously quantify the distance across the in , rather than adhering to any established scientific or metrological principles. The unit's creation emphasized its idiosyncratic and non-coherent nature, deliberately diverging from conventional measurement systems like the metric or imperial standards to highlight the arbitrary foundations of all units of length. As a prank, it served no practical purpose but instead functioned as a whimsical, meme-like benchmark that has persisted in popular and academic discourse for its illustrative value in discussions of . Despite its informal origins, the smoot has achieved a degree of standardization through cultural and lexicographic acknowledgment, though it lacks any official endorsement from bodies like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In 2011, the American Heritage Dictionary included "smoot" as an entry, defining it as "a unit of measurement equal to five feet, seven inches, often cited when discussing the inherent arbitrariness of measurement units." Additionally, the unit is referenced in Robert Tavernor's 2007 book Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, which explores the evolution of measurement systems and uses the smoot as an exemplar of human-scale, non-scientific units. These inclusions underscore the smoot's role as a cultural artifact rather than a tool for precise scientific application.

Historical Background

The 1958 Measurement Prank

In October 1958, pledges of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's fraternity were tasked with measuring the , which connects and across the , as part of an initiation prank. The assignment, given by the fraternity's pledgemaster, aimed to calibrate the bridge's length using a non-standard, humorous unit derived from one pledge's body. Oliver R. Smoot, a 5-foot-7-inch , was selected as the "measuring device," with his height defining the smoot unit. The execution unfolded on a chilly autumn night, with Smoot lying end-to-end on the bridge's sidewalk while his fraternity brothers—approximately seven to twenty members, including 14 pledges—marked each interval using chalk and paint or string for alignment. The group worked under cover of darkness to avoid authorities, as the bridge was public property, but they were interrupted midway by patrolling police, prompting everyone to hide in nearby bushes before resuming. As fatigue set in after more than 300 repetitions, Smoot was carried by his brothers for the remaining sections, and they paused periodically for rest, adding to the lighthearted chaos. Markings were placed every smoot, with more permanent indicators every 10 smoots; a juvenile humorous touch involved skipping the 70-smoot mark in favor of repeating 69. After several hours, the bridge was calculated to span 364.4 smoots, with the final 4.4-smoot remainder whimsically qualified as "±1 " to account for the approximate length of Smoot's ear. Smoot himself later recalled the cold conditions and the physical challenge of repeatedly standing up after lying down, often needing assistance from his brothers. The prank received immediate publicity when a reporter from magazine, investigating the fresh markings, contacted Smoot for an interview, bringing early attention to the fraternity's stunt.

Post-1958 Developments and Recognition

Following his involvement in the 1958 Harvard Bridge measurement prank as a Lambda Chi Alpha pledge at MIT, Oliver Smoot completed his studies and graduated with a in , , and in 1962. He later pursued a , earning a from , which positioned him for a distinguished career in standards and policy. Smoot's professional trajectory elevated the ironic legacy of the smoot unit, as he ascended to leadership roles in global standardization bodies. From 2001 to 2002, he served as chairman of the board of directors for the (ANSI), overseeing efforts to harmonize U.S. standards with international practices. Building on this, Smoot was elected president of the (ISO) for a two-year term from 2003 to 2004, where he advocated for collaborative international standards development during a period of expanding global trade agreements. These positions underscored the prank's enduring humor, with Smoot himself noting the amusement of leading organizations that define measurement standards. The smoot's cultural footprint grew through institutional recognitions at MIT. On October 4, 2008, MIT hosted a multifaceted 50th anniversary celebration of the prank, declared "Smoot Day" by the City of , featuring a bridge repainting event, volunteer activities, a commemorative party, and widespread media coverage from outlets including the . Smoot participated actively, reflecting on the event's origins and its unexpected longevity during interviews and festivities. As part of the anniversary observances, a permanent was installed on the in 2009 by the MIT Class of 1962, honoring Smoot and the 1958 measurement while inscribing the bridge's length as "364.4 smoots plus or minus one ear." The plaque, unveiled in a dedication ceremony, serves as an official acknowledgment of the prank's place in MIT tradition. Further recognition came in 2016 when Smoot was selected as for MIT's on , commemorating the institute's 1916 relocation to . Leading a procession across the alongside other alumni, Smoot symbolized the prank's ties to MIT's innovative spirit, drawing crowds and media attention to the event's historical reenactments. The fraternity, whose pledges originated the 1958 smoot measurement, has maintained a central role in preserving the tradition through periodic upkeep of bridge markings. However, in October 2014, the national organization suspended the MIT chapter (Lambda Zeta) for at least five years due to repeated violations of alcohol policies, temporarily disrupting fraternity-led customs associated with the smoot. Following the suspension period, the chapter underwent recolonization and officially returned to campus in February 2024, resuming activities.

Applications

Markings on Harvard Bridge

The , also known as the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge, spans the between Back Bay in and , connecting the two cities via a pedestrian sidewalk where the smoot markings are located. These markings, originating from a 1958 Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity prank, extend across the full length of the bridge's sidewalk, totaling 364.4 smoots. The marking system consists of painted lines and numbers along the sidewalk, typically placed every 10 smoots (approximately 56 feet or 17 meters) starting from the side of the river. Since 1958, the markings have been maintained through an annual repainting tradition carried out by MIT students, fraternity members, or alumni, ensuring their visibility despite weathering from foot traffic and environmental exposure. Even after the chapter at MIT was suspended by its national organization in 2014 for at least five years, alumni stepped in to continue the repainting that same year, preserving the tradition. This upkeep has persisted into 2025, with the markings remaining a durable and persistent feature used by pedestrians as informal landmarks to gauge their progress across the bridge.

Integration in Technology and Official Contexts

The smoot has found practical utility in official reporting by local law enforcement, particularly for specifying locations on the . The Police Department routinely references smoot markings in incident reports, such as noting accidents "at the 180-smoot mark," leveraging the painted increments as a precise and enduring reference system for the bridge's 364.4 smoot length. This approach stems from the physical markings established in , which provide a consistent grid for without relying on standard metric or . In digital mapping and computation, has integrated the smoot as a recognized unit since at least 2008, enabling conversions and visualizations tied to the . Calculator, accessible via search queries, supports smoot conversions for any distance; for instance, entering "1 km in smoots" yields approximately 587.6 smoots, based on the unit's defined length of 1.7018 meters. Similarly, since 2011, and have displayed smoot measurements overlaid on the bridge, allowing users to measure segments in smoots alongside traditional units like meters or feet. These features highlight the smoot's transition from a prank to a computationally verifiable standard in geospatial tools. Beyond and consumer technology, the smoot appears in and standards discourse, often invoked to illustrate the arbitrary yet functional nature of units—a nod to Oliver R. Smoot Jr.'s later leadership in bodies. Smoot served as chairman of the (ANSI) from to , where he advanced U.S. participation in international norms, and as president of the (ISO) from to , promoting global harmonization of technical standards. In professional contexts, such as discussions on unit arbitrariness in publications, the smoot is cited as an example of how informal measures can gain practical legitimacy, especially given Smoot's authoritative roles in formal . While not adopted in MIT's official campus navigation applications like MIT Mobile, which focus on standard mapping for shuttles and directories, the unit's cultural persistence at the institute informs broader navigational references in educational settings.

Cultural and Scientific Legacy

The smoot has appeared in various works of exploring the history and of units, notably in Robert Tavernor's 2007 book Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, which uses the smoot as a central to examine how human-derived measures reflect cultural and anthropometric perspectives on scale. The book traces the smoot's origins to the 1958 MIT prank, highlighting its role in illustrating the arbitrary yet enduring nature of nonstandard units. Early media coverage played a key role in elevating the smoot's public profile, beginning with an interview in the now-defunct Holiday magazine where Oliver Smoot discussed the fraternity prank that defined the unit, sparking widespread interest in the unusual markings on . More recent articles have revisited the smoot's legacy in engineering and prank contexts, such as a July 2025 piece in detailing how the 1958 measurement evolved into a lasting symbol of MIT ingenuity. Similarly, a January 2025 article in ASCE's Civil Engineering Source featured the smoot within a broader discussion of iconic American bridges, emphasizing its humorous yet persistent influence on structural nomenclature. In online and , the smoot continues to generate engagement through commemorative content, including an October 2024 MIT post celebrating the 66th anniversary of with archival images and explanations of the unit's creation. The smoot frequently appears in compilations of unusual units of measurement, such as lists of quirky metrics that underscore human creativity in quantification. Humorous references to the smoot extend to audio and video media focused on MIT traditions, including a 2021 episode of The Atlas Obscura Podcast that recounts the fraternity's bridge measurement as a pinnacle of collegiate whimsy. On YouTube, videos like MIT's May 2025 short "What's in a Smoot? A quirky MIT legacy explained" provide visual tours of the bridge markings, blending education with entertainment to showcase the unit's cultural staying power. These cameos often portray the smoot as emblematic of MIT's playful approach to science and engineering.

Ongoing Relevance and Updates

In recent years, the smoot has continued to be maintained through annual repainting efforts by members of the fraternity at MIT, ensuring the markings on the remain visible and legible. In October 2024, MIT commemorated the 66th anniversary of the original measurement prank, highlighting its enduring tradition on the institution's official channels. Publications in 2025 have noted the smoot's practical utility, with local police still referencing the markings to specify locations in traffic incident reports. The smoot has found a place in broader discussions of , serving as an illustrative example of nonstandard units that challenge conventional while underscoring the human element in systems. In Robert Tavernor's 2007 book Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, is analyzed as a modular benchmark akin to historical measures like the foot, prompting reflections on the cultural and philosophical underpinnings of quantification. Its potential for educational applications has grown, particularly in teaching the history and principles of ; for instance, the Institute of Physics includes the smoot in resources for physics educators to demonstrate unconventional units and the importance of reproducibility. A 2025 children's book, Measuring Up: How Oliver Smoot Became a Standard Unit of by Jenny Lacika, published on September 23, 2025, further promotes its use in classrooms to engage students with concepts of precision, historical context, and MIT pranks through a playful . As of July 2025, the smoot markings on the show no major alterations since their preservation during past renovations, such as the accurate recreation in , remaining a fixed cultural fixture at 364.4 smoots plus or minus one ear. This ongoing maintenance reflects the unit's lasting endurance, integrated into local navigation and MIT's institutional identity without significant disruptions.

References

  1. https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=smoot
  2. https://news.mit.edu/2008/smoot-tt0924
  3. https://facts.mit.edu/fun-culture/
  4. https://alum.mit.edu/slice/smoot-enters-dictionary
  5. https://mitmuseum.mit.edu/collections/object/2009.023.001
  6. https://www.larsondesigngroup.com/understanding-smoot/
  7. https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/06/23/219971/smoots-legacy/
  8. https://interestingengineering.com/science/smoot-the-most-hilarious-mathematical-unit
  9. https://www.celebrateboston.com/strange/smoots-bridge.htm
  10. https://news.mit.edu/1997/smoot-1105
  11. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/2/17/smoot/
  12. https://www.npr.org/2005/12/07/5043041/smoot-namesake-of-a-unit-of-length-retires
  13. https://www.npr.org/2011/11/13/142284657/looking-up-words-in-a-book-not-so-strange-yet
  14. https://www.sizes.com/units/smoot.htm
  15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xp3thg
  16. https://alum.mit.edu/slice/mit-recalibrate-smoot
  17. https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/18/smoot_mit_measurement/
  18. https://werehistory.org/smoot/
  19. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/12/08/the-measure-of-this-man-is-in-the-smoot/e79ed643-dde8-493c-931d-6e31e134963e/
  20. https://web.mit.edu/smoot/
  21. https://alum.mit.edu/slice/new-smoot-plaque-greets-mass-ave-bridge-crossers
  22. https://thetech.com/2009/06/05/smoot-v129-n27
  23. https://news.mit.edu/2016/moving-day-mit-celebrating-century-cambridge-0502
  24. https://news.mit.edu/2016/crossing-charles-moving-day-parade-competition-0509
  25. https://news.mit.edu/2014/lambda-chi-alpha-national-suspends-mit-chapter-1030
  26. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/keith-stubblebine-4077141bb_lambda-chi-alpha-fraternity-inc-has-returned-activity-7172360217358127104-OsVX
  27. https://www.instagram.com/p/C3QdA6frNkn/
  28. https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2016/05/06/ollie-smoot-the-official-unit-of-measure-for-the-harvard-bridge
  29. https://aether.lbl.gov/www/personnel/smoot/smoot-measure.html
  30. https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/repainting-the-smoots/
  31. https://oge.mit.edu/the-mysterious-markings-on-the-bridge-to-mit/
  32. https://thetech.com/2014/11/14/smoot-v134-n54
  33. https://news.mit.edu/2014/smoot-lighting-to-set-mood-on-harvard-bridge-1028
  34. https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2011/10/05/141009438/whats-a-smoot
  35. https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/learn/knowledge-center/insights/standards-bridges-max-am-ende-and-the-smoot
  36. https://ist.mit.edu/mit-apps/mit-mobile
  37. https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2025/01/30/this-american-bridge
  38. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DAs-PzKS6wX/
  39. https://listverse.com/2013/01/29/10-strange-ways-of-measuring-stuff/
  40. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/podcast-harvard-bridge-smoots
  41. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/sXbni0XPcZM
  42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299608834_Robert_Tavernor_Smoot%27s_Ear_The_Measure_of_Humanity
  43. https://spark.iop.org/stories-units
  44. https://www.candlewick.com/9781536230123/measuring-up-how-oliver-smoot-became-a-standard-unit-of-measurement/
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