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Tsar of all Russia
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Tsar of all Russia
The Tsar of all Russia, formally the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, was the title of the Russian monarch from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a tsardom.
The first Russian monarch to be crowned as tsar was Ivan IV, who had held the title of sovereign and grand prince. In 1721, Peter I adopted the title of emperor and proclaimed the Russian Empire. The old title continued to be popularly used to refer to the emperor.
The full title varied between tsars. The full title of Alexis was:
By the Grace of God, We, the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince Alexei Mikhailovich, Autocrat of all Great, Little and White Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Prince of Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgar and others, Sovereign and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Land, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and Ruler of all the Northern Countries, the Sovereign of the Iverian Lands, the Kartlian and Georgian Tsars and the Kabardian Lands, the Cherkasy and Mountainous Princes and many other States and Lands of the East and West, and the North from Father and Grandfather, and Heir, and Sovereign, and Possessor.
According to Ihor Ševčenko, the Russian claim to imperial rank dates to at least the 15th century, and is "characterized by the first deliberate Russian (not exclusively Muscovite) attempts to transform Russian princes into the counterparts of the Byzantine emperors, and later to claim the Byzantine heritage for themselves and their land", when the grand prince of Moscow added "ruler of all-Russia" to their title at the time he asserted his authority over most of the other Russian cities and princes. The word tsar, an early Russian name for basileus, was used because the Russians were more inclined to underline their separation from Western Europe than to promote Westernisation by using foreign titles.
Following the expansion of his realm, the grand prince Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) took the title of sovereign of all Russia and claimed inheritance to all the former territories of Kievan Rus', including those under Lithuanian control. The unification of the Russian principalities fostered a sense of an imperial role of the grand prince of Moscow as the independent ruler of all Russia. Following his marriage to Sophia Palaiologina, a niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Ivan began to intermittently use the title of tsar from 1473. At first, he used the title in dealings with inferiors. In 1488, the Holy Roman Emperor offered Ivan a kingship, but Ivan rejected this, declaring that he and his ancestors had been rulers of their own lands from time immemorial. According to Isabel de Madariaga: "This incidentally is not the outrageously arrogant reaction it has sometimes been taken to be, but the natural reaction of a ruler who had never been a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor (nor indeed of the empire of the East, nor of the papacy), and who claimed to inherit the role of the basileis". Ivan also began to insist on calling himself tsar in negotiations with the Habsburgs, but the emperors resisted this.
In the 1480s, Ivan's full title was: By the Grace of God, the Great Sovereign of the Russian Land, Grand Prince Ivan Vasilyevich, Tsar of All Russia, Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Yugorsk, and Vyatka, and Perm, and others. At the beginning of the 1490s, he also had the following title: Ivan, by the Grace of God, Sovereign of All Russia and Grand Prince of Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugorsk, and Perm, and Bulgar, and others. In diplomatic correspondence, the Latinized version of his title gospodar' vseia Rusi was dominus totius Russiae, and around the same time, the traditional name Rus' in Russian was transformed into Rus(s)iia or Ros(s)iia.
Vasily III (r. 1505–1533), Ivan's son and successor, continued to use the title of tsar. Around the same time, the concept of Moscow as the "third Rome" gained ground. This theory is usually attributed to Philotheus of Pskov, who pointed out to Vasily that "two Romes have fallen, but the third still stands, and there will be no fourth". One of his epistles also says to Vasily: "all the empires of the Orthodox Christian faith have gathered into your single empire... you are the only tsar for Christians in the whole world...". In the Tale of the Princes of Vladimir, dating from the early 16th century, the Rurikid rulers of Moscow are alleged to have descended from not only Rurik, but also a brother of Augustus Caesar. It is difficult to determine how genuinely the Russian tsars believed in their Roman ancestry, but it was used to support the claim of imperial descent going back to Rome.
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Tsar of all Russia
The Tsar of all Russia, formally the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, was the title of the Russian monarch from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a tsardom.
The first Russian monarch to be crowned as tsar was Ivan IV, who had held the title of sovereign and grand prince. In 1721, Peter I adopted the title of emperor and proclaimed the Russian Empire. The old title continued to be popularly used to refer to the emperor.
The full title varied between tsars. The full title of Alexis was:
By the Grace of God, We, the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince Alexei Mikhailovich, Autocrat of all Great, Little and White Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Prince of Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgar and others, Sovereign and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Land, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and Ruler of all the Northern Countries, the Sovereign of the Iverian Lands, the Kartlian and Georgian Tsars and the Kabardian Lands, the Cherkasy and Mountainous Princes and many other States and Lands of the East and West, and the North from Father and Grandfather, and Heir, and Sovereign, and Possessor.
According to Ihor Ševčenko, the Russian claim to imperial rank dates to at least the 15th century, and is "characterized by the first deliberate Russian (not exclusively Muscovite) attempts to transform Russian princes into the counterparts of the Byzantine emperors, and later to claim the Byzantine heritage for themselves and their land", when the grand prince of Moscow added "ruler of all-Russia" to their title at the time he asserted his authority over most of the other Russian cities and princes. The word tsar, an early Russian name for basileus, was used because the Russians were more inclined to underline their separation from Western Europe than to promote Westernisation by using foreign titles.
Following the expansion of his realm, the grand prince Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) took the title of sovereign of all Russia and claimed inheritance to all the former territories of Kievan Rus', including those under Lithuanian control. The unification of the Russian principalities fostered a sense of an imperial role of the grand prince of Moscow as the independent ruler of all Russia. Following his marriage to Sophia Palaiologina, a niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Ivan began to intermittently use the title of tsar from 1473. At first, he used the title in dealings with inferiors. In 1488, the Holy Roman Emperor offered Ivan a kingship, but Ivan rejected this, declaring that he and his ancestors had been rulers of their own lands from time immemorial. According to Isabel de Madariaga: "This incidentally is not the outrageously arrogant reaction it has sometimes been taken to be, but the natural reaction of a ruler who had never been a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor (nor indeed of the empire of the East, nor of the papacy), and who claimed to inherit the role of the basileis". Ivan also began to insist on calling himself tsar in negotiations with the Habsburgs, but the emperors resisted this.
In the 1480s, Ivan's full title was: By the Grace of God, the Great Sovereign of the Russian Land, Grand Prince Ivan Vasilyevich, Tsar of All Russia, Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Yugorsk, and Vyatka, and Perm, and others. At the beginning of the 1490s, he also had the following title: Ivan, by the Grace of God, Sovereign of All Russia and Grand Prince of Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugorsk, and Perm, and Bulgar, and others. In diplomatic correspondence, the Latinized version of his title gospodar' vseia Rusi was dominus totius Russiae, and around the same time, the traditional name Rus' in Russian was transformed into Rus(s)iia or Ros(s)iia.
Vasily III (r. 1505–1533), Ivan's son and successor, continued to use the title of tsar. Around the same time, the concept of Moscow as the "third Rome" gained ground. This theory is usually attributed to Philotheus of Pskov, who pointed out to Vasily that "two Romes have fallen, but the third still stands, and there will be no fourth". One of his epistles also says to Vasily: "all the empires of the Orthodox Christian faith have gathered into your single empire... you are the only tsar for Christians in the whole world...". In the Tale of the Princes of Vladimir, dating from the early 16th century, the Rurikid rulers of Moscow are alleged to have descended from not only Rurik, but also a brother of Augustus Caesar. It is difficult to determine how genuinely the Russian tsars believed in their Roman ancestry, but it was used to support the claim of imperial descent going back to Rome.
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