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Uragan-class guard ship
Uragan-class guard ships (рус: Сторожевой корабель тип Ураган) were built for the Soviet Navy as small patrol and escort ships in four batches with slightly different specifications. Their official Soviet designations were Projects 2, 4 and 39, but they were nicknamed the "Bad Weather Flotilla" by Soviet sailors by virtue of their meteorological names. Eighteen were built from 1927 to 1938 and those of the Baltic and Northern Fleets participated in the 1939–1940 Winter War against Finland. The Uragan class served during World War II in all four of the Soviet Fleets, including Black Sea and Pacific Fleets. Four of those ships assigned to the Baltic Fleet were lost during the war, including two during the Soviet evacuation of Tallinn in late 1941.
The surviving ships of the Baltic Fleet participated in the Siege of Leningrad and the subsequent Leningrad–Novgorod offensive in 1944.
By the mid-1920s the Soviet Navy wanted to replace the few old Tsarist torpedo boats still in service. The initial requirement was based on that of the later batches of the German A-class torpedo boat for a ship not to exceed 300 metric tons (295 long tons), armed with two old 4-inch (102 mm) guns, three 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes and could carry mines as necessary to serve as fleet escorts and conduct torpedo attacks. It was to be powered by four Beardmore 6,000-shaft-horsepower (4,500 kW) diesel engines imported from the United Kingdom, but this plan was thwarted by Soviet financial support for the miners during the 1926 United Kingdom general strike. The preliminary designs had to be revised for steam propulsion, a task greatly complicated by the break in Soviet ship construction between 1917 and 1924 when no ships, naval or commercial, had been built and many experienced naval architects had either fled the country, found new jobs, or were politically suspect and not allowed to work. It proved impossible to work within the 300-ton limit with steam turbines and the tonnage limit was increased to 350 t (344 long tons) when the Navy approved the preliminary design on 26 November 1926. Detailed design of the ship and its power plant was assigned to the Zhandov Shipyard in Leningrad. They proposed two alternative steam power plants; one low-pressure design and the other with more pressure. The Navy decided against the high-pressure design and ordered studies evaluating "a three-shaft combined power plant with 2-shaft geared turbines plus 1-shaft diesel engine for cruising, diesel-electric, and diesel." These were rejected and the original two-shaft turbine power plant was selected with an output of 7,500 shp (5,600 kW) to reach a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph). At the same time it became clear that the new 350-ton limit was also inadequate and 400 t (394 long tons) would be needed. The twelfth design was approved on 23 June 1927 as the Project 1. The designation was changed to Project 2 in the 1930s when the failure of the design to reach its specified speed became apparent; the more prestigious Leningrad-class destroyer flotilla leaders then being designed became the Type 1.
The Uragan-class ships displaced 490 metric tons (480 long tons) at standard load and 633 t (623 long tons) at full load. They were 71.5 m (234 ft 7 in) long overall, had a beam of 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) and a draft of 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in). The ships had 14 main watertight compartments and a double bottom only underneath the machinery and boiler rooms. The riveted hull used the typical Russian framing method of longitudinal framing for the bulk of the hull and transverse framing for the ends. The wartime crews of the ships numbered 107–114.
The Uragans proved to be heavier than designed and had only a meter (3 ft 4 in) of freeboard aft, which made their main deck almost permanently wet in any kind of sea. Their stability was also less than optimum as they were top-heavy with a metacentric height of only 0.6 m (2 ft) and they were almost 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) slower than designed. In their intended role they "were complete failures – they were too slow for use as torpedo boats and of no value as ASW vessels because of their lack of depth-charge handling equipment and underwater detection devices".
The Uragan-class ships were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by a pair of three-drum boilers that operated at a pressure of 21 kg/cm2 (2,059 kPa; 299 psi) and a temperature of 270 °C (518 °F). The amount of power produced varied, and thus the performance, between each of the four sub-classes. The turbines of the Series I ships developed a total of 5,700 shaft horsepower (4,300 kW) and gave a speed in service of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph), except for the two ships built at Zavod No. 198 (A. Marti) (Shtorm and Shkval) which produced only 4,620 shp (3,450 kW) and a speed of 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph). Maximum speeds reached during sea trials were considerably higher, but could not be sustained for very long and were not representative of the ship's performance in service. For example, the lead ship of Series I, Uragan, attained 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) during her trials for a brief time. The Series II ships reached a speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) from 6,290 shp (4,690 kW) while the ships of the two later series were 1 knot (1.9 km/h; 1.2 mph) faster from 6,800 shp (5,100 kW). The ships carried a maximum of 116–119 metric tons (114–117 long tons) of fuel oil that gave the Series I ships a range of 850–900 nautical miles (1,570–1,670 km; 980–1,040 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph); the Series II ships had a range of 1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) while the Series III and IV ships could steam for 960 nmi (1,780 km; 1,100 mi) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).
A pair of 30 kW turbogenerators supplied the 115-volt electrical systems of the Uragans. A single 11 kW auxiliary electrical generator was fitted that was powered by an Izhora-type 20 hp (15 kW) kerosene engine.
The main armament of the Uragan-class guard ships consisted of a pair of Tsarist-era 60-caliber 102-millimeter (4 in) Pattern 1911 guns, one mount forward and aft of the superstructure. Each gun had a magazine with a capacity of two hundred rounds underneath it, although only the one on the forecastle had a hoist; the ammunition for the rear mount had to be hand-carried. The Series IV ships carried a pair of 100-millimeter (3.9 in) B-24BM guns in lieu of the 102 mm guns.
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Uragan-class guard ship AI simulator
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Uragan-class guard ship
Uragan-class guard ships (рус: Сторожевой корабель тип Ураган) were built for the Soviet Navy as small patrol and escort ships in four batches with slightly different specifications. Their official Soviet designations were Projects 2, 4 and 39, but they were nicknamed the "Bad Weather Flotilla" by Soviet sailors by virtue of their meteorological names. Eighteen were built from 1927 to 1938 and those of the Baltic and Northern Fleets participated in the 1939–1940 Winter War against Finland. The Uragan class served during World War II in all four of the Soviet Fleets, including Black Sea and Pacific Fleets. Four of those ships assigned to the Baltic Fleet were lost during the war, including two during the Soviet evacuation of Tallinn in late 1941.
The surviving ships of the Baltic Fleet participated in the Siege of Leningrad and the subsequent Leningrad–Novgorod offensive in 1944.
By the mid-1920s the Soviet Navy wanted to replace the few old Tsarist torpedo boats still in service. The initial requirement was based on that of the later batches of the German A-class torpedo boat for a ship not to exceed 300 metric tons (295 long tons), armed with two old 4-inch (102 mm) guns, three 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes and could carry mines as necessary to serve as fleet escorts and conduct torpedo attacks. It was to be powered by four Beardmore 6,000-shaft-horsepower (4,500 kW) diesel engines imported from the United Kingdom, but this plan was thwarted by Soviet financial support for the miners during the 1926 United Kingdom general strike. The preliminary designs had to be revised for steam propulsion, a task greatly complicated by the break in Soviet ship construction between 1917 and 1924 when no ships, naval or commercial, had been built and many experienced naval architects had either fled the country, found new jobs, or were politically suspect and not allowed to work. It proved impossible to work within the 300-ton limit with steam turbines and the tonnage limit was increased to 350 t (344 long tons) when the Navy approved the preliminary design on 26 November 1926. Detailed design of the ship and its power plant was assigned to the Zhandov Shipyard in Leningrad. They proposed two alternative steam power plants; one low-pressure design and the other with more pressure. The Navy decided against the high-pressure design and ordered studies evaluating "a three-shaft combined power plant with 2-shaft geared turbines plus 1-shaft diesel engine for cruising, diesel-electric, and diesel." These were rejected and the original two-shaft turbine power plant was selected with an output of 7,500 shp (5,600 kW) to reach a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph). At the same time it became clear that the new 350-ton limit was also inadequate and 400 t (394 long tons) would be needed. The twelfth design was approved on 23 June 1927 as the Project 1. The designation was changed to Project 2 in the 1930s when the failure of the design to reach its specified speed became apparent; the more prestigious Leningrad-class destroyer flotilla leaders then being designed became the Type 1.
The Uragan-class ships displaced 490 metric tons (480 long tons) at standard load and 633 t (623 long tons) at full load. They were 71.5 m (234 ft 7 in) long overall, had a beam of 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) and a draft of 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in). The ships had 14 main watertight compartments and a double bottom only underneath the machinery and boiler rooms. The riveted hull used the typical Russian framing method of longitudinal framing for the bulk of the hull and transverse framing for the ends. The wartime crews of the ships numbered 107–114.
The Uragans proved to be heavier than designed and had only a meter (3 ft 4 in) of freeboard aft, which made their main deck almost permanently wet in any kind of sea. Their stability was also less than optimum as they were top-heavy with a metacentric height of only 0.6 m (2 ft) and they were almost 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) slower than designed. In their intended role they "were complete failures – they were too slow for use as torpedo boats and of no value as ASW vessels because of their lack of depth-charge handling equipment and underwater detection devices".
The Uragan-class ships were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by a pair of three-drum boilers that operated at a pressure of 21 kg/cm2 (2,059 kPa; 299 psi) and a temperature of 270 °C (518 °F). The amount of power produced varied, and thus the performance, between each of the four sub-classes. The turbines of the Series I ships developed a total of 5,700 shaft horsepower (4,300 kW) and gave a speed in service of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph), except for the two ships built at Zavod No. 198 (A. Marti) (Shtorm and Shkval) which produced only 4,620 shp (3,450 kW) and a speed of 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph). Maximum speeds reached during sea trials were considerably higher, but could not be sustained for very long and were not representative of the ship's performance in service. For example, the lead ship of Series I, Uragan, attained 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) during her trials for a brief time. The Series II ships reached a speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) from 6,290 shp (4,690 kW) while the ships of the two later series were 1 knot (1.9 km/h; 1.2 mph) faster from 6,800 shp (5,100 kW). The ships carried a maximum of 116–119 metric tons (114–117 long tons) of fuel oil that gave the Series I ships a range of 850–900 nautical miles (1,570–1,670 km; 980–1,040 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph); the Series II ships had a range of 1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) while the Series III and IV ships could steam for 960 nmi (1,780 km; 1,100 mi) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).
A pair of 30 kW turbogenerators supplied the 115-volt electrical systems of the Uragans. A single 11 kW auxiliary electrical generator was fitted that was powered by an Izhora-type 20 hp (15 kW) kerosene engine.
The main armament of the Uragan-class guard ships consisted of a pair of Tsarist-era 60-caliber 102-millimeter (4 in) Pattern 1911 guns, one mount forward and aft of the superstructure. Each gun had a magazine with a capacity of two hundred rounds underneath it, although only the one on the forecastle had a hoist; the ammunition for the rear mount had to be hand-carried. The Series IV ships carried a pair of 100-millimeter (3.9 in) B-24BM guns in lieu of the 102 mm guns.