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Kilogram-force
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
| kilogram-force | |
|---|---|
| Unit system | Gravitational metric system |
| Unit of | Force |
| Symbol | kgf |
| Conversions | |
| 1 kgf in ... | ... is equal to ... |
| SI units | 9.806650 N |
| CGS units | 980,665.0 dyn |
| British Gravitational units | 2.204623 lbf |
| Absolute English units | 70.93164 pdl |
The kilogram-force (kgf or kgF), or kilopond (kp, from Latin: pondus, lit. 'weight'), is a non-standard gravitational metric unit of force. It is not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI)[1] and is deprecated for most uses.[citation needed] The kilogram-force is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass in a 9.80665 m/s2 gravitational field (standard gravity, a conventional value approximating the average magnitude of gravity on Earth).[2] That is, it is the weight of a kilogram under standard gravity. One kilogram-force is defined as 9.80665 N.[3][4] Similarly, a gram-force is 9.80665 mN, and a milligram-force is 9.80665 μN.
History
[edit]The gram-force and kilogram-force were never well-defined units until the CGPM adopted a standard acceleration of gravity of 9.80665 m/s2 for this purpose in 1901,[5] though they had been used in low-precision measurements of force before that time. Even then, the proposal to define kilogram-force as a standard unit of force was explicitly rejected.[6] Instead, the newton was proposed in 1913[7] and accepted in 1948.[8] The kilogram-force has never been a part of the International System of Units (SI), which was introduced in 1960. The SI unit of force is the newton.
Prior to this, the units were widely used in much of the world. They are still in use for some purposes; for example, they are used to specify tension of bicycle spokes,[9] draw weight of bows in archery, and tensile strength of electronics bond wire,[10] for informal references to pressure (as the technically incorrect kilogram per square centimetre, omitting -force, the kilogram-force per square centimetre being the technical atmosphere, the value of which is very near those of both the bar and the standard atmosphere), and to define the "metric horsepower" (PS) as 75 metre-kiloponds per second.[3] In addition, the kilogram force was the standard unit used for Vickers hardness testing.[11]
| Base | Force | Weight | Mass | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd law of motion | m = F/a | F = W ⋅ a/g | F = m ⋅ a | ||
| System | GM | M | CGS | MTS | SI |
| Acceleration (a) | m/s2 | m/s2 | Gal | m/s2 | m/s2 |
| Mass (m) | hyl | kilogram | gram | tonne | kilogram |
| Force (F), weight (W) |
kilopond | kilopond | dyne | sthène | newton |
| Pressure (p) | technical atmosphere | standard atmosphere | barye | pieze | pascal |
In 1940s, Germany, the thrust of a rocket engine was measured in kilograms-force,[citation needed] in the Soviet Union it remained the primary unit for thrust in the Russian space program until at least the late 1980s.[citation needed] Dividing the thrust in kilograms-force on the mass of an engine or a rocket in kilograms conveniently gives the thrust to weight ratio, dividing the thrust on propellant consumption rate (mass flow rate) in kilograms per second gives the specific impulse in seconds.
The term "kilopond" has been declared obsolete.[14]
Related units
[edit]The tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, and megapond (Mp) are each 1000 kilograms-force.
The decanewton or dekanewton (daN), exactly 10 N, is used in some fields as an approximation to the kilogram-force, because it is close to the 9.80665 N of 1 kgf.
The gram-force is 1⁄1000 of a kilogram-force.
| newton | dyne | kilogram-force, kilopond |
pound-force | poundal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 N | ≡ 1 kg⋅m/s2 | = 105 dyn | ≈ 0.10197 kgf | ≈ 0.22481 lbF | ≈ 7.2330 pdl |
| 1 dyn | = 10−5 N | ≡ 1 g⋅cm/s2 | ≈ 1.0197×10−6 kgf | ≈ 2.2481×10−6 lbF | ≈ 7.2330×10−5 pdl |
| 1 kgf | = 9.80665 N | = 980665 dyn | ≡ gn × 1 kg | ≈ 2.2046 lbF | ≈ 70.932 pdl |
| 1 lbF | ≈ 4.448222 N | ≈ 444822 dyn | ≈ 0.45359 kgf | ≡ gn × 1 lb | ≈ 32.174 pdl |
| 1 pdl | ≈ 0.138255 N | ≈ 13825 dyn | ≈ 0.014098 kgf | ≈ 0.031081 lbF | ≡ 1 lb⋅ft/s2 |
| The value of gn (9.80665 m/s2) as used in the official definition of the kilogram-force is used here for all gravitational units. | |||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 5: Units Outside the SI
- ^ The international system of units (SI) Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine – United States Department of Commerce, NIST Special Publication 330, 2008, p. 52
- ^ a b NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Special Publication 811, (1995) page 51
- ^ BIPM SI brochure Archived 2004-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, chapter 2.2.2.
- ^ Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901)
- ^ Proceedings of the 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures, 1901, pages 62–64 and 68, (french)
- ^ Proceedings of the 5th General Conference on Weights and Measures, 1913, pages 51 and 56, (french)
- ^ "Resolution 7 of the 9th meeting of the CGPM (1948)". Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
- ^ "Balancing wheel tension with the TM-1 Spoke Tension Metre". Cyclingnews. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
The recommended tension for spokes in bicycle wheels can be as low as 80 Kilograms force (Kfg) and as high as 230 Kilograms force. Author=Park Tool
- ^ Harman, George G. (2010). Wire Bonding in Microelectronics (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-07-164265-1. OCLC 609421363.
Breaking load (BL): The strength of a wire and its actual force (usually given in grams, grams-force, mN, etc.) required to break a particular wire in a tensile pull. It is not tensile strength, which by definition is the force per unit area.
- ^ Callister, William D. Jr. (2010). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. David G. Rethwisch (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-41997-7. OCLC 401168960.
In the past the units for Vickers hardness were kg/mm2; in Table 12.6 we use the SI units of GPa.
- ^ Comings, E. W. (1940). "English Engineering Units and Their Dimensions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 32 (7): 984–987. doi:10.1021/ie50367a028.
- ^ Klinkenberg, Adrian (1969). "The American Engineering System of Units and Its Dimensional Constant gc". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 61 (4): 53–59. doi:10.1021/ie50712a010.
- ^ European Economic Community, Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement
Kilogram-force
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
The kilogram-force (symbol: kgf) is a gravitational metric unit of force equal to the magnitude of the force exerted by standard gravity on a mass of one kilogram, precisely 9.80665 newtons (N).[1][2] This definition relies on the conventional value of standard gravity (gn = 9.80665 m/s²), established by the 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1901 for use in metric technical units.[3][1]
Also known as the kilopond (symbol: kp), from the Latin pondus meaning weight, the kilogram-force originated in the 19th-century metric system as part of the technical or gravitational variant, where force was expressed in terms of mass units multiplied by gravity.[1] It is a non-SI unit and is not recommended for new scientific or technical work, as the International System of Units (SI) designates the newton—defined as the force required to accelerate one kilogram at one meter per second squared—as the coherent unit of force.[4][1] Despite this, the kilogram-force persists in legacy engineering applications, such as load calibration, mechanical design, and standards in civil and automotive sectors, especially in countries like Japan and Germany where metric gravitational units were historically prevalent.[2][5]
In terms of other units, one kilogram-force is approximately equal to 2.20462 pound-force (lbf), derived from the conversions 1 kgf = 9.80665 N and 1 lbf = 4.4482216152605 N.[1] Smaller subunits include the gram-force (gf = 1/1000 kgf ≈ 0.00980665 N) and milligram-force (mgf = 1/1000000 kgf ≈ 9.80665 × 10−6 N).[1] The unit's deprecation stems from efforts to standardize measurements globally under the SI since the 1960s, promoting consistency by avoiding implicit assumptions about gravitational acceleration.[4]
The kilogram-force provides simplicity for metric system users by aligning directly with the kilogram mass unit, avoiding the fractional conversions inherent in the pound-force's relation to the non-metric pound, which enhances usability in decimal-based calculations.[20] However, both the kgf and lbf are gravitational units subject to variation with actual local gravity, leading to imprecision in rigorous applications, and are discouraged in favor of the absolute SI unit, the newton, to ensure coherence and accuracy across scientific and international standards.[20]
This calculation is essential in scenarios like evaluating the weight of machinery components under standard gravity.[1] Another common use involves torque calculations in mechanical systems, where a force applied at a distance from a pivot point produces rotational effect. Consider a 10 kgf force applied perpendicularly at a radius of 0.5 m; first convert the force to newtons (10 × 9.80665 = 98.0665 N), then compute torque as force times lever arm:
Such computations are typical in designing levers or engine components.[1] In pressure measurements, particularly in hydraulics or material testing, kgf is applied over an area to find equivalent pascals. For 1 kgf distributed over 1 cm² (area = 10^{-4} m²), the pressure is the force in newtons divided by area:
This unit, known as kgf/cm², remains in use for tire pressures or boiler specifications in some industries.[1] For quick estimates in field work or preliminary designs, the conversion factor is often approximated as 9.81 N/kgf, rounding the standard gravity value of 9.80665 m/s² to two decimal places, which introduces negligible error for most non-precision tasks.[1]
Definition and Fundamentals
Numerical Value
The kilogram-force (kgf) is defined as the force equal to the gravitational attraction exerted by the Earth on a mass of one kilogram under standard gravity conditions.[6] This unit represents the amount of force produced when a 1 kg mass experiences the standard acceleration due to gravity, denoted as .[6] Standard gravity is precisely defined as 9.80665 m/s², an exact value adopted for metrological consistency.[7] Consequently, 1 kgf equals exactly 9.80665 newtons (N), where the newton is the SI unit of force.[6] This numerical value for standard gravity was established by international agreement at the 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1901, which adopted 980.665 cm/s² (equivalent to 9.80665 m/s²) as the conventional reference for the International Service of Weights and Measures.[3] The magnitude arises from the fundamental relation , where is the force in kgf, kg is the mass (the SI base unit), and m/s² is the standard gravitational acceleration.[6]Relation to Mass and Acceleration
The kilogram-force is fundamentally related to mass and acceleration through Newton's second law of motion, , where force is in newtons, mass is in kilograms, and acceleration is in meters per second squared. In the case of the kgf, the acceleration is taken as the standard gravity m/s² with a mass of 1 kg, yielding kgf kg m/s² N. This definition links the unit to the gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface under conventional conditions, distinguishing it from the SI newton, which assumes an acceleration of 1 m/s².[6]Historical Development
Origins in the Metric System
The kilogram-force emerged in the 19th century amid French efforts to develop coherent units for mechanics following the Revolution of 1789, when the National Assembly tasked scientists with creating a decimal-based system to replace disparate regional measures. This initiative, formalized by 1795, defined the kilogram as the mass of one cubic decimeter of water at its maximum density, laying the foundation for derived units including force as the gravitational attraction on that mass. The kilogram-force thus represented the weight of one kilogram under Earth's gravity, aligning with the metric system's goal of universality and simplicity in scientific and engineering contexts.[8] Closely linked to the gram-force—the weight of one gram of mass—this smaller unit served as the conceptual precursor, but the kilogram-force was scaled up for practicality in handling larger mechanical loads, such as in construction and machinery design. The gram-force, integral to early metric mechanics, facilitated precise calculations in smaller-scale applications, while the kilogram variant addressed the limitations of tiny numerical values in everyday engineering tasks.[9] The unit also reflected influences from contemporaneous European metrology, notably the pond, a German-designated equivalent to the gram-force and thus one-thousandth of a kilogram-force, which gained traction in cross-border scientific exchanges during the metric system's expansion.[10] This integration helped harmonize force measurements across continental engineering practices.[11] A pivotal development occurred in French metrology between 1795 and the early 1800s, paralleling the crafting of the kilogram prototype in 1799, which was deposited in the National Archives as the "Kilogram of the Archives." This artifact not only standardized mass but also enabled the practical conceptualization of force units like the kilogram-force within the burgeoning metric framework.[12]Standardization and Deprecation
The 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1901 formally defined the kilogram-force as the gravitational force acting on one kilogram of mass at standard gravity, establishing the standard acceleration due to gravity as exactly 980.665 cm/s² (or 9.80665 m/s²), thereby tying 1 kgf to exactly 9.80665 newtons.[3] This unit gained widespread adoption in mechanical engineering, aviation, and technical standards across metric-using countries during the early to mid-20th century, serving as a practical measure of force in contexts where gravitational weight was a common reference.[13] The 9th CGPM in 1948 adopted the name "newton" for the metre-kilogram-second (MKS) unit of force, defined as the force imparting an acceleration of 1 m/s² to a 1 kg mass, marking an initial shift toward coherent units.[13] The 11th CGPM in 1960 then established the International System of Units (SI), designating the newton as the official SI derived unit for force and promoting its exclusive use in scientific and technical applications, while the kilogram-force was retained only in legacy engineering practices but deemed non-preferred for new developments.[14] Subsequent resolutions, including those from the 1948 CGPM on metric unit rationalization, accelerated the transition, with national metrology bodies in the 1970s—such as those in Europe and Japan—mandating SI adoption in industry standards, significantly diminishing the kilogram-force's prominence in favor of the newton.[15] The current SI Brochure classifies the kilogram-force as an obsolete non-SI unit, permissible in limited technical fields like certain pressure gauges but strongly discouraged for general use to maintain coherence with SI principles.[16]Usage and Applications
Engineering and Everyday Contexts
In mechanical engineering, the kilogram-force (kgf) remains a practical unit for specifying loads in components such as springs and presses, where it directly relates force to familiar mass equivalents under standard gravity. For instance, spring designs often calculate load capacities in kgf to ensure deflection and stress limits align with gravitational expectations in assembly processes.[17] In automotive applications, kgf is commonly applied to bolt torque specifications, expressed as kgf·m, to standardize tightening forces for parts like engine mounts and chassis assemblies, facilitating consistent performance in manufacturing.[18] Everyday applications of kgf appear in devices that measure weight intuitively through mass references, such as mechanical food scales that register force in kgf equivalents for portioning ingredients. In fitness settings, gym weights labeled in kilograms—such as "lifting 100 kg"—typically imply 100 kgf, representing the gravitational force exerted by that mass, which aids users in tracking strength without needing force calculations. Household tools like manual torque wrenches also employ kgf·cm scales for tasks such as bicycle repairs or furniture assembly, providing accessible measurements for non-professionals. The persistence of kgf stems from its intuitive connection to the kilogram as a mass unit, allowing quick mental approximations of force in gravitational contexts without converting to newtons, which is particularly beneficial in regions with longstanding metric traditions. This ease makes it suitable for technicians and consumers who prioritize practicality over strict SI compliance. Regionally, kgf sees greater adoption in Asian manufacturing hubs like Japan and China, where historical metric conventions in engineering and tooling sustain its use despite official SI preferences; for example, Japanese automotive specifications often include kgf·m alongside newtons. In contrast, SI-strict nations like the United States favor newtons or pound-force in professional engineering, limiting kgf to legacy or informal contexts.[19]Comparison with Other Non-SI Units
The kilogram-force (kgf) is a gravitational unit of force defined as the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass, equivalent to exactly 9.80665 newtons.[1] In comparison, the pound-force (lbf) is the corresponding imperial unit, defined as the force exerted by standard gravity on one avoirdupois pound (approximately 0.45359237 kilograms) of mass, equivalent to approximately 4.448222 newtons.[1] One kilogram-force is thus approximately equal to 2.20462262 pound-forces, a conversion factor derived from the ratio of their defining masses under the same standard acceleration due to gravity (9.80665 m/s²).[1] Both units approximate local gravitational effects but are standardized to this exact value to ensure consistency, though the lbf's base in the non-decimal pound introduces additional conversion complexities when interfacing with metric measurements.[20] The kilopond (kp), also known as the kilogram-force in some contexts, is an exact synonym for the kgf and shares its definition as the gravitational force on one kilogram at standard gravity.[1] Originating from German engineering terminology ("Pond" denoting weight), it equals 9.80665 newtons and is used interchangeably with kgf in technical literature from German-speaking regions, such as in mechanical design and materials testing.[1] The technical atmosphere (at) is a non-SI pressure unit defined as exactly one kilogram-force per square centimeter, linking force to pressure through area and equating to 9.80665 kgf distributed over 1 cm², or 98,066.5 pascals.[21] This unit facilitates comparisons in engineering contexts where pressure is expressed in terms of gravitational force per unit area, such as in hydraulics or boiler specifications, but requires specification of the area to derive an equivalent total force in kgf.[21]| Unit | Equivalent to kgf | Base Definition | SI Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pound-force (lbf) | ≈ 0.45359237 kgf | Force on 1 lb mass at standard gravity | 4.448222 N |
| Kilopond (kp) | 1 kgf exactly | Synonym for kgf; force on 1 kg at standard gravity | 9.80665 N |
| Technical atmosphere (at) | 9.80665 kgf per cm² (pressure basis) | 1 kgf/cm² at standard gravity | 98,066.5 Pa (pressure) |
Conversions and Equivalents
To SI Units
The kilogram-force (kgf) is defined such that one kilogram-force is exactly equal to 9.80665 newtons (N), the SI unit of force.[1] This exact conversion arises from the definition of the kilogram-force as the force exerted by standard gravity on a mass of one kilogram.[3] Conversely, one newton is equal to kgf, which is approximately 0.101972 kgf.[1] Derived units follow directly from this primary conversion. For energy or work, one kilogram-force meter (kgf·m) equals exactly 9.80665 joules (J), since .[1] For pressure, one kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m²) equals exactly 9.80665 pascals (Pa), since .[1] This exact value of 9.80665 stems from the 1901 General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), which adopted a standard acceleration due to gravity of 980.665 cm/s² (or 9.80665 m/s²) to distinguish mass from weight in the metric system.[3]Practical Calculations and Examples
In practical applications, the kilogram-force (kgf) is often converted to SI units for precise engineering computations, such as determining the equivalent force in newtons for structural analysis. For instance, to convert a load of 50 kgf to newtons, multiply by the standard conversion factor of 9.80665 N/kgf:This calculation is essential in scenarios like evaluating the weight of machinery components under standard gravity.[1] Another common use involves torque calculations in mechanical systems, where a force applied at a distance from a pivot point produces rotational effect. Consider a 10 kgf force applied perpendicularly at a radius of 0.5 m; first convert the force to newtons (10 × 9.80665 = 98.0665 N), then compute torque as force times lever arm:
Such computations are typical in designing levers or engine components.[1] In pressure measurements, particularly in hydraulics or material testing, kgf is applied over an area to find equivalent pascals. For 1 kgf distributed over 1 cm² (area = 10^{-4} m²), the pressure is the force in newtons divided by area:
This unit, known as kgf/cm², remains in use for tire pressures or boiler specifications in some industries.[1] For quick estimates in field work or preliminary designs, the conversion factor is often approximated as 9.81 N/kgf, rounding the standard gravity value of 9.80665 m/s² to two decimal places, which introduces negligible error for most non-precision tasks.[1]