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Susan Silverman, 2022

Susan Silverman (Hebrew: סוזן סילברמן; born May 10, 1963) is an American-Israeli Reform rabbi and religious activist.

Biography

[edit]

Susan Silverman is the sister of actress Laura Silverman and comedian Sarah Silverman.[1] She is married to Yosef Abramowitz. In 1997, she and her husband, co-authored the book Jewish Family and Life: Traditions, Holidays, and Values for Today’s Parents and Children.[1] She worked as a congregational rabbi in Maryland, and as a Jewish educator in Boston, and moved to Israel in 2006.[1]

Silverman and her daughter Hallel Abramowitz are members of Women of the Wall, and in 2012, they were arrested for wearing prayer shawls at the Western Wall.[2][3] News of this went viral after Sarah Silverman tweeted her support.[1]

In 2013, Silverman was named one of The Jewish Daily Forward's "Forward 50",[4] and the Jewish erotica website Jewrotica.org named her one of the world's ten sexiest rabbis.[1][5][6]

In 2015, Silverman was present when some of the Women of the Wall read from a full-size Torah scroll during their monthly prayer service at the Western Wall. Torah scrolls at the Western Wall are usually stored in the men's section. On April 20, a group of male Jewish sympathizers handed them a Torah scroll. Some Haredi Orthodox men tried to take the Torah away from the women but were removed by the police and the women continued their prayer service.[7][8] Susan claimed she chased away a man attempting to seize the Torah by threatening to touch him, saying, "I ran towards him with my hands in the air and shouted: 'I'm a woman! I'm a woman!' and he ran away because he didn't want me to touch him."[9]

Silverman lives in Jerusalem and has five children; two were adopted from Ethiopia.[6] In the wake of the Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court confirmation hearings, Silverman wrote an article discussing the use of Barrett's adopted children by both her detractors and defenders in terms of Silverman's own experience as an adoptive mother.[10]

She has written articles for MyJewishLearning.com and the book, Casting Lots: Creating a Family in a Beautiful, Broken World, which was published by Da Capo Press in March 2016.[11] She also wrote the piece "Personal Reflection: Becoming a Woman of the Wall", which appears in the book The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate, published in 2016.[12][13][14]

In 2017, she founded "Second Nurture", an organization dedicated to supporting the path from foster care to adoption.[15]

References

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[edit]
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Susan Silverman

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Susan Silverman (born May 10, 1963) is an American-Israeli rabbi, author, and activist focused on reform, , and refugee rights. Raised in , she pursued rabbinical ordination and relocated to , where she raises five children, including two adopted from . Silverman founded Second Nurture in 2016, a nonprofit that leverages faith communities to support and reduce dropout rates from the national average of 50% to 1%. She also established Miklat Israel, an NGO providing sanctuary and sustainable integration for asylum seekers, notably contributing to halting mass deportations of African migrants. A prominent figure in the movement advocating for egalitarian prayer at Jerusalem's , Silverman was arrested in 2013 alongside her daughter for wearing a , highlighting tensions over gender roles in Orthodox-controlled religious sites. She authored Casting Lots: Creating a Family in a Beautiful, Broken World (2016), drawing on personal experiences with anxiety, fostering, and to explore family-building amid global orphanhood. As the older sister of comedian , she has occasionally commented on intersections of humor, , and activism.

Early Life and Education

Family Background and Upbringing

Susan Silverman was raised in a secular Jewish family in , where religious observance played minimal role in daily life. Her parents prioritized liberal political as a core value system, often treating it as a surrogate for traditional faith, which shaped the household's emphasis on over ritual practice. This environment fostered a cultural but lacked formal or synagogue involvement, leading family members to express surprise at her later decision to become a . As the eldest of three sisters—including comedian and actress —Susan experienced an upbringing marked by familial fragmentation and personal challenges. The Silverman home, while intellectually engaged through political discussions, contended with instability that Silverman later reflected upon as contributing to her drive to construct stable family structures in adulthood. Her father's ownership of a local clothing store and her mother's involvement in theater provided a creative but non-religious backdrop, reinforcing the family's secular orientation.

Path to Rabbinate and Ordination

Silverman, born into a secular Jewish family of atheists, experienced a sudden calling to the rabbinate in her mid-twenties, despite possessing no prior Jewish knowledge or practice. At the time, she worked as a teacher at a school for at-risk teenagers, and on a Friday afternoon in 1989, she impulsively contacted the admissions office of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), the primary seminary for Reform Judaism ordination. Prior to this, she had earned a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Boston University. Admitted to HUC-JIR's five-year rabbinical program, Silverman confronted her lack of foundational skills, entering without knowledge of the . She spent her first year of study in , immersing herself in Jewish texts and language amid personal challenges, including reconnecting with her future husband. The program emphasized principles, aligning with her choice over more traditional denominations, and required rigorous academic training in , , and pastoral skills. Silverman completed the program and was ordained as a on May 20, 1994, receiving a in Hebrew Letters alongside her smicha ( certificate). This milestone marked her transition from secular educator to , though she later pursued honorary recognition, including a conferred by HUC-JIR in in December 2019.

Professional Career as Rabbi

Rabbinical Positions and Roles

Silverman was ordained as a rabbi by the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR) in 1994. After ordination, she served as a congregational at Congregation Or Chadash, a in , , for two years during the . She subsequently led a congregation in , near . Silverman also worked as a Jewish educator in the area during this period. In 2006, Silverman relocated to , , with her family, transitioning from traditional congregational roles to independent rabbinical activities centered on teaching, public speaking, and social advocacy. She has since functioned as an itinerant , delivering sermons and serving as a scholar-in-residence at synagogues such as Congregation Beth Israel in and Congregation Adath Jeshurun in , without a permanent . In recognition of her contributions, HUC-JIR awarded her an honorary degree at its convocation in December 2019.

Theological Views and Teachings

Susan Silverman, a , articulates a centered on humans as partners with in repairing the world, emphasizing audacity () in faith rather than passive servitude. She describes Jewish identity as involving active collaboration with the divine to improve society, drawing from interpretations of covenantal responsibility that prioritize ethical action over strict obedience. This perspective informs her rejection of imposing theological interpretations as civil law, as seen in her criticisms of Orthodox policies in , where she argues that personal beliefs should not override pluralistic freedoms. Silverman's teachings integrate Jewish texts with personal experiences of anxiety and , positing as a tool for navigating imperfection in a "beautiful, broken world." In her 2016 memoir Casting Lots: Creating a in a Beautiful, Broken World, she weaves biblical narratives—such as stories of and fostering in figures like and —with modern , arguing that provides resilience against existential fears by framing human agency as co-creative with . She teaches that rituals and communal practices transform personal vulnerabilities into sources of strength, rejecting deterministic views of divine will in favor of proactive partnership. A core element of her is the sacralization of and fostering, rooted in Jewish imperatives to care for orphans and the vulnerable (gerim and yatom). Silverman propounds that "all of our children are all of our children," extending familial bonds beyond biology to communal obligation, inspired by commands like Deuteronomy 24:17-18 on protecting the fatherless. This view underpins her organization Second Nurture, founded in 2016, which reframes fostering as a collective religious duty rather than individual charity. She is developing an explicit " of " in an forthcoming work titled Blessed Are They Who Dwell in Your House, which explores as a for divine-human relationship and redemption. Her teachings extend to broader activism, interpreting tikkun olam (world repair) as mandatory intervention for refugees and gender equity, as evidenced in her protests for egalitarian prayer since 2010. Silverman advocates liberal Jewish pluralism, arguing that rigid theologies stifle the prophetic tradition of challenging authority, a stance she links to Genesis themes of continual "beginning again" amid chaos. This causal emphasis on action over orthodoxy aligns with Reform Judaism's evolution but critiques institutional overreach, prioritizing empirical communal outcomes like successful integrations over doctrinal purity.

Family and Personal Life

Marriage to Yosef Abramowitz

Susan Silverman married , an entrepreneur specializing in and founder of Jewish Family & Life!, in 1994. The couple collaborated professionally early in their marriage, co-authoring Jewish Family and Life: Traditions, Holidays, and Values for Today's Parents and Children in 1997, which emphasized progressive interpretations of Jewish parenting and rituals. In 2006, Silverman and Abramowitz made aliyah from Newton, Massachusetts, to Kibbutz Ketura in southern , seeking a communal environment aligned with their values of , , and . The relocation supported Abramowitz's ventures in while allowing Silverman to engage in Israeli rabbinical and advocacy work.

Parenting and Adoption Experiences

Susan Silverman and her husband, , have five children, three biological and two sons adopted from . The couple, residing in , pursued international after moving to , integrating the boys into their family alongside their biological children, whose ages ranged from 12 to 22 as of 2016. The adoptions involved transracial elements, with the Ethiopian-born sons, including one named Zamir adopted as a young boy from an , joining a white Jewish ; Silverman has described the process as part of building a amid personal anxiety challenges, drawing on Jewish teachings for resilience. In her 2016 memoir Casting Lots: Creating a Family in a Beautiful, Broken World, Silverman recounts the emotional and logistical hurdles of the adoptions, including initial visits and the boys' adjustment to Israeli life, framing these as intertwined with her struggles with anxiety and the imperative to nurture orphans as a moral duty rooted in biblical narratives like the story of . Silverman has emphasized the spiritual dimensions of parenting adopted children, viewing fostering and as extensions of Jewish values emphasizing communal responsibility for the vulnerable, though she notes practical integration challenges such as cultural differences and family dynamics in a transracial household. The experiences prompted her to advocate for systemic changes in child welfare, but personally, she highlights Judaism's role in providing a framework for embracing imperfection and uncertainty in family-building.

Activism and Advocacy

Founding Second Nurture and Fostering Reform

In , Susan Silverman founded Second Nurture, a aimed at bolstering through community-based support networks to reduce isolation among foster parents and facilitate pathways to . The initiative stemmed from Silverman's experiences as an adoptive parent and her observations during a book tour for Casting Lots: Creating a Family in a World of Strangers, where discussions with hundreds of individuals across dozens of U.S. and Canadian cities highlighted the emotional and logistical burdens leading to high foster family attrition rates, estimated at 30-50% within the first year. Second Nurture's model emphasizes distributed responsibility over institutional dependency, recruiting and training volunteers to provide practical aid—such as meal delivery, , and emotional check-ins—to foster families, thereby fostering a of communal nurturing rather than relying on paid staff expansions. Silverman, recognized as an Fellow for this approach, has implemented the program in both the and , targeting Jewish communities initially to align with cultural values of (repairing the world) while expanding broadly to address systemic challenges like overburdened parents and reunification failures. The organization's efforts represent a reform-oriented of traditional child welfare systems, prioritizing preventive community interventions to sustain placements and lower dropout rates, with Silverman advocating for scalable volunteer ecosystems as an alternative to increased funding or professionalization. By 2025, Second Nurture had shifted toward volunteer-led growth to manage costs, reportedly handling operations without proportional staff increases despite expanded reach.

Miklat Israel and Asylum Seeker Support

Miklat Israel, co-founded by Rabbi Susan Silverman in 2018 alongside Nava Hefetz and Tamara Schagas, emerged as a rabbinical initiative to counter Israel's government plans for mass deportations of African . The effort was pitched by Silverman at a Rabbis for Human Rights meeting in amid threats to deport approximately 38,000 migrants, predominantly (72 percent) and Sudanese (20 percent), many of whom had fled conflict and but whom Israeli authorities largely classified as economic infiltrators rather than refugees qualifying for protection. Drawing from the biblical mandate for miklat—cities of refuge for inadvertent killers—and the Anne Frank narrative of hidden sanctuary, Miklat Israel aimed to foster sustainable integration by matching asylum seekers with Israeli host families for temporary and stability, while advocating for policy reforms to treat individuals case-by-case rather than en masse. Silverman positioned the campaign as a rooted in of protecting the stranger, explicitly calling on Israelis to defy orders by harboring migrants in private homes if necessary. The organization's activities included recruiting over 1,000 volunteer host families, placing around 30 asylum seekers—many released from Holot Detention Center—into homes with job assistance and professional volunteer support, and conducting such as visits to detention facilities to pressure for alternatives like work permits or integration programs. Silverman, as a leading voice, publicized these efforts through op-eds and rallies, emphasizing to highlight the human cost of deportations to unstable third countries. Miklat Israel's pressure, combined with broader protests, contributed to the Israeli government's suspension of deportation flights to Uganda and earlier Rwanda deals, averting the removal of thousands of Eritrean and Sudanese men. In recognition of its role in mobilizing sanctuary networks and influencing policy pauses, the group was nominated for the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize.

Western Wall Gender Equality Campaigns

Susan Silverman has been a prominent advocate for gender equality in Jewish prayer practices at the in , primarily through her longstanding involvement with (WOW), an organization founded in 1988 to secure women's rights to pray there while wearing (prayer shawls), reading from the aloud, and conducting services in accordance with egalitarian principles. As a board member of WOW, Silverman participated in monthly (new moon) prayer gatherings starting from the group's early days in the late 1980s, emphasizing the need to challenge the Orthodox-dominated site's restrictions on women's religious expression, which she argued undermine Jewish pluralism and women's spiritual agency. Silverman's campaigns gained significant visibility in 2013 when she and her daughter Hallel Abramowitz joined a WOW service on February 4, leading to their arrests along with eight other women for wearing tallit in the women's section, an act prohibited under the site's Orthodox guidelines enforced by Israeli police at the time. The incident drew international attention after comedian tweeted support, highlighting the arrests as a symbol of broader inequities in religious spaces and amplifying WOW's call for legal reforms to allow non-Orthodox practices. Silverman framed these efforts not as anti-religious but as a pursuit of holiness through inclusive , critiquing the exclusionary policies as contrary to Judaism's emphasis on justice and equality. Beyond protests, Silverman supported WOW's advocacy for girls' bat mitzvah ceremonies at the Wall, including campaigns allowing minors to wear tallit and read , which faced resistance from ultra-Orthodox groups but achieved partial successes through petitions and public pressure. In 2019, during WOW's 30th anniversary event, Silverman was physically assaulted by opponents during a prayer service, sustaining a , which underscored ongoing tensions despite a 2016 government agreement establishing an egalitarian plaza adjacent to the main Wall— an accord WOW viewed as insufficient for affirming in the primary prayer area. Her activism aligns with broader pushes for reforming Israel's religious establishment, prioritizing empirical challenges to discriminatory enforcement over accommodations that segregate egalitarian worship.

Writings and Public Engagements

Authorship of Casting Lots

Casting Lots: Creating a Family in a Beautiful, Broken World is a authored by Susan Silverman, published in March 2016 by Da Capo Press. The book chronicles Silverman's personal journey as a and mother of five, focusing on her struggles with anxiety, decisions to adopt two sons from an Ethiopian , and the integration of into family-building amid an "imperfect" world. Silverman weaves autobiographical elements with reflections on identity, , and belonging, emphasizing how rabbinic interpretations of biblical narratives, such as the of lots in the , informed her approach to uncertainty and ethical . The narrative contrasts Silverman's upbringing in a family of atheists with her embrace of as a framework for resilience, including candid accounts of marital dynamics and the challenges of fostering children from diverse backgrounds. Silverman attributes her writing style—described as irreverent, witty, and achingly honest—to influences from her sister , positioning the memoir as distinct from typical stories by prioritizing philosophical and spiritual introspection over linear chronology. The book spans 304 pages in format (ISBN 9780306824616) and explores themes of partnership with the divine, critiquing deterministic views of fate through personal anecdotes of imperfection and growth. Reception has been generally positive, with reviewers praising its tender yet humorous depiction of family life and accessibility to readers across religious traditions. highlighted Silverman's honest portrayal of an "imperfect but loving household," while the Jewish Book Council called it an "enchanting " for revealing her "inner strength." On Goodreads, it holds an average rating of 3.72 out of 5 from 369 user reviews, reflecting appreciation for its relatable insights into anxiety and adoption despite some critiques of its nonlinear structure. No significant controversies surround the authorship or content, though its emphasis on Jewish perspectives may limit appeal to more orthodox audiences.

Media Appearances and Speaking Engagements

Rabbi Susan Silverman has made several media appearances, often focusing on her advocacy for fostering, reform, asylum seekers in , and Jewish . In a notable interview, she appeared on her sister Sarah Silverman's Hulu series I Love You, America in an episode aired November 23, 2017, discussing personal faith, family dynamics, and activism. On October 7, 2025, Silverman spoke with host Marco Werman on The World from PRX, reflecting on shifting priorities toward protection two years after the attack on . She has also featured in podcasts and radio-style interviews tied to her writings and initiatives. In an April 19, 2022, episode of the Pursuing Justice podcast, Rabbi interviewed Silverman on the state of liberal Judaism in , her directorship of Second Nurture, and fostering reforms. Another podcast appearance occurred on The Vibe of the Tribe (Episode 26), where she addressed efforts to protect African asylum seekers in from amid government policies. Print and online interviews include a May 24, 2016, Kveller feature on her experiences with adoption from , Jewish living, and , and an April 29, 2016, Mr. Media discussion of her memoir Casting Lots, emphasizing therapy's role in overcoming separation anxiety to build her family. Silverman is represented by the Jewish Speakers Bureau for engagements on topics including fostering as community-building, ethical , and for vulnerable populations. Specific speaking events include a March 19, 2016, author presentation at Neighborhood Church in , promoting Casting Lots, and a November 7, 2018, keynote at the Combined Jewish Philanthropies' Lion of Judah Luncheon in , highlighting her work with asylum seekers and advocacy for progressive . She has also delivered talks at Jewish Family Service events, such as one on balancing family amid uncertainty, underscoring her theme of creating families in a "beautiful, broken world."

Controversies and Criticisms

2013 Western Wall Arrest and Aftermath

On February 11, , Rabbi Susan Silverman, along with her 17-year-old daughter Hallel Silverman and eight other women affiliated with the organization, was detained by Israeli police at the in for wearing tallitot—prayer shawls traditionally reserved for men under Orthodox Jewish custom—during a women's service in the main plaza. The detentions occurred amid longstanding restrictions at the site, managed by Orthodox authorities, which prohibit women from donning tallitot or reading from scrolls in the primary men's section, directing female prayer to a smaller adjacent area. Silverman, a advocating for gender equality in Jewish worship, participated as part of the group's monthly services challenging these norms. The women, including leaders Anat Hoffman and Lesley Sachs, were transported to a nearby police station after refusing to remove their tallitot when instructed by officers and site security. Police cited violations of a 2003 court ruling upholding the Orthodox status quo at the Wall, though the group argued the practice constituted protected and expression. Silverman and the others were held for several hours, questioned, and released without formal charges later that day, though some received temporary bans from the site. The incident garnered international attention after , Susan's comedian sister, publicly condemned the arrests on , posting: "Heard my sister & niece were arrested at wailing wall for wearing shawls. Fuck that shit. People who take it seriously are deluded." This amplified media coverage in outlets like and , framing the event within broader debates over and at holy sites in . No immediate legal repercussions followed for Silverman personally, but the arrests intensified Women of the Wall's campaign, contributing to subsequent petitions and a 2016 compromise agreement for an egalitarian section—though its implementation faced delays and opposition from ultra-Orthodox groups. Silverman continued her advocacy, viewing the detention as a catalyst for highlighting discriminatory practices rather than a deterrent.

Advocacy for African Migrants in Israel

In January 2018, Rabbi Susan Silverman co-founded Miklat Israel, also known as the Anne Frank Home Sanctuary Movement, to provide temporary shelter in private Israeli homes for African asylum seekers facing government-mandated deportation. The initiative drew explicit inspiration from the hiding of Anne Frank during the Holocaust, with Silverman stating that the story motivated plans to shield up to 40,000 Sudanese and Eritrean migrants who had entered Israel irregularly between 2006 and 2012. Hundreds of rabbis, including prominent Reform and Conservative figures, pledged to personally harbor individuals, framing the effort as a fulfillment of Jewish ethical imperatives to offer refuge. Silverman's campaign responded to Israel's Interior Ministry policy, which required approximately 38,000-40,000 adult male African migrants to accept $3,500 in cash and relocation to third countries like or , or face . She publicly condemned the plan in outlets including a February 7, 2018, New York Times op-ed titled "How Did Become a Place of No Refuge?", asserting that deportations contradicted 's founding as a haven for the persecuted and exposed migrants to "harrowing vulnerability." Miklat reportedly secured commitments from around potential host families by early 2018, though actual implementations remained limited amid logistical and legal hurdles. The advocacy sparked controversy, with critics arguing that invoking Anne Frank's hiding equated Israel's immigration enforcement—aimed at economic infiltrators rather than systematic extermination—with Nazi , a comparison deemed inflammatory and historically disproportionate. Israeli officials, including , maintained that most arrivals were labor migrants rather than Convention refugees, citing Israel's asylum grant rate of less than 1% for over 17,000 African applications processed by 2015, with only about 200 total recognitions amid evidence of weak persecution claims for many Eritrean and Sudanese entrants. Government data indicated that by 2012, around 60,000 Africans had crossed via , straining resources in neighborhoods like south , where migrant concentrations correlated with elevated crime rates and resident complaints of public safety decline. Opponents further criticized Silverman's stance for overlooking Israel's sovereign right to control borders in a small nation of 9 million, where absorbing tens of thousands of non-Jewish migrants could alter demographic balances and welfare systems, especially given failed third-country deals and reports of deportees facing harm upon return. Plans to hide migrants risked violating on harboring undocumented individuals, potentially escalating to civil disobedience akin to her prior arrests. Her efforts amplified international pressure, contributing to the Supreme Court's April 2018 suspension of deportations after and deals collapsed, leaving many migrants in legal limbo with conditional release permits but no path to status.

Familial and Public Ties to Sarah Silverman

Susan Silverman is the older sister of comedian , born to the same parents, John Oler and Sue Silverman, in , where both grew up in a Reform Jewish household. The sisters have described their relationship as complementary, with Susan pursuing rabbinical ordination and activism while Sarah built a career in , yet both drawing from shared family dynamics marked by humor, anxiety, and advocacy for vulnerable populations. Publicly, Sarah Silverman has frequently highlighted her sister's work, incorporating references to Susan in her comedy routines, such as a 1990s Saturday Night Live sketch where she joked about Susan's rabbinical name being shortened to "Jew" for brevity. In 2011, the sisters appeared together at Boston University's Center for Cultural Judaism, engaging in a discussion on Jewish identity, family, and "Jewy-ness," which showcased their mutual affection and differing approaches to public expression of faith. They jointly promoted Susan's adoption advocacy on The View in May 2016, discussing her book Reluctant Citizen: An American Memoir and experiences fostering Ethiopian children, emphasizing familial bonds transcending biological ties. Sarah has actively supported Susan's activism through media platforms, including a 2017 Thanksgiving episode of her series I Love You, America, where she interviewed Susan on topics ranging from to Israeli social issues, framing her as a moral guide amid political divides. In October 2021, Sarah introduced Susan at a fundraiser for Second Nurture, her nonprofit, calling her a "kick-ass" and using the event to amplify calls for community support in child welfare. Susan has reciprocated by attending Sarah's personal milestones, such as the 2022 premiere of her musical , which drew from their shared childhood experiences with anxiety and loss. These interactions underscore a pattern of public solidarity, with Sarah leveraging her platform to elevate Susan's causes without endorsing all her positions uncritically.

References

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  3. https://www.npr.org/2016/05/23/479150041/susan-silverman-on-anxiety-adoption-and-making-a-family-in-an-uncertain-world
  4. https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/susan-silverman
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  8. https://forward.com/news/186859/susan-silverman/
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  58. https://womenofthewall.org.il/testimonials/
  59. https://www.timesofisrael.com/women-of-the-wall-take-to-the-buses/
  60. https://jweekly.com/2019/03/28/our-terrifying-morning-at-the-kotel-for-women-of-the-walls-30th-anniversary/
  61. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/31/historic-deal-allows-men-and-women-allowed-to-pray-at-western-wall
  62. https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/casting-lots-susan-silverman/1122344520
  63. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25898224-casting-lots
  64. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7695212/
  65. https://theworld.org/segments/2025/10/07/my-priority-has-become-protecting-us
  66. https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/interview-rabbi-susan-silverman-the-state-of/id1051193720?i=1000558802174
  67. https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/1c602adb-c057-4906-a525-186698c8248a/episodes/01e28178-68f9-4f5d-a633-59606f316e9a/the-vibe-of-the-tribe-episode-26-rabbi-susan-silverman-on-israel%25E2%2580%2599s-african-asylum-seekers
  68. https://mrmedia.com/2016/04/rabbi-susan-silverman-casting-lots/
  69. https://pasadenanow.com/main/neighborhood-church-presents-author-event-with-rabbi-susan-silverman
  70. https://www.cjp.org/streams/speaker-bios/rabbi-susan-silverman-lion-of-judah-luncheon-2018
  71. https://www.jewishcincinnati.org/calendar/community-calendar/jfs-balancing-family-in-abaautiful-uncertain-world-rabbi-susan-silverman/
  72. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/Women-Praying-at-Western-Wall-Detained.html
  73. https://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171728482/women-in-prayer-shawls-detained-at-judaisms-holiest-site
  74. https://www.jta.org/2013/02/11/israel/10-women-arrested-at-western-wall-for-praying-with-prayer-shawls
  75. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2013-02-11/ty-article/.premium/ten-women-arrested-for-w-wall-prayers/0000017f-f56d-d044-adff-f7fd4fd90000
  76. https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/10-years-after-being-arrested/
  77. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/rabbis-launch-movement-to-protect-african-migrants-from-deportation-539278
  78. https://theworld.org/stories/2018/01/19/susan-silverman-sister-comedian-sarah-silverman-says-she-ll-hide-people-her-home
  79. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/cash-or-custody-israel-kicks-off-deportation-of-african-migrants-idUSKBN1FP21C/
  80. https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-israels-new-plan-to-deport-africans-details-abound/
  81. https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/10.17_-_hias_countryprofile_israel_final.pdf
  82. https://researchcentre.trtworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/AfricanMigrantsInIsraelNeitherSafeNorSound.pdf
  83. https://www.newarab.com/analysis/how-israel-exploiting-african-asylum-seekers-fight-gaza
  84. https://www.timesofisrael.com/silverman-sisters-talk-adoption-on-the-view/
  85. https://forward.com/news/477491/sarah-silverman-shows-up-for-kick-ass-sister-susans-foster-and-adoption/
  86. https://forward.com/forward-newsletters/looking-forward/506378/watching-the-sarah-silverman-musical-with-my-friend-susan-her-sister/
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