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Alexandra Hospital
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Alexandra Hospital
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Alexandra Hospital (AH) is a district general hospital located in Queenstown, Singapore that provides acute and community care under the National University Health System.

Key Information

The hospital's colonial-style buildings were constructed in the late 1930s on 110,000 square metres (1,200,000 sq ft) of land. Under British rule, it was known as the British Military Hospital and was the site of a massacre in February 1942 by the Japanese as they took over Singapore in World War II. After the liberation of Singapore, the hospital was returned to its British administration, before being handed over to the Singapore government on 11 September 1971. Since then, it has gone through four changes of administration, most recently on 1 June 2018, to a team of long-term stewards under the National University Health System.

History

[edit]

Old malaria ward

[edit]

Before the establishment of a hospital, a building located at what is now a football field in Alexandra Hospital, dating back to at least 1910, was used to house patients with malaria.[1]

British Military Hospital

[edit]
Alexandra Hospital and its leafy surroundings, October 2018
Main article: British Military Hospital, Singapore
See also: Alexandra Hospital massacre
National Heritage Board's plaque on the grounds of Alexandra Hospital

Established in 1938 as the British Military Hospital, the facility served as the principal military hospital of the British Far East Command. During the Fall of Singapore in February 1942, it was the scene of a massacre by Japanese soldiers of wounded British servicemembers and medical staff. After World War II, Alexandra Hospital remained as one of the most modern hospitals in Singapore up to the 1970s.

In its heyday, Alexandra Hospital was an institution that adopted cutting-edge medical technology and in 1975 became the first hospital in Southeast Asia to successfully perform limb re-attachment to a patient.[2] Alexandra Hospital also employed several renowned medical experts, including:

Post-independence

[edit]

Following the gradual downsizing and withdrawal of the British military presence in Singapore, the hospital was handed over to the government of Singapore on 11 September 1971 and renamed Alexandra Road General Hospital.[3] On 1 October 2000, the hospital became a member of the National Healthcare Group and underwent a major upgrade of its facilities.

Restructuring and changes in management

[edit]

In 2001, plans were made to move to a new hospital in Jurong by 2006.[4][5] However, in 2004, the plans were scrapped in favour of a move to a new 500-bed hospital in Yishun to be called Northern General Hospital, by 28 March 2009.[6][7] (This hospital in Yishun is not to be confused with another new hospital planned for the nearby Woodlands, announced in March 2006 on the grounds that Northern General would not be able to serve enough people living in the north.[8])

On 16 May 2007, Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan, while attending the HIMSS AsiaPac 2007 conference, announced that the name of the new general hospital in Yishun was to be Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH).[9] The family of late Mr Khoo Teck Puat had donated S$125 million for hospital construction and funding. The new hospital was to be different from other hospitals as it promises to put patients first and aims to minimise bureaucracy and paperwork. It was initially planned for Alexandra Hospital to be closed after KTPH was opened, but after August 2010, the hospital was kept in operation and transferred to Jurong Health after August 2010.

On 8 September 2012, Health Minister Gan Kim Yong announced that the hospital will remain in operation at least until 2018, but the team slated to run the Sengkang General and Community Hospitals will take over the facilities after the opening of Ng Teng Fong General Hospital in 2014–2015. A decision on the future of the hospital will be made nearer to 2018, said the Health Minister. Previously, Sengkang Health took over from JurongHealth ceased operations at Alexandra Hospital to prepare for the opening of Ng Teng Fong General Hospital.

On 26 January 2015, with the Ng Teng Fong General Hospital opening in July 2015, Alexandra Hospital was to be closed for maintenance and renovation. Specialist Outpatient Clinics Services continued to operate at AH until its move to NTFGH. Alexandra Hospital was to be taken over by Sengkang Health and reopened in phases by the third quarter of 2015.[10] JurongHealth ceased operations at Alexandra Hospital (AH) at 5.30 pm on 29 June 2015 to prepare for the opening of NTFGH the next day. This was to include the hospital's Specialist Outpatient Clinics and Emergency Department.[11] Sengkang Health reopened the hospital in phases, with its Specialist Outpatient Clinics, operating theatres and other medical facilities becoming operational in 2016.

After Sengkang Health moved out of the premises, the National University Health System (NUHS) took over the hospital on 1 June 2018.[12]

Since its takeover by the NUHS, the hospital provides care under a single continuum, from acute, sub-acute, to rehabilitative care. Through five key programmes (preventive care, urgent and acute care, long-term chronic care, elder care, and palliative care), care is provided to each patient by a team led by one principal doctor. This model of health and care is defined by elements abbreviated as OOOOOH (One patient, One bed, One care team, One principal doctor, One with the community, Healthcare redesign).[13]

Future developments

[edit]

Alexandra Hospital will be redeveloped into an integrated health campus by 2030, in view of the rising demand in health and medical services set to increase, as the population intensifies in the southwestern region of Singapore, and will be first public hospital redeveloped after the COVID-19 pandemic.[14]

The future hospital is planned to be pandemic-ready, green and sustainable, with phygital (seamlessly-integrated physical and digital) care, new roles for nurses and caregivers, under a resource-efficient Integrated General Hospital (IGH) model: "One patient, One bed, One care team, One principal doctor, One with the community, Healthcare" (OOOOOH). It will also incorporate six peaks of excellence in areas such as Integrated Care, Geriatric Medicine, Supportive and Palliative Care Medicine, Rehabilitative Medicine, Psychological Medicine, Ambulatory Surgery. [15] Psychiatric services will also be set up, with inpatient wards to cater for acute and sub-acute psychiatric care and rehabilitation, as well as services on medical psychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, and psychogeriatrics. [16]

In 2023, Alexandra established the Centre for Healthy Longevity (CHL), a longevity medicine center focused on maintaining individuals as close as possible to optimal performance across the lifespan by targeting biological aging as the greatest driver of diseases of aging.[17] With a S$5 million gift from the Lien Foundation, the Center will conduct clinical trials and care for patients using nutrition, exercise, dietary supplements and repurposed drugs.[17] Complementing the geroscience basic research at National University Health System led by Dr. Brian K. Kennedy, the Center's mission is to increase the Singapore population's healthspan by five years by slowing biological aging.[17]

Alexandra Hospital will form part of a future Health District in Queenstown[18] and with an increased clinical capacity, support the Healthier SG initiative.[19] Details of this plan were further revealed when the hospital held a groundbreaking ceremony for its redevelopment on 15 May 2024,[20] where it was announced that new inpatient and outpatient blocks would be built, and the hospital would open progressively from 2028 onwards.

Services

[edit]

Urgent Care Centre

[edit]

The Urgent Care Centre is a 24-hour clinic that provides immediate medical attention to walk-in patients with acute and urgent medical conditions, as well as those admitted to Alexandra Hospital via private ambulance. For patients requiring more than basic care, blood and radiological tests and further treatment are administered under the care of a single holistic care team.

Community Care Coordination Unit (C3U) @ AH

[edit]

The Community Care Coordination Unit (C3U) @ AH is a multidisciplinary team that bring together healthcare teams and care managers to work with patients, families, and community partners for early clinical and social interventions.

Specialties

[edit]
Medical Surgical Allied health
  • Internal medicine
  • Family medicine
  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Geriatric medicine
  • Gynaecology
  • Nephrology
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Rehabilitation medicine
  • Respiratory medicine
  • Rheumatology
  • Orthopaedic surgery
  • General surgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Anaesthesia
  • Physiotherapy
  • Speech therapy
  • Occupational therapy
  • Podiatry
  • Dietetics
  • Diagnostic imaging
  • Care and counselling

Gardens

[edit]

A 20 hectare medicinal garden was opened at AH on 30 July 2005.[21] The garden was based on a book by Singaporean botanist Wee Yeow Chin and took three months to plant the garden.[22] The garden is part of providing a healing environment for patients and visitors.[21]

Alexandra Hospital gardens

Gardens surrounding the hospital are home to over 500 plant species and 100 butterfly species in the butterfly trail. Members of nature societies have used the hospital gardens as a study ground. The gardens were upgraded in 2000 under the direction of Rosalind Tan, senior executive at the hospital's operations department.[23]

On 6 November 2019, a Therapeutic Horticulture Programme was started in the gardens to provide occupational therapy to patients.[24]

A commemorative plaque in the gardens honours the hundreds of hospitalized soldiers and staff massacred by Japanese forces in 1942.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Alexandra Hospital

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Alexandra Hospital is a public district general hospital in Queenstown, Singapore, originally constructed in 1938 as the British Military Hospital to provide medical care for British forces in the Far East and officially opened in July 1940 with 356 beds. During the Japanese invasion of Singapore in World War II, it became the site of a massacre on 14 February 1942, in which Japanese troops killed approximately 200 medical staff and patients in a 30-minute attack, marking the largest single massacre of British personnel in the war. Handed over to Singapore's Ministry of Health on 11 September 1971 for a nominal fee and repurposed as a civilian facility, the hospital introduced pioneering services such as Singapore's first self-dependency dialysis centre in 1975 and the country's inaugural limb reattachment surgery that same year. Renamed Alexandra Hospital, it established the first geriatric medicine centre in 1994 and was gazetted as a in 1998 and a conserved building in 2014, reflecting its architectural blend of Modern and Classical styles amid extensive that earned it the "Hospital in a ." Under the since 2018, it now delivers integrated continuum of care—from acute inpatient treatment to sub-acute rehabilitation and community services—specializing in , orthopaedics, and to address an aging population.

History

Establishment as British Military Hospital

The British Military Hospital, later known as Alexandra Hospital, was constructed in 1938 by the on approximately 12 hectares of land at 378 Alexandra Road, about four miles southwest of central . This development occurred amid escalating tensions in the region, as Britain reinforced its colonial defenses in the Straits Settlements in preparation for potential conflict with . The facility featured colonial-style typical of British military infrastructure, designed to accommodate up to 1,000 beds and equipped with operating theaters, wards, and administrative blocks to serve as the primary medical hub for British forces in the . Officially opened on 19 July 1940, the hospital provided comprehensive care exclusively for British military personnel, their dependents, and allied forces, marking it as Singapore's most advanced military medical installation at the time. Initial operations focused on routine treatments, surgical procedures, and preventive medicine, with staff comprising officers and nurses trained in management prevalent in the region. The establishment reflected Britain's strategic emphasis on sustaining troop readiness in Malaya, where it supplemented earlier facilities like the barracks hospital, but operated independently to handle overflow and specialized cases.

World War II and the Massacre

During , Alexandra Hospital served as the principal British military hospital for the Command, accommodating hundreds of wounded Allied personnel as Japanese forces invaded in early February 1942. The facility, located near the strategic area, treated casualties from intensifying battles, with its staff comprising personnel and local auxiliaries amid the broader Malayan Campaign's collapse. The hospital's occupation occurred on 14 February 1942, during the final stages of the Battle of (8–15 February 1942), as Japanese troops from the 18th Division advanced westward after heavy fighting at , where they suffered significant casualties. Seeking reprisal, approximately 1,000 Japanese soldiers under Lieutenant Colonel Shigeru Sugita entered the hospital grounds from the western entrance around midday, bypassing a small British guard and ignoring its marked status as a protected medical facility under the . Initial clashes saw Japanese troops firing on hospital buildings, followed by systematic killings: patients were bayoneted in their beds, medical staff herded into operating theaters, corridors, and the basement before being shot or stabbed, and others executed on the grounds, including the football field where groups were assembled. Eyewitness accounts from survivors, such as Lieutenant F.T. Moore, describe indiscriminate violence lasting into the evening, with water supplies cut off earlier that morning exacerbating the chaos. Casualties numbered between 150 and 250, primarily British, Australian, and Indian patients and staff, though exact figures vary due to incomplete records and the destruction of bodies; some estimates cite up to 200 killed on-site, with additional deaths from injuries or subsequent executions. The massacre persisted even after the British surrender at 6:10 p.m. on 15 1942, with stragglers killed into the following day. Survivors, numbering around 100, were marched to as prisoners of war, while the Japanese repurposed the bloodied facility for their own use, renaming it and continuing operations under occupation until 1945. Post-war investigations, including British tribunals, classified the event as a war crime, attributing it to orders or the conduct of specific units, though primary responsibility lay with frontline troops motivated by battlefield frustrations rather than high command directives.

Post-War Reopening and Early Independence Era

Following the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, British forces reoccupied Alexandra Hospital in the same month, reinstating it as the British Military Hospital to resume medical services for in the Command. The facility, which had been utilized by Japanese forces during the occupation, underwent necessary repairs and redevelopment to restore its pre-war capabilities as one of the most advanced hospitals in the region. It primarily treated British troops and dependents, maintaining its role amid post-war recovery efforts in Malaya and . From 1948 to 1960, the hospital played a significant role during the , a counter-insurgency campaign against communist guerrillas, where it managed casualties from operations involving British, Commonwealth, and local forces. Throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s, it continued as the principal for Britain's Southeast Asian commitments, handling routine care, emergencies, and specialized treatments for an estimated several thousand personnel annually, though exact patient volumes from this period remain undocumented in public records. Singapore's attainment of self-government in 1959 and full independence on 9 August 1965 did not immediately alter its military status, as Britain retained bases and garrisons in the under defense agreements. The hospital's transition to civilian use occurred amid Britain's phased withdrawal from , culminating in the handover to the Ministry of Health on 11 September 1971 for a nominal fee of $1. Renamed Alexandra Road , it reopened to the public on 15 September 1971, four days later, shifting focus to serve the growing population in Singapore's western sector with general medical services. This marked the end of its exclusive function and integration into the nascent national healthcare framework, initially as the third public general hospital in the country.

Restructuring and Integration into National Healthcare System

In 2000, Alexandra Hospital underwent restructuring as part of Singapore's broader public healthcare reforms, transitioning under the management of the National Healthcare Group (NHG), one of the newly formed integrated delivery networks aimed at improving efficiency and coordination across acute and community care services. This shift aligned with the Ministry of Health's (MOH) corporatization efforts in the late 1990s, which reorganized public hospitals into clusters to enhance from primary to tertiary care while maintaining government oversight. Subsequent administrative changes reflected evolving national priorities amid hospital expansions. In 2008, the hospital integrated into the Alexandra Health System (AHS), overseeing operations alongside facilities like to streamline western region services. By 2010, it served as a temporary holding site under JurongHealth Services during the development of , accommodating patient overflow. Following NTFGH's opening in June 2015, management transferred to Sengkang Health to support eastern cluster needs, during which the hospital underwent renovations and operated at reduced capacity with 326 beds. The pivotal integration occurred on 1 June 2018, when the (NUHS) assumed full control, positioning Alexandra Hospital as a pioneer for Singapore's integrated general and community care (IGCC) model. This move, part of MOH's 2017 cluster reorganization into three vertical systems—eastern (), central (NHG-AHS merger), and western (NUHS)—emphasized seamless transitions from hospital to home-based care, leveraging NUHS's academic resources for multidisciplinary teams and technology-enabled chronic disease management. Under NUHS, the hospital shifted from traditional inpatient focus to hybrid models incorporating and community partnerships, such as with Queenstown polyclinics, to address aging population demands without over-reliance on acute beds. This integration enhanced system-wide via national electronic records, reducing fragmentation observed in prior cluster handovers.

Facilities and Services

Core Medical Services

Alexandra Hospital organizes its core medical services around five patient-centered programmes that span preventive, acute, chronic, geriatric, and , enabling a seamless continuum from acute treatment to community-based rehabilitation and support. These programmes integrate multidisciplinary teams, including physicians, nurses, allied professionals, and care managers, to deliver holistic care without requiring transfers between settings. The Well Programme (Be Better) focuses on preventive health and wellness, offering screenings, , and early intervention to promote in the Queenstown community. The FAST Programme (Get Better) provides for medical emergencies and inpatient stabilization, supported by services and rapid assessment protocols for conditions requiring immediate intervention. The Chronic Programme (Live Better) manages long-term conditions through outpatient clinics and sub-acute care, emphasizing disease stabilization and self-management for ailments like and . The Healthy Ageing Programme (Age Better) addresses geriatric needs with comprehensive assessments, rehabilitation, and support for elderly patients, including and cognitive care tailored to Singapore's demographic. The Palliative Programme (Cope Better) delivers , symptom management, and psychosocial support, integrated across all stages to enhance for patients with advanced illnesses. These core services are underpinned by foundational departments in advanced , , , , and geriatric medicine, alongside allied health therapies such as physiotherapy and , ensuring evidence-based treatment aligned with national healthcare guidelines.

Specialized Departments

Alexandra Hospital maintains specialized departments across medical, surgical, and supportive disciplines, emphasizing integrated care for acute, chronic, and rehabilitative needs within Singapore's . These departments are staffed by consultants and associates specializing in targeted areas, supporting the hospital's model of multidisciplinary teams for patient-centered treatment. In medical specialties, the hospital features Advanced Internal Medicine, led by Dr. Satya Gollamudi, addressing complex internal conditions; Cardiology, under Dr. Jeanette Ting Hsin Yeen, for cardiovascular diagnostics and management; Dermatology, headed by Dr. Lester Juay, focusing on skin disorders; Endocrinology, directed by Dr. Andre Tan, for hormonal and metabolic issues; Gastroenterology, with Dr. Alexander Yip overseeing digestive tract care; Geriatric Medicine, led by Dr. Santhosh Kumar Seetharaman, tailored to elderly patients; and Rheumatology, under Dr. Teng Gim Gee, for joint and autoimmune diseases. Additional medical units include Haematology (Dr. Winnie Teo), Infectious Diseases (Dr. Louisa Sun Jin), Neurology (Dr. Priyanka Khatri), Palliative Medicine (Dr. Yong Woon Chai), Psychological Medicine (Dr. Soo Shuenn Chiang), Rehabilitation Medicine (Dr. Effie Chew), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Dr. Liew Mei Fong). Surgical specialties encompass Anaesthesiology (Dr. Wong Weng Hoa), General Surgery (Dr. Sujith Wijerathne) with sub-specialties in breast, colorectal, endocrine, hepatobiliary, and minimally invasive procedures; Neurosurgery (Asst Prof. Vincent Nga); Plastic Surgery (Dr. Janet Hung Ngai Man); Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery (A/Prof. Asim Shabbir); Urology (Dr. Chua Wei Jin); Gynaecology (Dr. Melissa Tay); Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery (Dr. Sandeep Jacob Sebastin Muttath); Ophthalmology (Adj A/Prof. Loon Seng Chee); Orthopaedic Surgery (Prof. James Hui), including musculoskeletal services; Otolaryngology (ENT, A/Prof. Mark Thong); and Vascular Surgery (Dr. Rajesh Babu Dharmaraj). Supportive departments include Diagnostic Imaging (Dr. Pavel Singh, deputy head), the NUCOHS Dental Clinic (Dr. Agrawal Sachin Nandkishore), and Laboratory Medicine (Dr. Ong Lizhen), providing essential diagnostic and ancillary services to underpin clinical specialties. These units collectively enable comprehensive care, with a focus on community-based integration and reduced hospital readmissions through specialized outpatient and transitional programs.

Community and Support Programs

Alexandra Hospital emphasizes community integration through programs that extend care beyond its facilities, focusing on chronic disease management, caregiver assistance, and preventive health for residents in Singapore's western region, particularly the Queenstown precinct. These initiatives align with the hospital's role as part of the (NUHS), supporting an ageing population and reducing hospital readmissions via coordinated home and community-based services. The Community Care Coordination Unit (C3U), operational Monday to Friday from 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM, serves existing patients, , and community partners by assessing care needs, providing timely interventions, and facilitating navigation between hospital and community resources, including , outpatient, urgent care, nursing homes, and homecare settings. Specific support includes caregiver assistance and collaboration with community partners to ensure seamless transitions. Access is available directly through the unit, with services updated as of January 17, 2025. Volunteers, designated as Alex Advocates, play a key role in patient engagement by befriending individuals, facilitating activities such as games and , monitoring like , escorting patients, conducting home visits, and providing reminders. They also support screenings, groups, and community events to promote patient activation and feedback collection. Interested individuals can join by emailing [email protected] for details on participation. In October 2024, the hospital launched Singapore's first Community Health Post at the Queenstown Multi-Service Centre to deliver preventive and chronic care closer to home, targeting working older adults (comprising 35% of Queenstown's 120,000 residents) and individuals aged 40-60 for early disease detection. Services encompass preventive care plans, chronic disease management, , basic and geriatric assessments, advance care planning discussions, and linkages to community resources, integrating with hospital referrals to support ageing in place and lower readmission rates. The Supportive and Palliative Care Programme extends community support through compassionate , pain and symptom management, psychological assistance, and advance care planning, with specific outreach via the AlexNIC network for patients with advanced illnesses. This includes caregiver-focused elements, such as and respite, updated as of May 20, 2025. Additionally, the Early Supported Discharge (ESD) program provides home-based rehabilitation for suitable patients post-acute care, enabling quicker recovery in familiar environments while maintaining medical oversight.

Redevelopment and Future Plans

Announced Expansion Projects

In May 2024, Singapore's Ministry of Health announced the redevelopment of Alexandra Hospital into a larger integrated health campus, with a groundbreaking ceremony held on 15 May by Health Minister Ong Ye Kung. The project aims to address the healthcare needs of Queenstown's aging population and Singapore's growing demand for acute and community care services. The hospital will continue operations during construction to minimize disruptions. The expansion will increase bed capacity from approximately 300 to around 1,300 beds, incorporating specialized areas for , psychiatric care, and sub-acute services. Key additions include a pandemic-ready directly linked to intensive care units and operating theatres, two new high-rise inpatient and outpatient towers, and a 400-bed on campus. Bridges will connect these structures for seamless patient flow. The site will expand to 32.85 acres (13.3 hectares), integrating green spaces with the adjacent Rail Corridor for enhanced accessibility and community linkage. Construction is scheduled to commence in 2025, with new facilities opening progressively from 2028 onward. The design emphasizes as Singapore's first post-Covid-19 , targeting zero-carbon operations, energy efficiency, and smart technology integration under a "one , one , one care team" model. This will support six clinical peaks of excellence: integrated care, geriatric , supportive and , rehabilitative , psychological , and ambulatory .

Infrastructure and Capacity Enhancements

The of Alexandra Hospital entails a major expansion of its capacity from 300 beds to approximately 1,300 beds, enabling it to serve a larger population amid Singapore's demographics and rising healthcare demands. This increase, representing over a fourfold growth, forms part of a national initiative to add 2,800 acute and beds by 2030, a 25% system-wide expansion. Infrastructure upgrades address the site's buildings, many over 40 years old, through the addition of two new high-rise towers and site expansion to 13.3 hectares (32.85 acres) to optimize land use and accommodate enhanced facilities. Construction is slated to begin in 2025, with progressive openings from 2028, including a new to bolster capabilities. Further enhancements focus on improved accessibility, such as better integration with and road network optimizations around the Queenstown , while preserving historical elements amid the build. These measures support the hospital's evolution into an integrated health , emphasizing efficient resource allocation without compromising service quality.

Heritage, Grounds, and Legacy

Historical Preservation Efforts

On 15 September 1998, the National Heritage Board designated as a , acknowledging its provision of medical services during and in the post-war era. In 2013, a organization lobbied successfully for the inclusion of Alexandra Hospital in conservation plans under the Urban Redevelopment Authority's draft master plan. This advocacy culminated in 2014, when the hospital was gazetted as a conserved building within the URA Master Plan 2014, with Blocks 1, 2, and 6 receiving specific to protect their architectural and historical features. Archaeological surveys commenced in 2021, involving the National Heritage Board and Alexandra Hospital to document -era elements across a 3,600 square meter area prior to redevelopment works. Excavations in September 2025 unearthed artefacts including burnt Japanese wartime literature and military helmets, underscoring continued efforts to preserve the site's wartime legacy amid ongoing site preparation. Redevelopment initiatives incorporate these preservation measures by retaining conserved structures and integrating them into new facilities, such as a planned featuring two historical blocks.

Campus Features and Gardens

The campus of Alexandra Hospital incorporates landscaped gardens designed to support patient recovery through therapeutic horticulture and nature-based rehabilitation. These green spaces facilitate activities that enhance mental and physical well-being, such as gardening and walking, contributing to the hospital's emphasis on holistic care. Key garden elements include vegetable plots where patients, including those receiving , participate in hands-on tasks like harvesting produce, which has been reported to aid in restoring strength and providing psychological benefits. Sheltered walkways weave through the gardens, enabling accessible navigation and promoting outdoor exposure regardless of weather conditions; one such walkway was constructed between and 2022. Additional therapeutic features encompass a zen garden, tropical , and virtual forest bathing experiences, which are integrated to offer calming, nature-inspired environments for stress reduction and . The overall landscape emphasizes lush greenery and , historically including a notable butterfly enclosure that supported over 100 and aided processes, though maintenance challenges have impacted its prominence in recent years.

References

  1. https://www.ah.com.sg/about-ah/our-heritage
  2. https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/places-landing/Places/landmarks/my-queenstown-heritage-trail/alexandra-hospital
  3. https://www.ah.com.sg/
  4. https://www.ura.gov.sg/Conservation-Portal/Explore/History?bldgid=ALXDH
  5. https://www.postcolonialweb.org/singapore/history/hospital/ah2.html
  6. https://www.jacobs.com/projects/alexandra-hospital-singapore
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  8. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Singapore-Alexandra-Hospital-Massacres-1942/
  9. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=5ffffd86-ab2e-4322-bcda-ebd4cca9b243
  10. https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/places-landing/Places/historic-sites/alexandra-hospital
  11. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1030002674
  12. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/private_records/record-details/8bb8c8e7-3c4e-11e3-9e07-0050568939ad
  13. https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/8907/Alexandra-Hospital-Massacre.htm
  14. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/60/a8515460.shtml
  15. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=7d4fd9a0-7bd0-4533-b0ea-3aa559673b0e
  16. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-14/valentines-day-massacre-during-the-fall-of-singapore-80th/100825650
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  21. https://www.moht.com.sg/news-and-updates/alexandra-hospital-pioneers-singapores-integrated-general-hospital-care-model/
  22. https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/about-nuhs/who-we-are
  23. https://www.ah.com.sg/our-services/specialties-and-services
  24. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10516141/
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  26. https://www.globalhealthandtravel.com/facilities/alexandra-hospital
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  28. https://www.ah.com.sg/our-services/specialties-and-services/medicine
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  30. https://www.ah.com.sg/docs/ahlibraries/brochures-document/specialist-directory-2024.pdf?sfvrsn=76a9218b_1
  31. https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/care-in-the-community/health-together/community-care-programmes
  32. https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/about-nuhs/news-and-stories/news-and-stories-details/alexandra-hospital-opens-singapore%27s-first-community-health-post
  33. https://www.ah.com.sg/our-services/community-care-coordination-unit-c3u-at-ah
  34. https://www.ah.com.sg/giving/be-our-volunteer
  35. https://www.ah.com.sg/our-services/supportive-and-palliative-care-programme
  36. https://www.ah.com.sg/docs/ahlibraries/brochures-document/esd-brochure-digital.pdf?sfvrsn=fdbe5615_7
  37. https://www.ah.com.sg/our-services/specialties-and-services/palliative-care-medicine
  38. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/redeveloped-alexandra-hospital-to-house-emergency-department-around-1300-beds
  39. https://www.ah.com.sg/about-ah/future-alexandra-campus
  40. https://mothership.sg/2025/03/public-hospital-13600-beds/
  41. https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/addendum-to-the-president-s-address-17-sep/
  42. https://greatnewplaces.com/news/alexandra-hospital/
  43. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/alexandra-hospital-redevelopment-ageing-population-healthcare-nuh-ong-ye-kung-4340521
  44. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/burnt-japanese-wartime-literature-helmets-among-wwii-artefacts-found-at-alexandra-hospital
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  46. https://cos.sg/blog-post/2-historical-blocks-in-alexandra-hospital-could-be-integrated-into-new-nursing-home/
  47. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/gardens-alexandra-hospital-helped-two-women-regain-their-mental-and-physical-strength
  48. https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-rise-fall-of-butterfly-garden.html
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  50. https://arthurkwok.wordpress.com/2008/04/08/alexandra-hospitals-winged-beauties/
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