The Yixian glazed pottery luohans are a set of life-size glazed pottery sculptures of arhats (called luohan in Chinese) now usually regarded as originating from the Liao dynasty period (907–1125). They were apparently discovered in the early 20th century in caves at Yi County, Hebei, south of Beijing. They have been described as "one of the most important groups of ceramic sculpture in the world." They reached the international art market, and were bought for Western collections. At least eight statues were originally found, including one large fragment which was thought to have been destroyed in Berlin during World War II, but was rediscovered in the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, in 2001.

Others are now in the following collections: the British Museum in London, two in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Penn Museum, Philadelphia, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, the Musée Guimet in Paris, and the Sezon Museum of Modern Art, Karuizawa, Japan. Including the example rediscovered in Saint Petersburg, this totals ten figures. There may be fragments from the same set in other collections. The circumstances of the find, and the subsequent events as the figures reached the art market, have been the subject of much scholarly investigation, without being entirely clarified.

Luohan is the Chinese term for an arhat, one of the historical disciples of the Buddha. As Buddhist tradition developed, and especially in the East Asian Buddhist countries, the number of arhats tended to increase, and at least the most important were regarded as, or as almost, bodhisattvas or fully enlightened beings, with a wide range of supernatural powers. According to Buddhist tradition, groups of 16, 18 or 500 luohans awaited the arrival of Maitreya, the Future Buddha, and groups were often used in East Asian Buddhist art. The full set of the so-called "Yixian luohans" is thought by most scholars to have had figures for the typical Chinese main grouping of Sixteen or Eighteen Arhats, although William Watson describes this "usual assumption" as "speculative". These and earlier smaller groupings of six or eight were each given names and personalities in Buddhist tradition.

This set is exceptional in its quality and the sculpted-from-life individuality of each figure, and it has been suggested that they were also portraits of notable contemporary monks. For Watson they are "outstanding examples of the naturalistic pseudo-portrait of the period, displaying to great perfection an idealization of the face", where "only the elongation of the ear-lobes follows [traditional Buddhist] iconography". The green hair of some of the figures is also a departure from naturalism. The alleged findspot in 1912 seems not to have been the original location of the group, which is unknown, and the set of 16 or 18 figures was probably made to be set on platforms along the walls of a "luohan hall" in a temple. The openwork rock-like bases were intended to suggest mountains; paintings of luohans often show them perched on small peaks, indicating the mountain retreats of the ascetic monk.

In their first years in the West the figures were usually assigned to the Tang dynasty (618–907), with some proposing various later dates in the Ming dynasty period and those of the dynasties in between. But a date in the regional Liao dynasty (916–1125 CE) came to be preferred, although in recent years they are increasingly, partly because of the results of scientific dating methods, placed in the early 12th century, which is mostly in the following Jin dynasty (1115–1234) period.

Thermoluminescence dating tests of the statues in Philadelphia and New York (younger figure) produced a midpoint date of 1210, ± 100 and 200 years respectively, the midpoint being during the period of the following Jin dynasty. In 2011 Derek Gillman tentatively suggested the specific date of 1159, to match the recorded renovation of a large temple in the region, which he proposed as a candidate for their original location. In a 2013 lecture to the Oriental Ceramic Society, Gillman noted that the figures' pale coloured lips have an iron red ceramic glaze, first used on Chinese ceramics during the second half of the 12th century, arguing now that the set was created during the Shizong reign (1161–89) for the Daqingshou temple (simplified Chinese: 大庆寿寺; traditional Chinese: 大慶壽寺), a newly established, imperially commissioned Chan Buddhist temple in Beijing. An early 12th-century coin was also found inside a robe fold of the Boston figure, together with eight others including five from the 8th century; coins often remained in circulation long after they were minted.

A significantly different dating is proposed by Hsu, based mainly on inscriptions on stone stelae which she connects to the figures. The earliest of these records the completion in 1519 of a number of figures commissioned by a Song Jun; these had taken eight years to make. Another stele dated 1667 records the repair of Buddhist figures; Hsu argues this is when at least some of the replacement heads were added.

The figures were reportedly in the hands of Chinese dealers who told the German sinologist Friedrich Perzynski about them in 1912, and subsequently showed him examples, some of which he bought and exported to Europe. They had apparently been found in one or more caves near Yixian, Hebei, some 100 miles south-west of Beijing in northwestern China. Perzynski claimed that he visited the cave the luohans had come from, by which time only a few fragments remained there. He described the episode in an article for Deutsche Rundschau soon after, repeating his story in a book published a few years later, but the veracity of his account has been challenged in recent years.