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Supatphaa (1681– February 1696), also Gadadhar Singha, born Gadapani, was the twenty-ninth king of Ahom kingdom.[3] He established the rule of Tungkhungia royal house of Ahom kings, whose descendants continued to rule till the climactic end of the Ahom kingdom in 1826. He was a son of Gobar raja, a descendant of Suhungmung, and who had become king for twenty days. Gadadhar Singha stabilized the Ahom kingdom, which was going through a long decade of political turmoil and instability. This period saw the ruthless power grab of Debera Borbarua and Laluksola Borphukan's abandonment of Guwahati to the hands of Mughals and oppression via Sulikphaa alias Lora Roja.

Key Information

Soon after his ascension to the throne, he retook Guwahati and permanently wrested out the Mughals from Assam following the Battle of Itakhuli and established a strong rule of 'blood and iron'. Later during his reign he came in conflict with the Vaisnavite Satras or monastery and persecuted them for a while. He died in 1696 and was succeeded by his son Rudra Singha.[4][5]

Kinship

[edit]

Gadapani wielded the authority of a sovereign, and piloted the government through hazardous adventures. He was the son of a reigning monarch, Gobar Roja. The latter was the grandson of Swargadeo Suklenmung Gargayan Raja, who in his turn was the son of Suhungmung Dihingia Raja. By his presence, Gadapani commanded the respect of all who came near him. He was reputed for his stature, vigour, intelligence and valour. Stories are still current about the size of his rings, the richness of his diet, and his appetite. He is said to have strangled a wild buffalo into inaction by merely twisting its horns as it rushed to attack him.[6]

Reign

[edit]
Royal Robe of Gadadhar Singha in Bengenaati Satra

Supatphaa, known as Langi Gadapani konwar, was the son of Gobar Gohain who was made the king by Debera Borbarua in 1675. Gobar Raja was the king for only 20 days and was executed after the fall of Debera Borbarua at the hands of the forces of Atan Burhagohain. After Laluk Sola Borphukan had Atan Burhagohain murdered in 1679, he installed Sulikphaa Lora Roja as the king and tried to become the de jure ruler of the Ahom kingdom. He began a campaign to target Ahom princes who were eligible for the throne. To escape this, Supatphaa became a fugitive, hiding in the Naga hills. The area that Supatphaa had fled, maybe somewhere near present-day Mon district is, that was inhabited by the Konyak Naga. During this time his wife Joymoti Konwari, was tortured and killed by the henchmen of Sulikphaa and Laluk Sola Borphukan. The first act of the reign of Gadadhar Singha was the stamping out of the possibilities of disloyal manoeuvres on the part of the nobles. In March 1682, Gadadhar Singha was formally crowned. The Majumdar Barua wrote his name with a golden pen and announced it to the public. The king married the daughters of the leading nobles, and thereby established friendly alliances with them.[7]

Years in exile

[edit]
Coinage of Gadadhara Simha (1681–1696), Ahom Kingdom.
Cannon captured from the Mughals in the Battle of Itakhuli

Supatphaa's stay in the Naga Hills is shrouded in mystery, for not much is known about the 2 years in exile. However, the hills abound with various lores, folktales, and legends about Supatphaa. The physical attributes of Supatphaa were very robust, charming and very handsome. According to one legend Supatphaa, after the death of his wife Jaimoti, he was heartbroken and had, become very brooding. It was during this time that his well-wishers, in fact, married him a Konyak girl Watling. Sadly though, Watling while coming down with Supatphaa from Konyak territory, died at a place named Naginimora while delivering a child. During his time in exile, his Naga friends had got him married to a very beautiful girl Zinyu. Noted Historian and Litterateur Padmanath Gohain Baruah first characterized a Naga girl Dalimi, in his play Joymati. It was shown that it was this girl that Supatphaa had come into contact while he was in exile. Rup Konwar Jyoti Prasad Agarwala's First Assamese Film also showed Dalimi, as a daughter of Naga chieftain who had fallen for the charms of Supatphaa.

Political and Personal/Military

[edit]

At the time of Supatphaa's accession to the throne, the Ahom kingdom was being sapped by internal dissensions, and patriotic feeling had become so weakened that many deserted to the Mughal side, who had re-occupied Gauhati, and were gradually pushing their frontier eastwards. The hill tribes too became emboldened and raided villages in the plains. Before he died he had quelled all internal disputes, revived the waning national spirit, driven the Mughals beyond Manas and, by prompt punitive measures, put a stop to the raiding and restored the prestige of the Ahoms among the turbulent tribes on the frontier.

His first act after becoming the King was to equip an army to oust the Mughal from Gauhati.[8] He appears to have met with very little opposition. The forts at Bansbari and Kajali fell at the first assault, and a great naval victory was gained near the mouth of Bar Nadi, the whole enemy fleet falling into the hands of Ahoms. In 1682 Supatphaa waged the Itakhulir Rann Battle of Itakhuli and captured Guwahati back from the Mughals and brought an end to the eighty years of Ahom-Mughal conflicts. The Fauzdar of Guwahati fled and the Ahom army pursued the Mughals as far as Manas river. A vast amount of booty was taken in Guwahati, including gold and silver; elephants, horses, and buffaloes, cannon of all sizes and guns, swords and spears. This was the last war with the Mughals. Henceforth both sides accepted the Manas as the boundary.

The Nagas were often found to be raiding the Assamese villages in the border areas. He forged matrimonial alliances with the Nagas and assured peace and tranquility at the border areas. He married the extremely beautiful daughter of the warlike Nokpu (Ao) warrior Assiring, Sentishila, fondly renamed by him as Dalimi. And renamed the ancient Asheimba- Yimuba gate as Assiringia Duar and granted a large piece of land amounting to many thousand bighas as Assiringia Khat (present-day Naginijan Tea estate, under Assam Tea Corporation) near Nakachari in Jorhat district of ASSAM, valuable scarves and shawls made of finest silk, steel doors, Ahom hats (Japees) gold and diamond ornaments and a muzzle-loading gun, to his father in law, Assiring, thus ensuring good matrimonial relations with the Aos, apart from his Konyak kinsman.

Administrative

[edit]

Supatphaa was keenly alive to the importance of public works. He built the Dhodar Ali a 211 km. the long road from Kamargaon to Joypur touching Mariani using the lazy (dhod means lazy in Assamese) opium addicts, Aka Ali and many other roads. Two stone bridges were built and a number of tanks were evacuated. The earliest known copper-plate grant recording grants of land by Ahom Kings to Brahmins or Hindu temples, date from his reign. He also circulated the use of silver coins carved with Ahom language, during his decade long reign from 1681 to 1696.

Administrative work of Gaddahar Singha were-Maibelar Dol, Lankuri Dol, Bashistha-Ashramar Dol, Rohdoir Dol, Umanandar Dol, Thaora Dol, Bhogdoi Pukhuri, Rohdoi hkhuri, Bauli Pukhuri, Mitha hkhuri, Borkolar Pukhuri, Joha Pukhuri, Thaora Pukhuri, Shukan Pukhuri, Aghoni Pukhuri, Panibil Pukhuri, Achubulia Pukhuri, Dhodar Ali, Ramani Ali, Barbarua Ali, Halau Phukanar Ali, Khara Garh, Rohdoi Ali, Akar Ali, two Stone-bridges.[9]

A noteworthy measure of this monarch was the commencement of a detailed survey of the country. Supatphaa became acquainted with the land measurement system of Mughals during the time he was hiding in Lower Assam before he succeeded to the throne. As soon as the wars were over he issued orders for the introduction of a similar system throughout his dominions. Surveyors were imported from Koch Bihar and Bengal for the work. It was commenced in Sivasagar and was pushed on vigorously, but it was not completed until after his death. According to historians, the method of survey included measuring the four sides of each field with a nal, or bamboo pole of 12 feet (3.7 m) length and calculating the area, the unit was the "pura" or 144 square feet (13.4 m2) and 14,400 sq ft (1,340 m2). is one "Bigha". A similar land measurement system is still being followed in modern Assam-- 144 sq ft (13.4 m2). is one Lecha, 20 Lecha or 2,880 sq ft (268 m2). is one "Katha", and 5 Katha or 14,400 sq ft (1,340 m2). is one Bigha.

Death

[edit]

Supatphaa died in February 1696, after a reign of fourteen and a half years. He left two sons, Lai and Lechai, and his elder son Lai succeeded him. Under Lai, who took the name Sukhrungphaa (Hindu name Rudra Singha), the Ahom kingdom reached its zenith. The royal robes of Chow Pha Supatphaa made of gold and a gold umbrella are preserved in the Bengenaati Satra[10] of Majuli, Assam.

Death bed injunction

[edit]

The following advice, which he gave to his elder son at his death-bed: "Do not appoint persons of low social ranks in high offices. Do not trust persons with foreheads smeared with horizontal lines. Do not entertain courtiers with female-dancers dancing to tune of drums"[11]

Brown's note on Supatphaa's tomb

[edit]

Reverend Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission, referring to the opening up of the tombs of Ahom kings in Charaideo, wrote:

"The tomb of King Supatphaa at Charaideo, as nearly as we could calculate without instruments, was ninety feet high, and so natural in its appearance that a stranger would scarcely have suspected it to be anything more than an ordinary hill...Thirteen of these royal tombs were dug open during my residence in Assam, and I was told in the flowery language of the country, that when King Supatphaa's tomb was opened 'the backs of three elephants were broken with the weight of the treasures it contained', meaning simply that three elephants were well loaded down."

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Supatphaa

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Supatphaa (r. 1681–1696), also known as Gadadhar Singha and born Gadapani, was the twenty-ninth king of the in the of present-day , . Son of the noble Gobar Roja, he ascended the throne after a period of instability following the death of previous rulers and established the Tungkhungia clan, which governed the Ahom realm until its annexation by the British in 1826. His reign marked a revival of Ahom power, highlighted by the recapture of from Mughal control in 1682, thereby halting further territorial losses to the empire. Supatphaa strengthened defenses through infrastructure projects, including roads, stone bridges, and reservoirs, and secured borders via matrimonial alliances with Naga tribes. Known for administrative reforms adopting Mughal land measurement techniques and promoting by constructing temples, he died in 1696 without a direct heir, passing the throne to his nephew.

Early Life and Background

Kinship and Family Origins

Supatphaa, who reigned as the twenty-ninth king of the from 1681 to 1696 and adopted the Hindu name Gadadhar Singha while being born as Gadapani, was the son of Gobar Raja, a noble of the Ahom royal lineage descended from , the thirteenth Ahom king who ruled from 1497 to 1539. Gobar Raja himself ascended the throne briefly in 1675, reigning for only twenty days under the installation by Debera Borbarua amid the and Mughal incursions, before his deposition and execution. This short-lived kingship highlighted the fragmented royal successions of the era, stemming from the decline of the Parvatiya branch of the dynasty. The family's roots traced to the Tungkhungia region in upper , a associated with Ahom outside the immediate capital environs, where Gadapani spent his early years in relative obscurity during the kingdom's turmoil. This geographic origin lent its name to the Tungkhungia clan, which Supatphaa formalized as the new ruling line upon his ascension, diverging from prior branches like the Dihingiya and Parvatiya to consolidate power post-exile and instability. The clan's establishment reflected a pragmatic realignment of ties, prioritizing descent from Suhungmung's line to legitimize rule while addressing the nobility's divisions, and it endured until the dynasty's end in 1826.

Period of Exile and Rise to Power

Gadapani, later known as Gadadhar Singha or , was born as the son of Gobar Roja (also called Gobar Gohain), a descendant of the Ahom king who had briefly held the throne for 20 days amid the political chaos of the mid-17th century. During the tyrannical reign of (1673–1677), marked by internal purges and instability following Mughal incursions, Gadapani faced threats to his life due to his royal lineage and fled the court to avoid execution. He sought refuge in the , inhabiting regions controlled by the tribes, where he remained in hiding for approximately two years; details of this period remain obscure, with historical records offering limited verifiable accounts beyond his evasion of Sulikphaa's forces. Gadapani's wife, Joymati, stayed behind in the Ahom territories and was captured by Sulikphaa's agents, who subjected her to prolonged torture—reportedly binding her to a stone slab under the sun—to extract his location, but she refused to disclose it, ultimately succumbing to her injuries around 1679. This event, preserved in Ahom chronicles and folklore, galvanized opposition against Sulikphaa, contributing to his deposition in 1677 by court nobles including the Borbarua; interim rulers Sunyatphaa (1677–1679) and Suklamphaa (1679–1681) followed, but persistent factionalism and weak leadership perpetuated the kingdom's turmoil. With Suklamphaa's death in 1681 leaving no stable successor, Ahom nobles, recognizing Gadapani's direct descent from and his survival amid the purges, summoned him from to , the capital. Installed as king on July 14, 1681, he adopted the name Gadadhar Singha—reflecting his assumed Hindu identity—and Ahom title Supatphaa, thereby founding the Tungkhungia dynasty, which prioritized merit and non-royal lineage over the depleted mainline royals to restore order. His ascension ended a of rapid kingly turnover and internal strife, enabling initial stabilization through alliances with hill tribes and purges of disloyal elements.

Reign

Military Campaigns and Defense Against Mughals

Upon ascending the throne in 1681 amid internal instability, Gadadhar Singha prioritized the expulsion of Mughal forces from Ahom territories, which had occupied since 1663 following earlier conflicts. He established his royal camp at Kaliabor, a strategic location, to coordinate military operations against the Mughals, marking a shift from the capital at . In 1682, Gadadhar Singha appointed Dihingia Alun Barbarua as the supreme commander of Ahom forces, tasking him with recapturing from Mughal control under Faujdar Mansur Khan. The ensuing campaign culminated in the in August 1682, where Ahom troops decisively defeated the Mughals, pursuing the retreating forces nearly 100 kilometers to the . This victory resulted in the permanent expulsion of Mughal garrisons from Kamrup and Guwahati, effectively ending Mughal incursions into and concluding the series of Ahom-Mughal wars that had persisted since 1615. To bolster defenses against superiority, Gadadhar Singha introduced and promoted the manufacturing of cannons and firearms within the kingdom, enhancing Ahom military capabilities with weaponry. These reforms contributed to the success at Itakhuli and secured the western frontiers, allowing subsequent focus on internal consolidation and other regional threats.

Administrative Reforms and Political Stabilization

Supatphaa, reigning from 1681 to 1696, inherited an weakened by a decade of internal strife following the victory at the in 1671, including factional rivalries among , erosion of , and desertions that undermined national cohesion. To restore order, he ruthlessly consolidated power by eliminating key rivals and suppressing disruptive influences, such as influential Vaishnava sattradhikars whose growing autonomy had fueled instability, thereby reasserting royal authority and preventing further fragmentation. This foundational shift established the Tungkhungia dynasty, a non-royal lineage from his background that prioritized merit and over hereditary claims, ensuring dynastic continuity and relative political equilibrium for over a century until the kingdom's decline. In administration, Supatphaa drew on observations from his in Mughal-held Kamrup to implement a formalized land measurement system using the jarib unit, enabling precise revenue assessment and agricultural planning that addressed fiscal inefficiencies from prior practices. He created the office of Borpatra Gohain, a senior ministerial role tasked with overseeing critical public infrastructure projects, such as the excavation of large tanks like Borpatra Pukhuri, which supported irrigation, flood control, and water storage amid Assam's seasonal vulnerabilities. These reforms centralized bureaucratic functions, reduced noble intermediaries' unchecked influence, and promoted efficient resource allocation, fostering economic recovery and administrative resilience that underpinned the kingdom's post-turmoil revival.

Religious Policies

Gadadhar Singha, reigning from 1681 to 1696, shifted Ahom religious patronage toward , diverging from the growing influence of neo-Vaishnavism under previous rulers. This policy emphasized devotion to the goddess and marked a deliberate reorientation, as he adopted Shakta practices personally and elevated them in court rituals, viewing them as aligned with royal authority and martial ethos. Concurrently, he promoted by commissioning temples, including structures at Dergaon and Biswanath, to reinforce Hindu orthodoxy while integrating Ahom traditions. These initiatives reflected a broader Hinduization effort but prioritized sects amenable to monarchical control, contrasting with the decentralized sattra system of . Gadadhar adopted a repressive stance against Vaishnava monasteries (satras), which had amassed significant land, followers, and political leverage, often challenging royal edicts. He ordered the destruction of several sattras, confiscated their properties, and executed or displaced bhakats (monks) perceived as threats, framing these actions as necessary to curb rather than purely doctrinal opposition. This policy reversed earlier Ahom tolerance, driven by observations of sattra-led rebellions and their role in destabilizing the post-Mughal recovery. These measures consolidated state control over religious institutions, blending Ahom with selective Hindu elements to foster loyalty among elites and subjects. While Shakta and Shaiva patronage endured under successors, the suppression of temporarily diminished its expansion, though satras later regained influence.

Death and Succession

Final Years and Deathbed Injunctions

In the later part of his reign, Supatphaa concentrated on reinforcing the administrative stability he had achieved through land revenue reforms and the reorganization of paiks (laborers) into efficient units, ensuring the Ahom kingdom's internal cohesion following the decisive victories over Mughal incursions. Supatphaa died in February 1696, concluding a 14-and-a-half-year rule marked by the transition to Tungkhungia lineage dominance. On his deathbed, recognizing the error of his prior suppression of Vaishnava influences—which had alienated segments of the population—he instructed his successor to embrace the faith prevalent among the masses for the kingdom's long-term harmony. His elder son, Lai (later Sukhrungphaa), ascended smoothly, perpetuating the royal line without immediate contest.

Immediate Aftermath and Succession

Gadadhar Singha died in February 1696 after a reign of approximately fourteen and a half years, leaving the Ahom kingdom in a stabilized condition following his military and administrative reforms. His elder son, Lai, immediately succeeded him without reported contestation, adopting the Ahom royal name Sukhrungphaa and the Hindu name Rudra Singha. The transition maintained continuity in governance, with Rudra Singha's coronation occurring at Gargaon, the established capital, signaling the seamless perpetuation of the Tungkhungia line founded by his father. No significant internal upheavals or external threats disrupted the immediate post-death period, as the kingdom's recent victories over Mughal incursions had secured its borders. Rudra Singha, born to one of Gadadhar Singha's queens, inherited a bolstered by paiks (laborers) numbering in the tens of thousands, enabling prompt consolidation of power. Gadadhar Singha also left a younger son, Lechai, who did not challenge the primogeniture-based accession at the time, though later dynastic branches traced descent through him. The absence of factional strife in the Buranjis underscores the effectiveness of Gadadhar Singha's prior purges of rival lineages, ensuring a direct hereditary handover rather than election by the Gohains (nobles). This stability allowed Rudra to focus early on territorial expansion, building upon his father's defensive foundations.

Legacy

Achievements and Criticisms

Gadadhar Singha is credited with restoring stability to the following a of internal rebellions and political , employing decisive measures to suppress factions and consolidate power under the Tungkhungia lineage, which endured until the kingdom's end. He organized military forces that decisively defeated Mughal forces at the on March 18, 1682, expelling them from and pursuing retreats as far as the , thereby securing Assam's western frontiers. Administratively, he introduced systematic land measurement practices adapted from Mughal methods encountered during his exile, enhancing revenue assessment and territorial control. Infrastructure developments under his rule included the construction of the Dhudor Ali road linking Kamargaon in to strategic areas, facilitating trade and military mobility. Gadadhar Singha patronized temple construction, erecting the Biswanath temple in 1685 amid vows for recovery from illness, alongside the Thaora Dol and on Guwahati's river island, reflecting a shift toward Hindu devotional . He was the first Ahom ruler to formalize a ceremony known as Singari Gharat Utha Utsab, marking a ceremonial for subsequent kings. Critics of his highlight the harshness of his consolidation tactics, described as ruthless suppression of rivals and rebellions through an "iron hand," which quelled but at the of political executions and purges. His religious policies favored , leading to persecution of Vaishnava institutions; he plundered sattra monasteries, extracted wealth from devotees, and imposed dominance over neo-Vaishnava centers, viewing their growing influence as a threat to royal authority. This sectarian approach, while aligning with his personal inclinations, alienated Vaishnava followers and sowed tensions reversed only by his successor Rudra Singha.

Tomb and Later Historical Notes

Gadadhar Singha, known posthumously by his Ahom Supatphaa, was interred in a traditional moidam—a hemispherical mound—at , the primary royal of the located approximately 28 kilometers east of in . These structures, constructed from bricks, lime, and earth, enclosed vaulted chambers housing the king's remains along with gold and silver artifacts, weapons, and votive items symbolizing his status and era. As one of the final Ahom monarchs to receive rather than , his moidam reflects the pre-Hinduized Tai-Ahom funerary practices prevalent until the late , before the adoption of Hindu rites under his successor Rudra Singha influenced a shift toward among royalty. The Charaideo complex, encompassing over 90 moidams for Ahom kings, queens, and nobles from the dynasty's founding in 1253 until the early 18th century, underscores the enduring Ahom emphasis on ancestral veneration and territorial legitimacy. Gadadhar Singha's specific moidam, though not extensively excavated in modern records, forms part of this ensemble, which was designated a in July 2024 for its testimony to the Ahom mound-burial system and architectural ingenuity. In subsequent Ahom historiography, Gadadhar Singha's death in February 1696 from natural causes marked the seamless transition to the Tungkhungia royal line he founded, which endured until the kingdom's dissolution under British control in 1826. His injunctions against internal factionalism and emphasis on merit-based administration influenced the stability of Rudra Singha's reign (1696–1714), enabling territorial expansions and cultural syntheses that defined the dynasty's zenith. Later chronicles, such as those preserved in buranjis (Ahom historical texts), portray him as a pivotal restorer of monarchical authority amid prior chaos, though some note his initial religious severities as a cautionary for balancing indigenous traditions with Hindu revivalism. Archaeological interest in his era has highlighted artifacts like cannons and royal regalia attributed to his military campaigns, reinforcing his legacy as a defender against Mughal incursions.

References

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