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Ä
Ä (lowercase ä) is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter A with an umlaut mark or diaeresis. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, it represents the open central unrounded vowel.
The letter Ä occurs as an independent letter in Swedish, German, Luxembourgish, North Frisian, Finnish, Estonian, Skolt Sami, Karelian, Saterlandic, Emilian, Rotuman, Slovak, Tatar, Kazakh, Gagauz, and Turkmen alphabets, where it represents a vowel sound. In Finnish, Kazakh, Turkmen and Tatar, this is always [æ]; in Swedish and Estonian, regional variation, as well as the letter's position in a word, allows for either [æ] or [ɛ]. In German and Slovak Ä stands for [ɛ] (or the archaic but correct [æ]). In the romanization of Nanjing Mandarin, Ä stands for [ɛ].
In the Nordic countries, the vowel sound [æ] was originally written as "Æ" when Christianisation caused the former Vikings to start using the Latin alphabet around A.D. 1100. The letter Ä arose in German and later in Swedish from originally writing the E in AE on top of the A, which with time became simplified as two dots, consistent with the Sütterlin script. In the Icelandic, Faroese, Danish and Norwegian alphabets, "Æ" is still used instead of Ä.
Finnish adopted the Swedish alphabet during the 700 years that Finland was part of Sweden. Although the idea of the Germanic umlaut does not exist in Finnish, the phoneme /æ/ does. Estonian gained the letter through extensive exposure to German, with Low German throughout centuries of effective Baltic German rule, and to Swedish, during the 160 years of Estonia as a part of the Swedish Empire until 1721.
The letter is also used in some Romani alphabets.
In Emilian ä is used to represent [æ], occurring in some dialects, e.g. Bolognese bän [bæŋ] "good, well" and żänt [zæŋt] "people".
Under Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's suggestions to modify the Kazakh Latin alphabet, it will represent the IPA /æ/, and the Cyrillic Ә is to be replaced by this letter, the replacement letter was Á in the 2018 proposal.
The Turkic Tatar language is written officially in the Cyrillic script, but a Latin based alphabet is in limited use.
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Ä
Ä (lowercase ä) is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter A with an umlaut mark or diaeresis. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, it represents the open central unrounded vowel.
The letter Ä occurs as an independent letter in Swedish, German, Luxembourgish, North Frisian, Finnish, Estonian, Skolt Sami, Karelian, Saterlandic, Emilian, Rotuman, Slovak, Tatar, Kazakh, Gagauz, and Turkmen alphabets, where it represents a vowel sound. In Finnish, Kazakh, Turkmen and Tatar, this is always [æ]; in Swedish and Estonian, regional variation, as well as the letter's position in a word, allows for either [æ] or [ɛ]. In German and Slovak Ä stands for [ɛ] (or the archaic but correct [æ]). In the romanization of Nanjing Mandarin, Ä stands for [ɛ].
In the Nordic countries, the vowel sound [æ] was originally written as "Æ" when Christianisation caused the former Vikings to start using the Latin alphabet around A.D. 1100. The letter Ä arose in German and later in Swedish from originally writing the E in AE on top of the A, which with time became simplified as two dots, consistent with the Sütterlin script. In the Icelandic, Faroese, Danish and Norwegian alphabets, "Æ" is still used instead of Ä.
Finnish adopted the Swedish alphabet during the 700 years that Finland was part of Sweden. Although the idea of the Germanic umlaut does not exist in Finnish, the phoneme /æ/ does. Estonian gained the letter through extensive exposure to German, with Low German throughout centuries of effective Baltic German rule, and to Swedish, during the 160 years of Estonia as a part of the Swedish Empire until 1721.
The letter is also used in some Romani alphabets.
In Emilian ä is used to represent [æ], occurring in some dialects, e.g. Bolognese bän [bæŋ] "good, well" and żänt [zæŋt] "people".
Under Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's suggestions to modify the Kazakh Latin alphabet, it will represent the IPA /æ/, and the Cyrillic Ә is to be replaced by this letter, the replacement letter was Á in the 2018 proposal.
The Turkic Tatar language is written officially in the Cyrillic script, but a Latin based alphabet is in limited use.
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