1998 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1998.

Flora

Lycophytes

Lycophyte research

Wehr (1998) reports, without description, Selaginella species spikemoss fossils occurring in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Klondike Mountain Formation.^[2]

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Palaeocarpinus pacifica^[3]	Sp nov	Valid	Manchester & Chen	Paleocene Danian	Malo-Mikhailovka Formation	Russia	A betulaceous fruit

Fungi

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Cryptodidymosphaerites^[4]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Currah, Stockey, & LePage	Eocene Ypresian	Allenby Formation Princeton Chert	Canada British Columbia	A hyperparasitic pleosporalean fungus of uncertain family affinity. The type species is C. princetonensis Its hosted by the phyllachoralean fungus Palaeoserenomyces allenbyensis
Palaeoserenomyces^[4]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Currah, Stockey, & LePage	Eocene Ypresian	Allenby Formation Princeton Chert	Canada British Columbia	A parasitic phyllachoralean fungus of uncertain family affinity. The type species is P. allenbyensis Its hosted by the fan palm Uhlia allenbyensis. Its hyperparasitized by Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis

Fungal research

Currah, Stockey, & LePage (1998) describe the a phyllachoralean "tar spot" parasitizing Uhlia palm leaves, and host for a hyperparasitic pleosporalean fungus. They note them to be one of the first occurrences of hyperparasitic relationships in the fossil record.^[4]

Arthropods

Newly named crustaceans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Ursquilla^[5]	Gen nov	Valid	Hof	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Mishash Formation Amman Silicified Limestone Formation	Israel Jordan	A mantis shrimp, type species is U. yehoachi (originally named as Eryon yehoachi in 1955).
Tyrannophontes acanthocercus^[6]	Sp nov	Jr synonym	Jenner, Hof & Schram	Serpukhovian	Bear Gulch Limestone	USA	A mantis shrimp, moved to the genus Daidal (2007)^[7]

Newly named insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acanthostichus hispaniolicus^[8]	Sp. nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A Dorylinae ant	Acanthostichus hispaniolicus
Aquarius lunpolaensis^[9]	Comb nov.	valid	(Lin) Andersen	Miocene	Lunpola Basin	China	A water strider Moved from Gerris lunpolaensis
Carabus neli^[10]	Sp nov.	valid	Deuve	Turolian	Montagne d'Andance	France	A ground beetle	Carabus neli
Cylindromyrmex antillanus^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A Dorylinae ant	Cylindromyrmex antillanus
Daniavelia^[9]	Gen et sp nov.	valid	Andersen	Eocene Ypresian	MØclay Fur Formation	Denmark	A macroveliid water strider The type species is D. morsensis
Electrovelia^[9]	Gen et sp nov.	valid	Andersen	Eocene Lutetian	Baltic Amber	Denmark	A riffle bug The type species is P. baltica
Eocenometra longicomis^[9]	Sp nov.	valid	Andersen	Eocene Ypresian	MØclay 0lst/Fur Formations	Denmark	A marsh treader
Ledouxnebria^[10]	Gen et sp nov.	valid	Deuve	Turolian	Montagne d'Andance	France	A ground beetle	Ledouxnebria brisaci
Limnoporus wilsoni^[9]	Sp nov.	valid	Andersen	Eocene Ypresian	Okanagan Highlands Driftwood shales	Canada British Columbia	A water strider
Palaeogerris^[9]	Gen et 3 sp nov.	valid	Andersen	Eocene Ypresian	MØ clay 0lst/Fur Formations	Denmark	A water strider The type species is P. furensis Also includes P. grandis & P. mikkelseni
Palaeometra^[9]	Gen et sp nov.	valid	Andersen	Eocene Ypresian	Fur Formation	Denmark	A limnobatodine water strider The type species is P. madseni
Telmatrechus defunctus^[9]	Comb nov.	valid	(Handlirsch) Andersen	Eocene Ypresian	Okanagan Highlands Quilchena site	Canada British Columbia	A water strider Moved from Gerris defuncta (1910)

Brachiopods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Iridistrophia aliciae^[12]	Sp nov	valid	Herrera, Salas & Giolitti	Early Devonian	Talacasto Formation	Argentina	A species of Iridistrophia
Iridistrophia dominans^[12]	Sp nov	valid	Herrera, Salas & Giolitti	Early Devonian	Talacasto Formation	Argentina	A species of Iridistrophia
Iridistrophia magna^[12]	Sp nov	valid	Herrera, Salas & Giolitti	Early Devonian	Talacasto Formation	Argentina	A species of Iridistrophia
Iridistrophia prima^[12]	Sp nov	valid	Herrera, Salas & Giolitti	Early Devonian	Talacasto Formation	Argentina	A species of Iridistrophia
Eoschuchertella delicata^[12]	Sp nov	valid	Herrera, Salas & Giolitti	Early Devonian	Talacasto Formation	Argentina	A species of Eoschuchertella

Molluscs

Bivalves

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Pojetaia sarhroensis^[13]	sp nov	Valid	Geyer & Streng	Early Cambrian	Anti-Atlas mountains	Morocco	Early Cambrian Fordillidae bivalve

Echinoderms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Alkaidia^[14]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Del Rio Formation Paw Paw Formation Main Street Formation Grayson Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, type species is A. sumralli.
Altairia^[14]	Gen et comb nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Paw Paw Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, type species is A. wintoni, originally named as Comptonia wintoni in 1920.
Betelgeusia^[14]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Del Rio Formation Paw Paw Formation Grayson Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, type species is B. reidi.
Capellia^[14]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Paw Paw Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, type species is C. mauricei.
Crateraster texensis^[14]	Comb nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Paw Paw Formation Weno Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, originally named as Pentagonaster texensis in 1920.
Denebia^[14]	Gen et comb nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Paw Paw Formation Weno Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, type species is D. americana, originally named as Pentaceros americanus in 1920.
Fomalhautia^[14]	Gen et comb nov	Valid	Blake & Reid	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Paw Paw Formation	USA ( Texas)	A starfish, type species is F. hortensae, originally named as Metopaster hortensae in 1920.

Amphibians

newly named anurans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Rhadinosteus^[15]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Henrici	Kimmeridgian	Morrison Formation	USA	A possible Rhinophrynidae frog

Archosauromorpha

Dinosaurs

A paper in the journal Nature is published by Karen Chin and others announcing the earlier discovery of a "king-sized coprolite" attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex.
Lourinhasaurus gastroliths documented.^[16]
Cedarosaurus gastroliths documented.^[17]
Caudipteryx gastroliths documented.^[18]
Volunteers from the Denver Museum of Natural History discovered Tony's Bone Bed in the Cedar Mountain Formation's Poison Strip Member.^[19]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.^[20]

Name	Status	Authors		Location	Images
Altirhinus^[21]	Valid taxon	David Norman		Mongolia	Caudipteryx Cristatusaurus Gargoyleosaurus Gastonia Lourinhanosaurus Megaraptor Rahonavis Scipionyx Shuvuuia Suchomimus Tianzhenosaurus Variraptor Zuniceratops
''Augustia''	Preoccupied	Bonaparte Zariquiey
Camposaurus^[22]	Valid taxon	Hunt, Lucas, Heckert,	Sullivan, and Lockley
Caseosaurus^[22]	Valid taxon	Hunt, Lucas, Heckert,	Sullivan, and Lockley	USA ( New Mexico and Texas)
Caudipteryx^[23]	Valid taxon	Ji Q., Phillip Currie,	Mark Norell and Ji S.	China
Cristatusaurus^[24]	Valid taxon	Philippe Taquet	Dale A. Russell
Eobrontosaurus^[25]	Valid taxon. Now Synonym of Brontosaurus	Robert Bakker
Eolambia^[26]	Valid taxon	James Kirkland		USA ( Utah)
Gargoyleosaurus^[27]	Valid taxon	Kenneth Carpenter Miles	Cloward	USA ( Wyoming)
Gastonia^[28]	Valid taxon	James Kirkland		USA ( Utah)
Gongxianosaurus^[29]	Valid taxon	He, Wang C., Liu S., Zhou F.,	Liu T., Cai and Dai	China
Histriasaurus^[30]	Valid taxon	Dalla Vecchia		Croatia
Lourinhanosaurus^[31]	Valid taxon	Mateus		Portugal
Lourinhasaurus^[32]	Valid taxon	Dantas, Sanz, Da Silva,	Ortega, Dos Santos and Cachao	Portugal
Megaraptor^[33]	Valid taxon	Novas		Argentina
Nedcolbertia^[34]	Valid taxon	James Kirkland, Britt, Whittle,	S. K. Madsen and Burge	USA ( Utah)
Notohypsilophodon^[35]	Valid taxon	Martínez		Argentina
Ozraptor^[36]	Valid taxon	J. A. Long and	Ralph Molnar	Australia
Protohadros^[37]	Valid taxon	Head		USA ( Texas)
''Rahona''^[38]	Preoccupied	Forster Sampson	Luis M. Chiappe and Krause
Rahonavis^[39]	Valid taxon	Forster, Sampson,	Luis M. Chiappe and Krause	Madagascar
Scipionyx^[40]	Valid taxon	Dal Sasso and	Signore	Italy
Shanxia^[41]	Valid taxon	Barrett, You,	Upchurch and Burton	China
Shuvuuia^[42]	Valid taxon	Luis M. Chiappe, Mark Norell and	Clark	Mongolia
Sonorasaurus^[43]	Valid taxon	Ratkevich, Sidor, Varricchio,	G. P. Wilson and Jeffrey A. Wilson.	USA ( Arizona)
Suchomimus	Valid taxon	An African spinosaurs	Sereno et al. 1998	Niger
Tianzhenosaurus^[44]	Valid taxon	Pang and	Cheng Z.	China
Variraptor^[45]	Valid taxon	Le Loeuff and	Buffetaut	France
Zuniceratops^[46]	Valid taxon	Wolfe and	James Kirkland	USA ( New Mexico)

Newly named birds

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abavornis bonapartei ^[47]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Andrei V. Panteleyev	Late Cretaceous	Coniacian, Bissekty Formation	Uzbekistan	An Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus.
Actitis balcanica ^[48]	Sp. nov.	Valid ?	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	MN 17	Bulgaria	A Scolopacidae?, the holotypical tarsometatarsus looks more like a Charadriidae.
Aizenogyps toomeyae ^[49]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Steven D. Emslie	Late Pliocene	Late Blancan	USA: Florida	A Cathartidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Anhinga beckeri ^[49]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Steven D. Emslie	Early Pliocene	Late-Early Irvingtonian	USA: Florida	An Anhingidae.
Basityto rummeli ^[50]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Jiří Mlíkovský	Early Miocene	MN 2-3	Germany: Bavaria	A Gruidae, transferred to the genus Balearica by Mourer-Chauviré in 2001,^[51] this is the type species of the new genus.
Buteo sanya ^[52]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Hou Lianhai	Late Pleistocene	Cave Deposits	China	An Accipitridae.
Buteo spassovi ^[53]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Miocene	MN 11-12	Bulgaria	An Accipitridae.
Catenoleimus anachoretus ^[47]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Andrei V. Panteleyev	Late Cretaceous	Coniacian	Uzbekistan	An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus.
Chloephaga robusta ^[54]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Claudia P. Tambussi	Middle-Late Pliocene	Irene Formation	Argentina	An Anatidae.
Coccothraustes balcanicus ^[55]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	MN 18	Bulgaria	A Fringillidae.
Coccothraustes simeonovi ^[55]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	MN 17	Bulgaria	A Fringillidae.
Diamantornis spaggiarii ^[56]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Brigitte Senut Yannicke Dauphin Martin Pickford	Early Middle Miocene	Karingarab	Namibia	A Struthionidae, eggshells.
Explorornis nessovi ^[47]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Andrei V. Panteleyev	Late Cretaceous	Coniacian, Bissekty Formation	Uzbekistan	An Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus.
Gargantuavis philoinos ^[57]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Eric Buffetaut Jean Le Loeuff	Late Cretaceous	Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Marnes de la Maurine Formation	France	An Ornithothoraces, this is the type species of the new genus.
Gavia schultzi ^[58]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jiří Mlíkovský	Middle Miocene	MN 7	Austria: Burgenland	A Gaviidae.
Geronticus balcanicus ^[59]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene, MN 18	Slivnica	Bulgaria	A Threskiornithidae.
Glaucidium explorator ^[49]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Steven D. Emslie	Late Pliocene	Florida	USA: Florida	A Strigidae.
Gracilitarsus mirabilis ^[60]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Piciformes, Gracilitarsidae G. Mayr, 2001, this is the type species of the new genus.
Hassiavis laticauda ^[61]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	An Apodiformes, ?Archaeotrogonidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1980, this is the type species of the new genus.
Incolornis silvae ^[47]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Andrei V. Panteleyev	Late Cretaceous	Coniacian, Bissekty Formation	Uzbekistan	An Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus.
Intulula tinnipara ^[62]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Jirí Mlíkovský	Early Miocene	MN 2a	Czech Republic; Germany: Bavaria	A Strigidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Masillacolius brevidactylus ^[63]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr Dieter S. Peters	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Coliidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Messelirrisor halcyrostris ^[60]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	An Upupiformes, Laurillardiidae Harrison, 1979.
Messelirrisor parvus ^[60]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	An Upupiformes, Laurillardiidae Harrison, 1979, this is the type species of the new genus.
Mioglaux debellatrix ^[62]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Jirí Mlíkovský	Early Miocene	MN 3	Czech Republic	A Strigidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Miopico benimellalensis ^[60]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Miocene	Beni Mellal	Morocco	A Miopiconidae G. Mayr, 1998, this is the type species of the new genus.
Palaelodus pledgei ^[64]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Robert F. Baird Patricia Vickers Rich	Late Oligocene - Middle Miocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia: South Australia	A Phoenicopteriformes, Palaelodidae Stejneger, 1885.
Palaelodus wilsoni ^[64]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Robert F. Baird Patricia Vickers Rich	Late Oligocene - Middle Miocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia: South Australia	A Phoenicopteriformes, Palaelodidae Stejneger, 1885.
?Primozygodactylus ballmanni ^[60]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971, not surely a Primozygodactylus.
Primozygodactylus danielsi ^[60]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971, this is the type species of the new genus.
Primozygodactylus major ^[60]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971.
Pseudastur macrocephalus ^[65]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A Halcyornithidae Harrison et Walker, 1972. The genus Pseudastur is preoccupied and replaced by Pseudasturides Mayr, 2004, this is the type species of both genera.^[66]
Psittacopes lepidus ^[67]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr ppMichael Daniels	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	A stem Psittaciformes, this is the type species of the new genus.
Quasisyndactylus longibrachis ^[68]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany: Hessen	An Alcediniformes Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus.
Rostratula pulia ^[69]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jíří Mlíkovský	Early Miocene	MN 4b	Czech Republic	A Rostratulidae.
Scolopax hutchensi ^[49]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Steven D. Emslie	Late Pliocene	Florida	USA: Florida	A Scolopacidae.
Struthio karingarabensis ^[56]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Brigitte Senut Yannicke Dauphin Martin Pickford	Early Miocene	Karingarab	Namibia	A Struthionidae, eggshells.
Tetrao rhodopensis ^[70]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Early Pliocene	MN 14	Bulgaria	A Phasianidae.
Xenopsitta fejfari ^[71]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Jiří Mlíkovský	Early Miocene	MN 3	Czech Republic	A Psittacidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Name	Status	Authors		Notes
"Dendrorhynchus"	Valid	Ji S.-A. Ji Q.
Normannognathus	Valid	Buffetaut Lepage, J.-J. Lepage, G.

References

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^ Dantas, P.M., J.L. Sanz, C.M. Silva, F. Ortega, V.F. Santos, and M. Cachão. 1998. Lourinhasaurus n. gen. Novo dinossáurio saurópode do Jurássico superior (Kimmeridgiano superior-Titoniano inferior) de Portugal. Actas do V Congresso de Geologia. 84 (1): A-91-A-94.
^ Novas, F.E. 1998. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (1): pp. 4-9.
^ Kirkland, J.I., B.B. Britt, C.H. Whittle, S.K. Madsen, and D.L. Burge. 1998. A small coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). Bull. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci.14: pp. 239-248.
^ Tapia, A. 1919. Una mandibula de dinosaurio procedente de Patagonia. Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat. Vil. 4: pp. 369-370.
^ Long, J.A. and R.E. Molnar. 1998. A new Jurassic theropod dinosaur from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 19: pp. 121-129.
^ Head, J.J. 1998. A new species of basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (4):pp. 718-738.
^ Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science. 279: pp. 1915-1919.
^ Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science. 279: pp. 1915-1919.
^ Dal Sasso C. and M. Signore. 1998. Scipionyx samniticus (Saurischia, Theropoda): the first Italian dinosaur. Third European Workshop on Vertebrate Paleontology (abstract): p. 23.
^ Barrett, P. M., Y. Hailu, R. Upchurch, and A.C. Burton. 1998. A new ankylosaurian Dinosaur (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 18 (2): pp. 376-384.
^ Chiappe, L.P., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392: pp. 275-278.
^ Ratkevich, R and R. Scarborough. 1998. New Cretaceous brachiosaurid dinosaur, Sonorasaurus thompsoni, gen. et. sp. nov, from Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 31 (1): pp. 71-81.
^ Pang, Q., and Z. Cheng. 1998. A new ankylosaur of Late Cretaceous from Tianzhen, Shaxi. Progress in Natural Science 8 (3): pp. 326-334.
^ Le Loeuff, J., and E. Buffetaut. 1998. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France. Oryctos 1: pp. 105-112.
^ Wolfe, D.G., and J.I. Kirkland J I. 1998. Zuniceratops christopheri n. gen. & n. sp., a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Moreno Hill Formation (Cretaceous, Turonian) of West-Central New Mexico. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 14: pp. 303- 317.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Andrei V. Panteleyev (1998). "New Species of Enantiornithines (Aves: Enantiornithes) from Upper Cretaceous of Central Kyzylkum". Russian Journal of Ornithology, Express-issue. 35: 3–15.
^ Zlatozar N. Boev (1998). "Actitis balcanica Sp. N. - A Late Pliocene Sandpiper (Aves: Scolopacidae) from Bulgaria" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 9: 71–77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Steven D. Emslie (1998). "Avian Community, Climate, and Sea-level Changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 50 (50): 1–113. doi:10.2307/40166707. JSTOR 40166707.
^ Jiří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Barn Owl (Aves: Strigidae) from the Early Miocene of Germany, with Comments on the Fossil History of the Tytoninae" (PDF). Journal für Ornithologie. 139 (3): 247–261. doi:10.1007/bf01653335. S2CID 46731635. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
^ Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (2001). "The Systematic Position of the Genus Basityto Mlikovsky 1998 (Aves: Gruiformes: Gruidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114 (4): 964–971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
^ Hou Lianhai in S. Hao & H. Wanbo (1998). "Luobidang Cave Site". South Press: 40–47.
^ Zlatozar N. Boev in Zlatozar N. Boev & Dimitar Kovachev (1998). "Buteo spassovi sp. n. - a Late Miocene Buzzard (Accipitridae, Aves) from SW Bulgaria". Geologica Balcanica. 29 (1–2): 125–129.
^ Claudia P. Tambussi (1998). "Nuevo Anatidae (Aves: Anseriformes) del Plioceno de la Region Pampeana, Argentina". Bolletí de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears. 41: 19–25.
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^ ^a ^b Robert F. Baird & Patricia Vickers Rich (1998). "Palaelodus (Aves: Palaelodidae) from the Middle to Late Cainozoic of Australia". Alcheringa. 22 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1080/03115519808619196.
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^ Gerald Mayr (1998). ""Coraciiforme" und "Piciforme" Kleinvögel aus dem Mittel-Eozän der Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland)". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 205: 1–65.
^ Jíří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Painted Snipe (Aves: Rostratulidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic" (PDF). Časopis Národniho Muzea, Řada Přírodovědná. 167 (1–4): 99–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
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Dantas, P.M., Freitas, C., Azevedo, T. Sanz, J.L., Galopim de Carvalho, A.M., Santos, D., Ortega, F., Santos, V., Sanz, J.L., Silva, C.M. & Cachão, M. (1998). Estudo dos Gastrólitos do Dinossáurio Lourinhasaurus do Jurássico Superior Português. Actas do V Congresso Nacional de Geologia. 84 (1): A87-A90.
DiCroce, K. and K. Carpenter. (2001). "New ornithopod from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah". pp. 183–196 in: Tanke, D. & K. Carpenter (eds.) Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Qiang, J., .Currie, P.J., Norell., M.A. & Shu-An, J., 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393 753–761.
Sanders, F.H. & Carpenter, K. (1998). Gastroliths from a camarasaurid in the Cedar Mountain Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Abstracts with program. 18 (3): 74A.

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[31] Mateus, O. 1998. Lourinhanosaurus antunesi, a New Upper Jurassic Allosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Lourinhã (Portugal). Memórias da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa. 37: pp. 111- 124.

[32] Dantas, P.M., J.L. Sanz, C.M. Silva, F. Ortega, V.F. Santos, and M. Cachão. 1998. Lourinhasaurus n. gen. Novo dinossáurio saurópode do Jurássico superior (Kimmeridgiano superior-Titoniano inferior) de Portugal. Actas do V Congresso de Geologia. 84 (1): A-91-A-94.

[33] Novas, F.E. 1998. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (1): pp. 4-9.

[34] Kirkland, J.I., B.B. Britt, C.H. Whittle, S.K. Madsen, and D.L. Burge. 1998. A small coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). Bull. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci.14: pp. 239-248.

[35] Tapia, A. 1919. Una mandibula de dinosaurio procedente de Patagonia. Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat. Vil. 4: pp. 369-370.

[36] Long, J.A. and R.E. Molnar. 1998. A new Jurassic theropod dinosaur from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 19: pp. 121-129.

[37] Head, J.J. 1998. A new species of basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (4):pp. 718-738.

[38] Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science. 279: pp. 1915-1919.

[39] Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science. 279: pp. 1915-1919.

[40] Dal Sasso C. and M. Signore. 1998. Scipionyx samniticus (Saurischia, Theropoda): the first Italian dinosaur. Third European Workshop on Vertebrate Paleontology (abstract): p. 23.

[41] Barrett, P. M., Y. Hailu, R. Upchurch, and A.C. Burton. 1998. A new ankylosaurian Dinosaur (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 18 (2): pp. 376-384.

[42] Chiappe, L.P., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392: pp. 275-278.

[43] Ratkevich, R and R. Scarborough. 1998. New Cretaceous brachiosaurid dinosaur, Sonorasaurus thompsoni, gen. et. sp. nov, from Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 31 (1): pp. 71-81.

[44] Pang, Q., and Z. Cheng. 1998. A new ankylosaur of Late Cretaceous from Tianzhen, Shaxi. Progress in Natural Science 8 (3): pp. 326-334.

[45] Le Loeuff, J., and E. Buffetaut. 1998. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France. Oryctos 1: pp. 105-112.

[46] Wolfe, D.G., and J.I. Kirkland J I. 1998. Zuniceratops christopheri n. gen. & n. sp., a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Moreno Hill Formation (Cretaceous, Turonian) of West-Central New Mexico. In: Lower and Middle Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems (S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, and J.W. Estep, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 14: pp. 303- 317.

[Abavornis-47] Andrei V. Panteleyev (1998). "New Species of Enantiornithines (Aves: Enantiornithes) from Upper Cretaceous of Central Kyzylkum". Russian Journal of Ornithology, Express-issue. 35: 3–15.

[Actitis-48] Zlatozar N. Boev (1998). "Actitis balcanica Sp. N. - A Late Pliocene Sandpiper (Aves: Scolopacidae) from Bulgaria" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 9: 71–77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.

[Scolopax-49] Steven D. Emslie (1998). "Avian Community, Climate, and Sea-level Changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 50 (50): 1–113. doi:10.2307/40166707. JSTOR 40166707.

[Basityto-50] Jiří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Barn Owl (Aves: Strigidae) from the Early Miocene of Germany, with Comments on the Fossil History of the Tytoninae" (PDF). Journal für Ornithologie. 139 (3): 247–261. doi:10.1007/bf01653335. S2CID 46731635. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-08-06.

[Balearica-51] Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (2001). "The Systematic Position of the Genus Basityto Mlikovsky 1998 (Aves: Gruiformes: Gruidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114 (4): 964–971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.

[sanya-52] Hou Lianhai in S. Hao & H. Wanbo (1998). "Luobidang Cave Site". South Press: 40–47.

[spassovi-53] Zlatozar N. Boev in Zlatozar N. Boev & Dimitar Kovachev (1998). "Buteo spassovi sp. n. - a Late Miocene Buzzard (Accipitridae, Aves) from SW Bulgaria". Geologica Balcanica. 29 (1–2): 125–129.

[Chloephaga-54] Claudia P. Tambussi (1998). "Nuevo Anatidae (Aves: Anseriformes) del Plioceno de la Region Pampeana, Argentina". Bolletí de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears. 41: 19–25.

[Coccothraustes-55] Zlatozar N. Boev (1998). "Late Pliocene Hawfinches (Coccothraustes Brisson 1760) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Bulgaria" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 9: 87–99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.

[Diamantornis-56] Brigitte Senut, Yannicke Dauphin & Martin Pickford (1998). "Nouveaux Restes Aviens du Néogène de la Sperrgebiet (Namibie): Complément à la Biostratigraphie Avienne des Éolianites du Désert de Namib". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II. 327 (9): 639–644. Bibcode:1998CRASE.327..639S. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(99)80119-0.

[Gargantuavis-57] Eric Buffetaut & Jean Le Loeuff (1998). "A New Giant Ground Bird from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France". Journal of the Geological Society, London. 155 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1998JGSoc.155....1B. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0001. S2CID 128496095.

[Gavia-58] Jiří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Loon (Aves: Gaviidae) from the Middle Miocene of Austria" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Ser. A. 99: 331–339. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-08-06.

[Geronticus-59] Zlatozar N. Boev (1998). "Presence of Bald Ibises (Geronticus Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria". Geologica Balcanica. 28 (1–2): 45–52.

[mayr98-60] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gerald Mayr (1998). ""Coraciiforme" und "Piciforme" Kleinvögel aus dem Mittel-Eozän der Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland)". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 205: 1–101.

[Hassiavis-61] Gerald Mayr (1998). "Ein Archaeotrogon (Aves: Archaeotrogonidae) aus dem Mittel-Eozän der Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland)?" (PDF). Journal für Ornithologie. 139 (2): 121–129. doi:10.1007/bf01651221. S2CID 22809910.

[Mioglaux-62] Jirí Mlíkovský (1998). "Two New Owls (Aves: Strigidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic, With Comments on the Fossil History of the Subfamily Striginae" (PDF). Buteo. 10: 5–22.

[Masillacolius-63] Gerald Mayr & Dieter S. Peters (1998). "The Mousebirds (Aves: Coliiformes) from the Middle Eocene of Grübe Messel (Hessen, Germany)" (PDF). Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 78 (1–2): 179–197. doi:10.1007/bf03042768. S2CID 82480792.

[Palaelodus-64] Robert F. Baird & Patricia Vickers Rich (1998). "Palaelodus (Aves: Palaelodidae) from the Middle to Late Cainozoic of Australia". Alcheringa. 22 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1080/03115519808619196.

[Pseudastur-65] Gerald Mayr (1998). "A New Family of Eocene Zygodactyl Birds" (PDF). Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 78 (1–2): 199–209. doi:10.1007/bf03042769. S2CID 62901085.

[Pseudasturides-66] Gerald Mayr (2004). "Pseudasturides n. gen., a Replacement Name for the Stam Group Parrot Pseudastur Mayr 1998 (Preoccupied by Pseudastur Blyth, 1850)". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 83 (1–2): 2.

[Psittacopes-67] Gerald Mayr & Michael Daniels (1998). "Eocene Parrots from Messel (Hessen, Germany) and the London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, England)" (PDF). Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 78 (1–2): 157–177. doi:10.1007/bf03042767. S2CID 128174446.

[mayr98-65-68] Gerald Mayr (1998). ""Coraciiforme" und "Piciforme" Kleinvögel aus dem Mittel-Eozän der Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland)". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 205: 1–65.

[Rostratula-69] Jíří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Painted Snipe (Aves: Rostratulidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic" (PDF). Časopis Národniho Muzea, Řada Přírodovědná. 167 (1–4): 99–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-05.

[Tetrao-70] Zlatozar N. Boev (1998). "Fossil Birds of Dorkovo - an Early Pliocene Site in the Rhodope Mts. (Southern Bulgaria)". Geologica Balcanica. 28 (1–2): 53–60.

[Xenopsitta-71] Jiří Mlíkovský (1998). "A New Parrot (Aves (Psittacidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic" (PDF). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae. 62: 335–341. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-05.

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