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170
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170
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170 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar170
CLXX
Ab urbe condita923
Assyrian calendar4920
Balinese saka calendar91–92
Bengali calendar−424 – −423
Berber calendar1120
Buddhist calendar714
Burmese calendar−468
Byzantine calendar5678–5679
Chinese calendar己酉年 (Earth Rooster)
2867 or 2660
    — to —
庚戌年 (Metal Dog)
2868 or 2661
Coptic calendar−114 – −113
Discordian calendar1336
Ethiopian calendar162–163
Hebrew calendar3930–3931
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat226–227
 - Shaka Samvat91–92
 - Kali Yuga3270–3271
Holocene calendar10170
Iranian calendar452 BP – 451 BP
Islamic calendar466 BH – 465 BH
Javanese calendar46–47
Julian calendar170
CLXX
Korean calendar2503
Minguo calendar1742 before ROC
民前1742年
Nanakshahi calendar−1298
Seleucid era481/482 AG
Thai solar calendar712–713
Tibetan calendarས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་
(female Earth-Bird)
296 or −85 or −857
    — to —
ལྕགས་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་
(male Iron-Dog)
297 or −84 or −856

Year 170 (CLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Clarus and Cornelius (or, less frequently, year 923 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 170 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

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By place

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Roman Empire

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

170

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from Grokipedia
170 is the natural number following 169 and preceding 171, notable in for its composite structure and unique function-theoretic properties. As an even —the ninth such positive integer—it factors into the product of three distinct primes: 2×5×172 \times 5 \times 17. This square-free composition yields eight positive divisors: 1, 2, 5, 10, 17, 34, 85, and 170, with the sum of divisors σ(170)=324=182\sigma(170) = 324 = 18^2. A defining characteristic is that 170 is the smallest positive integer nn for which both ϕ(n)=64=82\phi(n) = 64 = 8^2—counting integers up to 170 coprime to it—and the sum-of-divisors function σ(n)\sigma(n) produce perfect squares. In computational contexts, 170 marks the largest integer nn such that n!n! remains finite and representable without overflow in double-precision , as 170!≈7.257×10306170! \approx 7.257 \times 10^{306} fits below the format's maximum exponent limit of approximately 1.8×103081.8 \times 10^{308}, whereas 171!171! exceeds it. These attributes underscore 170's significance in and , independent of pseudoscientific interpretations like .

Events

Roman Empire

In 170 AD, the under confronted escalating threats during the ongoing (166–180 AD), a series of conflicts with Germanic tribes including the , , and associated Sarmatian groups along the frontier. These wars strained Roman resources amid the lingering , which had depopulated legions and provinces since 165 AD, reducing military effectiveness and economic output. , co-emperor since 161 AD, personally directed campaigns from in , establishing his headquarters there from 170 to 172 AD. During these campaigns in the Marcomannic Wars, Roman forces occupied large parts of modern-day Czechia and Slovakia, building numerous temporary camps, permanent forts, and a massive central base spanning 11 square kilometers, while planning to annex the region as two new provinces; this effort coordinated defenses against invasions that penetrated as far as Aquileia in . A notable setback occurred when Marcomanni forces under King Ballomar defeated a commanded by legatus Augusti Marcus Macrinius Vindex in the Middle region, killing Vindex and capturing soldiers from multiple legions and . This highlighted vulnerabilities in Roman command structure and logistics during the dispersed frontier engagements. Roman responses included counteroffensives that began yielding decisive victories by late 170 AD, reclaiming occupied territories along the through combined and operations, though full pacification remained elusive. These events underscored the empire's defensive posture, with mobilizing reinforcements and fortifying the , while plague-related mortality—estimated at up to 5 million empire-wide—compounded recruitment challenges, forcing reliance on irregular troops and provincial levies. Relief efforts in involved forming the praetentura Italiae et Alpium command to safeguard the and from further raids.

Eastern Asia

In the Eastern , military efforts persisted against Qiang tribal groups in the northwest. In 170 CE, Meng Tuo, Inspector of Liang Province, dispatched Provincial Officer Ren She with 500 soldiers from commandery to undertake expeditions in the region, part of broader campaigns to suppress Qiang unrest that had intensified under Emperors Huan and Ling. These conflicts stemmed from long-standing migrations and rebellions by Qiang nomads, exacerbated by Han demands and land pressures, leading to repeated incursions into Han territories since the 140s CE. At the imperial court, Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 CE), a minor at his accession following Emperor Huan's death, saw eunuchs consolidate influence after the execution of opposing officials like Dou Wu and Chen Fan in 168 CE. To address fiscal strains from warfare and palace expenditures—including repairs to the palace—officials under Ling formalized the sale of government posts, with fixed prices set for ranks, a practice that eroded administrative integrity and fueled corruption. Epidemics emerged as a growing threat across Han territories in the 170s CE, with outbreaks in army camps and rural areas contributing to demographic decline and peasant hardship; these included lethal diseases possibly linked to trade routes, predating the more widespread disruptions of the 180s that fueled the . Such events compounded existing issues like floods, droughts, and heavy taxation, weakening central authority. In the Korean peninsula, under King Sinmyeong (r. 165–179 CE) maintained expansionist pressures northward against and into former Han commanderies, though no major recorded battles align precisely with 170 CE; the kingdom's fortress networks and cavalry tactics supported ongoing territorial consolidation amid interactions with Han outposts. Baekje and , emerging southern powers, focused on internal consolidation without notable cross-regional conflicts that year. Japan remained in the , with tribal chiefdoms and wet-rice agriculture predominant, predating unified .

Other Regions

In the , continued his reign (147–191 AD), maintaining control over , , and adjacent territories amid recovery from the Roman-Parthian War of 161–166 AD, during which Roman forces had briefly occupied parts of before withdrawing due to the . The empire's stability under facilitated ongoing trade along routes connecting the Mediterranean to and , though internal challenges from rival claimants persisted into the later 170s. Further east, the under Emperor (r. c. 150–180 AD) encompassed , , , and northern , with administrative centers like and supporting a syncretic culture blending Greco-Bactrian, Iranian, and Indic elements. Around 170 AD, the Surkh Kotal temple complex in modern-day —originally built under I—was restored, underscoring continued investment in monumental architecture and possibly Zoroastrian or local cult practices, as indicated by inscriptions dated to year 31 of the era (circa 170 AD). 's extensive coinage from this period depicted a pantheon of deities including , Buddha, and Hellenistic figures, reflecting and the empire's role as a intermediary. No major military expansions or contractions are recorded for 170 AD, though the empire's influence began to wane in the ensuing decade amid pressures from western nomads and rising local powers. Records from , the , and other peripheral regions remain absent or archaeological only, with no datable events tied specifically to 170 AD; for instance, the Kingdom of Aksum in was emerging but lacks contemporary annals for this year.

Religion and Philosophy

Developments in

In the mid-second century, particularly around 170 CE, early Christian communities grappled with defining authoritative scriptures amid proliferating texts and teachings. The , a Latin document likely originating in circa 170 CE that lists 22 of the 27 New Testament books, constitutes the earliest known attempt to catalog books, endorsing the four Gospels (beginning abruptly with Luke), Acts, thirteen , Jude, 1 and 2 John, the Wisdom of Solomon, the Apocalypse of John, and conditionally the , while omitting , James, 1 and 2 Peter, and 3 John. This partial canon reflects responses to heresies like , which rejected connections, and Gnostic texts such as the Gospel of Thomas, prioritizing apostolic origins and catholic usage over esoteric claims. Concurrent with canon formation, the Montanist movement, or New Prophecy, emerged in (modern western ) around 156–170 CE, initiated by , a recent convert, alongside prophetesses Prisca and Maximilla. claimed direct revelations from the , delivering ecstatic prophecies in tongues that urged ascetic rigor—such as mandatory fasting, rejection of second marriages, and flight from persecution—while predicting the descent of a to Pepuza, their central site. Adherents viewed these as completing apostolic , but bishops in Asia Minor, including those at , condemned the movement by the 170s for subordinating scripture to novel prophecies and fostering , though it attracted figures like later. These developments highlighted tensions between charismatic prophecy and institutional authority, as well as between diverse interpretations of scripture. Montanism's spread to and Rome by 177 CE prompted further rebuttals, influencing proto-orthodox leaders like , who, active in Lyons from the 170s, emphasized derived from over private revelations or dualistic heresies. No ecumenical councils occurred, but local synods in rejected Montanist claims, underscoring a shift toward consolidated amid Roman persecutions under .

Stoicism and Roman Thought

Quintus Junius Rusticus, a leading Roman Stoic philosopher (c. 100–c. 170 AD) and twice consul (in 162 AD and later), died around 170 AD; he served as the principal philosophical mentor to Emperor Marcus Aurelius, guiding him toward the practical ethics of Epictetus and Zeno of Citium while discouraging rhetorical display in favor of self-examination and simplicity. Rusticus' influence is acknowledged in Marcus' Meditations, where the emperor credits him with instilling habits of introspection and aversion to ostentation, thereby reinforcing Stoicism's emphasis on virtue as the sole good amid Rome's political turbulence. Concurrently, (r. 161–180 AD) initiated the composition of his circa 170 AD, penning the twelve-book work in as private notes during pauses in the against Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. These reflections articulate core Stoic doctrines—rational control over impressions, acceptance of the cosmic order (fate or heimarmenē), and the pursuit of through aretē (virtue)—as tools for enduring personal and imperial hardships, including the ongoing and frontier conflicts that strained Roman resources from 166 AD onward. In Roman thought, Stoicism's prominence circa 170 AD manifested in its synthesis with imperial duty, positioning it as a framework for ethical governance rather than abstract speculation; Marcus exemplified this by prioritizing (reason) in , viewing the as sufficient when aligned with nature's rational design, thus marking late Stoicism's pivot toward introspective resilience over earlier Hellenistic . This era's Roman adaptation privileged causal and empirical self-mastery, influencing elite circles where Stoic ethics echoed republican virtues amid monarchical expansion.

Births

Notable Individuals

Julia Domna (c. 170–217), born in Emesa (modern , ), was a Syrian noblewoman who became empress as the second wife of in 187. She exerted significant influence during her husband's reign and served as for her sons and Geta after Severus's death in 211, promoting intellectual circles in that included jurists and philosophers. Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170–c. 235), an early Christian theologian and , authored works on doctrine and chronology, including the , which critiqued contemporary Gnostic and pagan philosophies while defending orthodox Trinitarian views. Exiled during the reign of , he is venerated as a , with traditions placing his death by drowning or labor in Sardinian mines. Lucius Flavius Philostratus (c. 170–c. 247), a Greek and author from , gained prominence at the Roman imperial court under emperors like and his successors, where he delivered orations and wrote the influential biography , portraying the 1st-century philosopher as a sage rivaling Christ in miraculous feats. Decimus Caelius Calvinus (c. 170–238), a Roman senator from a patrician family, held consulships in 203 and 213 before being proclaimed co-emperor with in 238 amid the ; his brief six-month rule ended in assassination by the , reflecting the era's senatorial resistance to military dominance.

Deaths

Notable Individuals

(c. 170–217), born in Emesa (modern , ), was a Syrian noblewoman who became empress as the second wife of in 187. She exerted significant influence during her husband's reign and served as de facto regent for her sons and Geta after Severus's death in 211, promoting intellectual circles in that included jurists and philosophers. Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170–c. 235), an early Christian theologian and , authored works on doctrine and chronology, including the , which critiqued contemporary Gnostic and pagan philosophies while defending orthodox Trinitarian views. Exiled during the reign of , he is venerated as a , with traditions placing his death by drowning or labor in Sardinian mines. Lucius Flavius Philostratus (c. 170–c. 247), a Greek and author from , gained prominence at the Roman imperial court under emperors like and his successors, where he delivered orations and wrote the influential biography , portraying the 1st-century philosopher as a sage rivaling Christ in miraculous feats. Decimus Caelius Calvinus (c. 170–238), a Roman senator from a patrician family, held consulships in 203 and 213 before being proclaimed co-emperor with in 238 amid the ; his brief six-month rule ended in assassination by the , reflecting the era's senatorial resistance to military dominance.

References

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  2. https://www.numberempire.com/170
  3. https://erich-friedman.github.io/numbers.html
  4. https://planetcalc.com/8652/
  5. https://people.revoledu.com/kardi/tutorial/BasicMath/Function/Factorial.htm
  6. https://brill.com/display/book/9789047443261/Bej.9789004166394.i-302_013.pdf
  7. https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/1700827/
  8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353842644_The_Defeat_of_Marc_Macrinius_Vindex_To_the_History_of_the_Marcomannic_Wars_in_the_Middle_Danube
  9. https://roman-empire.net/army/marcomannic-wars
  10. https://worldhistoryedu.com/what-were-the-marcomannic-wars/
  11. https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/houhanshutextonly.html
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  13. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/personshanlingdi.html
  14. https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/china_timeline.htm
  15. https://www.oerproject.com/en/oer-materials/oer-media/html-articles/origins/unit5/the-fall-of-the-han-dynasty
  16. https://nias.knaw.nl/insights/corona-pandemic-roman-history-global-perspective/
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  20. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history/
  21. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/afa.html
  22. https://www.christian-history.org/muratorian-canon.html
  23. https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/files_JETS-PDFs_57_57-2_JETS_57-2_231-64_Schnabel.pdf
  24. https://cbs.mbts.edu/2017/12/11/heresy-orthodoxy-new-testament-canon-put-together/
  25. https://earlychristianhistory.net/montanus.html
  26. https://www.samstorms.org/all-articles/post/holy-spirit---montanism
  27. https://earlychurch.org.uk/article_montanism.html
  28. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=seminary_masters
  29. https://www.modernreformation.org/resources/articles/the-formation-of-the-christian-bible
  30. https://donaldrobertson.name/2014/04/26/marcus-aurelius-and-junius-rusticus/
  31. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-psychology-in-western-civilization/stoicism-marcus-aurelius-and-the-sufficient-self/F8955A3B398EB8F5E9FD848A1CC88629
  32. https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/julia-domna-c-170-217-ce
  33. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome
  34. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/philostratus/
  35. https://roman-empire.net/people/page/10
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