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Trypanosoma
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Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae), a group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa under the phylum Euglenozoa. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek trypano- (borer) and soma (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Most trypanosomes are heteroxenous (requiring more than one obligatory host to complete life cycle) and most are transmitted via a vector. The majority of species are transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates, but there are different mechanisms among the varying species. Trypanosoma equiperdum is spread between horses and other equine species by sexual contact. They are generally found in the intestine of their invertebrate host, but normally occupy the bloodstream or an intracellular environment in the vertebrate host.
Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various diseases, including the fatal human diseases sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, and Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
The mitochondrial genome of the Trypanosoma, as well as of other kinetoplastids, known as the kinetoplast, is made up of a highly complex series of catenated circles and minicircles and requires a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division.
In 1841, Gabriel Valentin found flagellates that today are included in Trypanoplasma in the blood of trout.
The genus (T. sanguinis) was named by Gruby in 1843, after parasites in the blood of frogs.
In 1903, David Bruce identified the protozoan parasite and the tsetse fly vector of African trypanosomiasis.
Many past phylogenetic analyses using the 18S (small subunit) ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequence have indicated a non-monophyletic Trypanosoma (as "traditionally defined") with the biflagellate Bodonida nested within. These methods suggest an ancient split between a branch containing all Salivarian trypanosomes and a branch containing all non-Salivarian lineages. The latter branch in turn splits into a clade containing bird, reptilian and the Stercorarian trypanosomes infecting mammals, and a clade with a branch of fish trypanosomes and a branch of reptilian or amphibian lineages.
However, analyses using both the combination of the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase gene with SSU rRNA, of whole genomes, and of the kinetoplast (mitochondrial) genome indicate that Trypanosoma (again, as "traditionally defined") is, indeed, monophyletic. This is in spite of the distinctness of the clades formed by T. cruzi (cause of Chagas' disease) and T. brucei (cause of African sleeping sickness). The division into the Salivaria and the Stercoria remains valid as each can be assigned to a clade in these analyses.
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Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae), a group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa under the phylum Euglenozoa. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek trypano- (borer) and soma (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Most trypanosomes are heteroxenous (requiring more than one obligatory host to complete life cycle) and most are transmitted via a vector. The majority of species are transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates, but there are different mechanisms among the varying species. Trypanosoma equiperdum is spread between horses and other equine species by sexual contact. They are generally found in the intestine of their invertebrate host, but normally occupy the bloodstream or an intracellular environment in the vertebrate host.
Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various diseases, including the fatal human diseases sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, and Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
The mitochondrial genome of the Trypanosoma, as well as of other kinetoplastids, known as the kinetoplast, is made up of a highly complex series of catenated circles and minicircles and requires a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division.
In 1841, Gabriel Valentin found flagellates that today are included in Trypanoplasma in the blood of trout.
The genus (T. sanguinis) was named by Gruby in 1843, after parasites in the blood of frogs.
In 1903, David Bruce identified the protozoan parasite and the tsetse fly vector of African trypanosomiasis.
Many past phylogenetic analyses using the 18S (small subunit) ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequence have indicated a non-monophyletic Trypanosoma (as "traditionally defined") with the biflagellate Bodonida nested within. These methods suggest an ancient split between a branch containing all Salivarian trypanosomes and a branch containing all non-Salivarian lineages. The latter branch in turn splits into a clade containing bird, reptilian and the Stercorarian trypanosomes infecting mammals, and a clade with a branch of fish trypanosomes and a branch of reptilian or amphibian lineages.
However, analyses using both the combination of the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase gene with SSU rRNA, of whole genomes, and of the kinetoplast (mitochondrial) genome indicate that Trypanosoma (again, as "traditionally defined") is, indeed, monophyletic. This is in spite of the distinctness of the clades formed by T. cruzi (cause of Chagas' disease) and T. brucei (cause of African sleeping sickness). The division into the Salivaria and the Stercoria remains valid as each can be assigned to a clade in these analyses.
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