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222
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222
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Years
Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
222 by topic
Leaders
Categories
222 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar222
CCXXII
Ab urbe condita975
Assyrian calendar4972
Balinese saka calendar143–144
Bengali calendar−372 – −371
Berber calendar1172
Buddhist calendar766
Burmese calendar−416
Byzantine calendar5730–5731
Chinese calendar辛丑年 (Metal Ox)
2919 or 2712
    — to —
壬寅年 (Water Tiger)
2920 or 2713
Coptic calendar−62 – −61
Discordian calendar1388
Ethiopian calendar214–215
Hebrew calendar3982–3983
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat278–279
 - Shaka Samvat143–144
 - Kali Yuga3322–3323
Holocene calendar10222
Iranian calendar400 BP – 399 BP
Islamic calendar412 BH – 411 BH
Javanese calendar100–101
Julian calendar222
CCXXII
Korean calendar2555
Minguo calendar1690 before ROC
民前1690年
Nanakshahi calendar−1246
Seleucid era533/534 AG
Thai solar calendar764–765
Tibetan calendarལྕགས་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Iron-Ox)
348 or −33 or −805
    — to —
ཆུ་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་
(male Water-Tiger)
349 or −32 or −804
Emperor Alexander Severus

Year 222 (CCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antoninus and Severus (or, less frequently, year 975 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 222 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

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By place

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Roman Empire

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China

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By topic

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Commerce

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  • The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 35 percent under emperor Alexander Severus, down from 43 percent under Elagabalus.[3]

Religion

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  • October 14 – Pope Callixtus I is killed by a mob in Rome's Trastevere after a 5-year reign in which he has stabilized the Saturday fast three times per year, with no food, oil, or wine to be consumed on those days. Callixtus is succeeded by Cardinal Urban I.


Births

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Deaths

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

222

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Year 222 (CCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the . In the , the year marked a pivotal shift in imperial leadership, as the assassinated Emperor on March 11 amid widespread discontent with his religious reforms and personal conduct, leading to the immediate elevation of his 13-year-old cousin, , as the new emperor on March 13. This transition, orchestrated by the influential —grandmother to both rulers and a key power broker in the —restored a degree of senatorial favor and relative stability, though 's reign ultimately proved ineffective against mounting and economic pressures. herself died later that month on March 11, having played a crucial role in engineering the coup to preserve her family's dominance. Beyond , the year saw no major recorded upheavals in other regions, underscoring the empire's centrality in contemporary historical documentation.

Events

Roman Empire

On March 11, 222, Emperor , born Varius Avitus Bassianus and ruling since 218, was assassinated in along with his mother by members of the , amid widespread dissatisfaction with his promotion of the Syrian sun god Elagabal as supreme deity over traditional Roman gods and reports of extravagant and scandalous behavior. The plot was orchestrated by Elagabalus's grandmother , who favored her other grandson, the 14-year-old (born Marcus Julius Geta Bassianus Alexianus), positioning him as a more conventional ruler to restore stability within the . Following the killings, the bodies of Elagabalus and Julia Soaemias were mutilated, dragged through the streets of , and dumped into the Tiber River, reflecting the depth of elite and military contempt. Severus Alexander was promptly hailed as emperor by the Praetorian Guard on March 13, 222, marking the end of Elagabalus's brief and tumultuous four-year reign. Under the influence of his mother Julia Mamaea and grandmother , Alexander's early rule emphasized reconciliation, including the restoration of traditional Roman religious practices and the demotion of Elagabal's cult, though Maesa retained significant advisory power until her death in 224. This transition averted immediate but highlighted ongoing tensions in imperial succession, reliant on familial intrigue and military loyalty rather than established republican mechanisms. No major military campaigns or territorial changes occurred in 222, with the empire's frontiers remaining stable under the Severan administration's focus on internal consolidation.

China

In 222, the southeastern territories under Sun Quan's control formalized their independence from the defunct by establishing the state of Wu, with Sun proclaiming himself and setting the capital at Wuchang (modern Echeng, ). This act followed Cao Pi's usurpation in Wei (220) and Liu Bei's declaration in (221), solidifying the tripartite division of into the . Liu Bei, seeking to reclaim Jing Province seized by Wu in 219 and avenge the execution of his sworn brother Guan Yu, mobilized forces for a punitive campaign against Wu. Preparations were marred by the assassination of Shu general Zhang Fei in late 221 by subordinates Fan Qiang and Zhang Da, who resented his harsh discipline and defected to Wu with his head. Despite this setback, Liu Bei advanced from Chengdu, crossing into Wu territory along the Yangtze River and capturing initial positions near Yiling (modern Yichang, Hubei). The ensuing (also known as Yiling), spanning from spring to autumn 222, pitted Shu's army of approximately 40,000–50,000 against Wu's defenses under general . Liu Bei's forces initially held a line of connected camps in the rugged terrain, but Lu Xun, after enduring probing attacks, launched a decisive counteroffensive in August 222 using fire ships and incendiary assaults to ignite the dry summer forests and Shu encampments. The blaze caused catastrophic losses, with estimates of over 70% of Shu's army killed, captured, or drowned in retreat; key commanders like Zhang Shao and Ma Liang perished. Wu's victory secured its hold on Jing Province and halted Shu's southern expansion, though Liu Bei escaped to White Emperor City (Baidicheng), where illness from the defeat contributed to his death in 223. Lu Xun's restraint in not pursuing the routed foe preserved Wu's resources amid ongoing threats from Wei, demonstrating strategic caution over aggressive conquest. These events entrenched the ' balance of power, with Wu consolidating control over the Yangtze basin against northern incursions.

Religion and Culture

Roman Religious Policies

In 222, the Roman Empire's religious landscape was dominated by the policies of Emperor , who continued his efforts to elevate the Syrian sun god Elagabal as the supreme deity over traditional Roman gods like . Elagabalus had constructed the temple on the in and mandated the integration of Eastern rituals into , requiring public officials and senators to participate in of his god. These reforms, initiated earlier in his reign, aimed to unify the empire under a solar monotheism but provoked widespread resentment among the Roman elite and populace for subverting ancestral piety. The culmination of these policies occurred amid escalating tensions, leading to Elagabalus's assassination on March 11, 222, by the , who viewed his religious innovations as scandalous and destabilizing. His cousin, , was immediately proclaimed by the guard and , marking a swift reversal in religious direction. Alexander Severus dismantled the primacy of the Elagabal cult, restoring the traditional Roman pantheon and Jupiter's preeminence while minimizing forced Eastern impositions. Under , religious policy shifted toward tolerance, allowing the coexistence of Roman state cults with provincial and foreign practices, including those of and early , without elevating any single non-Roman deity to supremacy. This pragmatic approach contrasted sharply with Elagabalus's radical centralization, reflecting a return to the principate's foundational emphasis on while accommodating the empire's diverse subjects. The transition in 222 thus preserved imperial stability by reaffirming established religious hierarchies rather than pursuing syncretic overhaul.

Births

Notable Individuals

Marcus Aurelius Carus (c. 222 – c. July/August 283) was a who reigned from September 282 until his death during a campaign against the . A native of Narbo in , he advanced through senatorial ranks, serving as under Probus before troops proclaimed him following Probus's in 282. Carus elevated his sons Carinus and Numerian as co-rulers and launched an invasion of Persia, capturing several cities and reaching , where he perished—ancient sources attribute his death to lightning, disease, or . Du Yu (222–284) was a Jin dynasty scholar-official, general, and commentator on Confucian classics. Born in Duling, he held key administrative posts under the Wei and Jin regimes, leading military efforts in the conquest of in 280 that unified under Jin. His Zuo shi zhuan zhu provides a comprehensive, historically grounded of the , emphasizing factual analysis over moral allegory, and continues to shape interpretations of Spring and Autumn period annals.

Deaths

Prominent Figures

Elagabalus (c. 204 – March 11, 222), born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, ruled as from 218 until his murder by members of the in . Installed by legionaries in as a purported son of to legitimize their revolt against , his four-year reign involved attempts to impose the Syrian sun god Elagabal as supreme deity, supplanting traditional Roman cults, alongside reports of extravagant banquets and marital irregularities that eroded support among the Senate, equestrians, and military. Ancient historians such as and , writing under subsequent regimes, detailed these excesses, though their senatorial perspectives likely amplified criticisms to justify the coup. In February 222, elevated his younger cousin as Caesar and joint to placate unrest, but growing favoritism toward Alexander prompted to order his execution on March 11. The Praetorians, loyal to Alexander, instead revolted, slaying and his mother —who had wielded significant influence as Augusta and co-ruler—within the imperial palace. The corpses were decapitated, stripped, dragged through the streets on hooks amid public jeers, and cast into the Tiber River, denying them customary burial. This event paved the way for 's uncontested accession on March 13, ending the short-lived elevation of 's preferred religious and familial faction. In China, during the (August 222), general Fu Rong perished while defending against forces, contributing to Shu's retreat after initial advances by . Fu Rong, a veteran officer under Liu Zhang before defecting to , commanded rearguard actions but succumbed to encirclement by Wu commander Zhu Ran, marking a tactical loss amid the broader conflicts.

References

  1. http://5ko.free.fr/en/jul.php?y=222
  2. https://roman-empire.net/people/alexander-severus
  3. https://www.unrv.com/empire/timeline-3rd-century.php
  4. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/severus-alexander/
  5. https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/mintimperials/2015/03/14/on-this-day-in-222ad-severus-alexander-became-emperor-of-rome/
  6. https://www.italianartsociety.org/2018/03/on-11-march-222-the-teenage-roman-emperor-elagabalus-was-assassinated-along-with-his-mother-julia-soaemias-the-first-woman-accorded-the-official-title-of-augusta-in-the-roman-s/
  7. https://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/cntnt6.htm
  8. https://social.vcoins.com/twih/roman-emperor-elagabalus-was-assassinated-march-11-222-r421/
  9. https://www.unrv.com/emperors/severus-alexander.php
  10. https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-severan-dynasty-193-235
  11. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/wu.html
  12. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/personssunquan.html
  13. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/sanguo.html
  14. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/shuhan.html
  15. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/personszhangfei.html
  16. https://history-maps.com/story/Three-Kingdoms/event/Battle-of-Xiaoting
  17. https://www.romanemperors.com/roman-emperor-elagabalus-218-222-ce
  18. https://brewminate.com/empire-of-the-sun-civic-responses-to-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cult-of-elagabal-in-ancient-rome/
  19. https://www.romanemperors.com/roman-emperor-severus-alexander-222-235-ce
  20. https://fiveable.me/introduction-ancient-rome/unit-15/severan-emperors-policies/study-guide/JT7Ii6jBhTWvUZjn
  21. https://www.academia.edu/9739375/Religion_and_coinage_Heliogabalus_and_Alexander_Severus_two_extremes
  22. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/carus/
  23. https://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/TemplCultno.html
  24. https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/P_Tashima_Fragments_2016.pdf
  25. https://www.onthisday.com/date/222
  26. https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/elagabalus-0014728
  27. https://ancientromelive.org/elagabalus/
  28. https://carpediemtours.com/blog/elagabalus-crazy-roman-emperor
  29. https://www.famousfix.com/list/three-kingdoms-people-killed-in-battle
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