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235
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235
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Years
Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
235 by topic
Leaders
Categories
235 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar235
CCXXXV
Ab urbe condita988
Assyrian calendar4985
Balinese saka calendar156–157
Bengali calendar−359 – −358
Berber calendar1185
Buddhist calendar779
Burmese calendar−403
Byzantine calendar5743–5744
Chinese calendar甲寅年 (Wood Tiger)
2932 or 2725
    — to —
乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit)
2933 or 2726
Coptic calendar−49 – −48
Discordian calendar1401
Ethiopian calendar227–228
Hebrew calendar3995–3996
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat291–292
 - Shaka Samvat156–157
 - Kali Yuga3335–3336
Holocene calendar10235
Iranian calendar387 BP – 386 BP
Islamic calendar399 BH – 398 BH
Javanese calendar113–114
Julian calendar235
CCXXXV
Korean calendar2568
Minguo calendar1677 before ROC
民前1677年
Nanakshahi calendar−1233
Seleucid era546/547 AG
Thai solar calendar777–778
Tibetan calendarཤིང་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་
(male Wood-Tiger)
361 or −20 or −792
    — to —
ཤིང་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་
(female Wood-Hare)
362 or −19 or −791

Year 235 (CCXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Quintianus (or, less frequently, year 988 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 235 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

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By place

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Roman Empire

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By topic

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Religion

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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235

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Uranium-235 (U-235) is an isotope of uranium, the chemical element with atomic number 92, comprising 92 protons and 143 neutrons in its nucleus and occurring naturally as approximately 0.72% of uranium in the Earth's crust. With a half-life of 704 million years, it decays primarily via alpha emission, contributing to its low natural abundance relative to the more stable uranium-238 isotope. U-235 is uniquely fissile among primordial isotopes, capable of sustaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction upon absorbing thermal neutrons, which releases substantial energy through fission—typically two to three neutrons per event, enabling propagation in reactors or explosive yields in weapons. This property necessitates isotopic enrichment of natural uranium ore, raising U-235 concentration from below 1% to 3–5% for commercial power reactors or over 90% for military applications, a process involving gaseous diffusion, centrifugation, or other separation techniques developed during mid-20th-century research. Its defining role in stems from empirical demonstrations of fission, first quantified in the late , powering the majority of global civilian nuclear —over 400 reactors worldwide as of recent data—while also underpinning the atomic bombs deployed in 1945, highlighting both high (millions of times that of chemical fuels) and proliferation risks. Enrichment challenges, including energy-intensive methods and safeguards against diversion, remain central to international non-proliferation efforts, with U-235's scarcity in nature underscoring the technical barriers to widespread weaponization despite ongoing geopolitical tensions.

Events

Roman Empire

In March 235, Roman Emperor was assassinated by mutinous troops during a campaign against Germanic tribes on the frontier, where his forces were encamped near Moguntiacum (modern ). The soldiers, primarily from Legio XXII Primigenia, rebelled due to dissatisfaction with Alexander's strategy of negotiating tribute payments to the barbarians instead of pursuing aggressive warfare, viewing it as weakness amid ongoing frontier pressures. His mother, , who had exerted considerable influence over his administration since his accession in 222, was killed alongside him, effectively ending the that had ruled since 193. The mutineers immediately proclaimed Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus, a seasoned commander of Thracian origin born around 173 to lowborn parents near the , as . Maximinus, known for his exceptional physical stature and prowess, had advanced from common soldiery to high command without senatorial patronage, marking him as the first elevated solely by the army from non-elite, provincial stock. His accession represented a decisive shift toward autocracy, bypassing traditional senatorial approval and Italian elites. Maximinus promptly redirected imperial efforts toward intensified warfare, leading legions deeper into Germanic territories to subdue Alamannic incursions before repositioning to the , where he wintered at in late 235 and prepared for offensives against Sarmatian and Dacian groups in the following year. These actions stabilized frontiers temporarily but strained resources through heavy taxation and debasement of currency to fund the campaigns, foreshadowing broader imperial instability. The events of 235 thus initiated the Crisis of the Third Century, a prolonged period of soldier-emperors, civil strife, and external threats that challenged Roman cohesion for decades.

Religion

In 235, the Roman Empire under the newly ascended Emperor Maximinus Thrax initiated a targeted persecution against Christian leaders, marking an escalation in anti-Christian measures following the relatively tolerant reign of Severus Alexander. This policy focused on clergy and prominent figures rather than widespread popular executions, reflecting Maximinus's aim to suppress potential sources of opposition amid political instability. Pope , who had led the Roman church since July 21, 230, was arrested and exiled to the labor mines on the island of , a common site for imperial banishments. On September 28, 235, became the first pope in history to abdicate, doing so from to enable the prompt of a successor and avoid prolonging a during . He died later that year in the mines due to harsh conditions, with his remains later translated to the papal crypt in . Concurrently, Hippolytus, a theologian and who had served as since approximately 217 or 218 in opposition to Popes Callistus, Urban, and Pontian over doctrinal disputes including the treatment of lapsed Christians, faced the same fate. Exiled to alongside Pontian, Hippolytus reconciled with the pope before their deaths, ending the ; he perished in the mines in 235, recognized posthumously as a martyr and saint. Following Pontian's abdication, Anterus was elected pope on November 21, 235, serving briefly until his own martyrdom in January 236. Roman pagan religion continued without recorded disruptions specific to 235, maintaining its state-integrated festivals and priesthoods amid the empire's traditional , though the era's broader instability foreshadowed philosophical shifts toward in some cults. No major events in or other minority faiths are documented for this year, with Christianity's institutional challenges under highlighting its growing visibility despite vulnerabilities.

Notable Figures

Births

Sun Xiu (Chinese: 孫休; 235–264), a prince of the kingdom during the period of , was born in 235; he ascended to the throne as emperor in 258 following the death of his uncle and reigned until his own death. Saint , a virgin martyr in early Christian tradition, is recorded in hagiographic sources as having been born circa 235 in , Sicily, and executed around 251 during the persecution under Emperor ; while venerated extensively in and art, the precise details of her biography derive primarily from later medieval passiones rather than contemporary eyewitness accounts, leading some historians to question the verifiability of her individual existence amid broader patterns of undocumented martyrdoms. No births of prominent figures within the Roman Empire are attested in surviving historical records for the year 235, reflecting the limitations of ancient documentation which often prioritized imperial events over individual nativities outside elite circles.

Deaths

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (c. 208–235), the last emperor of the Severan dynasty, was assassinated by mutinous legionaries of the XXII Primigenia on 18 March 235 near Moguntiacum (modern Mainz, Germany), during a campaign against Germanic tribes. The soldiers, frustrated by his perceived leniency toward the enemy and heavy taxation to fund protracted wars, rebelled under the influence of Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus, a Thracian officer who was subsequently proclaimed emperor. Julia Avita Mamaea (c. 180–235), Alexander's mother and de facto who wielded considerable power through control of the imperial council, was slain alongside her son in the same attack. Her dominance over policy, including decisions to prioritize diplomacy over decisive military action, contributed to the troops' grievances, as recorded in contemporary accounts emphasizing her role in alienating the army. These deaths ended the Severan line after nearly four decades of rule and initiated the , a period of rapid imperial turnover and civil strife. No other prominent figures are recorded as dying in 235.
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