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St Andrews
St Andrews (Latin: S. Andrea(s); Scots: Saunt Aundraes; Scottish Gaelic: Cill Rìmhinn, pronounced [kʰʲɪʎˈrˠiː.ɪɲ]) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, 10 miles (16 kilometres) southeast of Dundee and 30 miles (50 kilometres) northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 as of 2011[update], making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and the 45th most populous settlement in Scotland.
The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle. The settlement grew to the west of St Andrews Cathedral, with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness Burn to the south. The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation. The famous cathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins. St Andrews is also known globally as the "home of golf". This is in part because of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, founded in 1754, which until 2004 exercised legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico). The Old Course of St Andrews Links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship.
It is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world and the oldest in Scotland. It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published by The Times and The Sunday Times. According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, and other martyrs of the Reformation epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. The civil parish has a population of 18,421 (in 2011). The town also contains numerous museums, a botanic garden and an aquarium.
The earliest recorded name for the settlement occurs in 747 AD, when an Irish annal (reproduced in the later Annals of Ulster) recorded the "death of Tuathalán abbot of Kinrymonth" (mors Tuathalain abbatis Cinrigh Monai). The place-named represents the Old Gaelic word cenn (head, peninsula) plus an existing place-name, Rigmonad, itself containing ríg(h) (king) and monad(h) (muir), later calqued into Lowland Scots as "King's Muir". It has been conjectured that the Gaelic name represents an adaptation of a Pictish form, possibly *Penrimond. or *Pennrimonid. A variant referring specifically to the ecclesiastical site, Cell Rígmonaid (cell meaning church), is evident from the twelfth century, and came to provide what outside Gaelic orthography was rendered Kilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling is Cill Rìmhinn.
The name St Andrews derives from the town's association with Andrew the Apostle, with the medieval church claiming to possess bones of the saint. According to legends evident from the twelfth century onwards, St Regulus (or Rule) brought the relics to Fife from Patras in Greece. The church at St Andrews claimed as a result to have custody of three fingers from the apostle's right hand, as well as an upper arm bone, knee-cap and a tooth. The genitive form "of St Andrew" in various languages is evident from the time of the foundation of the burgh in the 1140s. The Scots name for the burgh consisted of variations of Andrestoun until the fifteenth century, with St Andrews prevailing afterwards.
The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the rivers Tay and Eden during the Mesolithic (middle Stone Age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE. This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BCE as farmers clearing the area of woodland and building monuments.
During the Iron Age/Early Middle Ages, a fortified enclosure, potentially a hillfort, was established on East Balrymonth hill, a mile to the south of the town. Today, the outline of the defences are visible on some aerial images. It marks the oldest still extant structure in St Andrews.
In the mid-eighth century a monastery was established by the Pictish king Oengus I, traditionally associated with the relics of Saint Andrew, a number of bones supposed to be the saint's arm, kneecap, three fingers and a tooth believed to have been brought to the town by St Regulus. In AD 877, king Causantín mac Cináeda (Constantine I) built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed (or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.
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St Andrews
St Andrews (Latin: S. Andrea(s); Scots: Saunt Aundraes; Scottish Gaelic: Cill Rìmhinn, pronounced [kʰʲɪʎˈrˠiː.ɪɲ]) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, 10 miles (16 kilometres) southeast of Dundee and 30 miles (50 kilometres) northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 as of 2011[update], making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and the 45th most populous settlement in Scotland.
The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle. The settlement grew to the west of St Andrews Cathedral, with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness Burn to the south. The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation. The famous cathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins. St Andrews is also known globally as the "home of golf". This is in part because of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, founded in 1754, which until 2004 exercised legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico). The Old Course of St Andrews Links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship.
It is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world and the oldest in Scotland. It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published by The Times and The Sunday Times. According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, and other martyrs of the Reformation epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. The civil parish has a population of 18,421 (in 2011). The town also contains numerous museums, a botanic garden and an aquarium.
The earliest recorded name for the settlement occurs in 747 AD, when an Irish annal (reproduced in the later Annals of Ulster) recorded the "death of Tuathalán abbot of Kinrymonth" (mors Tuathalain abbatis Cinrigh Monai). The place-named represents the Old Gaelic word cenn (head, peninsula) plus an existing place-name, Rigmonad, itself containing ríg(h) (king) and monad(h) (muir), later calqued into Lowland Scots as "King's Muir". It has been conjectured that the Gaelic name represents an adaptation of a Pictish form, possibly *Penrimond. or *Pennrimonid. A variant referring specifically to the ecclesiastical site, Cell Rígmonaid (cell meaning church), is evident from the twelfth century, and came to provide what outside Gaelic orthography was rendered Kilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling is Cill Rìmhinn.
The name St Andrews derives from the town's association with Andrew the Apostle, with the medieval church claiming to possess bones of the saint. According to legends evident from the twelfth century onwards, St Regulus (or Rule) brought the relics to Fife from Patras in Greece. The church at St Andrews claimed as a result to have custody of three fingers from the apostle's right hand, as well as an upper arm bone, knee-cap and a tooth. The genitive form "of St Andrew" in various languages is evident from the time of the foundation of the burgh in the 1140s. The Scots name for the burgh consisted of variations of Andrestoun until the fifteenth century, with St Andrews prevailing afterwards.
The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the rivers Tay and Eden during the Mesolithic (middle Stone Age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE. This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BCE as farmers clearing the area of woodland and building monuments.
During the Iron Age/Early Middle Ages, a fortified enclosure, potentially a hillfort, was established on East Balrymonth hill, a mile to the south of the town. Today, the outline of the defences are visible on some aerial images. It marks the oldest still extant structure in St Andrews.
In the mid-eighth century a monastery was established by the Pictish king Oengus I, traditionally associated with the relics of Saint Andrew, a number of bones supposed to be the saint's arm, kneecap, three fingers and a tooth believed to have been brought to the town by St Regulus. In AD 877, king Causantín mac Cináeda (Constantine I) built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed (or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.
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