Anarcho-punk

Anarcho-punk (also known as anarchist punk) is an ideological subgenre of punk rock that promotes anarchism. The term has been broadly applied to refer to any punk music with anarchist lyrical content, which may figure in crust punk, hardcore punk, folk punk, and other styles.

During the 1960s to early 1970s, some artists who were later retroactively described as "proto-punk" became influenced by New Left or anarchist ideology, which included David Peel who was associated with the Yippie movement, alongside bands such as the MC5, the Fugs, the Edgar Broughton Band, Mick Farren's the Deviants, Pink Fairies and Hawkwind. These bands set a precedent for mixing radical politics with rock music and established the idea of rock as an agent of social and political change in the public consciousness. Other influences include avant-garde art and political movements such as Fluxus, Dada, the Beat generation, Youth International Party, England's angry young men (such as Joe Orton), the surrealism-inspired Situationist International, the 1967 March on the Pentagon, the May 1968 uprising in Paris, and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred during the 1970s in the United Kingdom following the birth of punk rock, in particular the Situationist-influenced Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren and graphics artist Jamie Reid, as well as that band's first single, "Anarchy in the U.K.". Crass and the Poison Girls funded the rented Wapping Autonomy Centre with a benefit single and this then inspired other squatted self-managed social centres in London such as the Ambulance Station on Old Kent Road, Centro Iberico, Molly's Café on Upper Street and the Bingo Hall opposite Highbury & Islington station (now the Garage). The concept (and aesthetics) of anarcho-punk was quickly picked up on by bands like Flux of Pink Indians, Subhumans and Conflict. Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys has cited the Yippies as an influence on his activism and thinking.

By the early 1980s, an anarcho-punk scene emerged in Leeds spearheaded by groups such as Abrasive Wheels, the Expelled and Icon A.D. From this scene came Chumbawamba, whose emphasis on confrontational political activism soon overtook their connection to the scene. Despite their anti-corporate views, the group signed to EMI, leading to their 1997 single "Tubthumping" reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart.

Pioneering crust punk bands Antisect, Anti System, Sacrilege and Amebix all began in the anarcho-punk scene, before incorporating their anarchist lyrical themes with elements of early heavy metal. Early British grindcore bands like Carcass, Napalm Death and Extreme Noise Terror were primarily a part of the 1980s anarcho-punk scene, however began embracing elements of extreme metal and American thrashcore.

Anarcho-punk spread to the United States in the late 1970s with groups like Austin's MDC and San Francisco's Dead Kennedys. Los Angeles' Black Flag also embraced anarchists politics between 1982 and 1986, when Henry Rollins was their vocalist. United States anarcho-punk generally supported revolutions in Latin America and anti-Apartheid movements and criticised the Presidency of Ronald Reagan.

In the 1980s, New York City cultivated a thriving anarcho-punk scene. Beginning as a part of the larger New York hardcore scene, bands like Reagan Youth, False Prophets and Heart Attack made use of a similar musical style and mentality to their British counterparts. This scene split from New York hardcore as the decade progressed. Nausea were a key figure in the scene during this period, helping to cultivate a new scene in the city based around politics and squatting.

In the 2000s, American anarcho-punk groups like Anti-Flag and Against Me gained significant mainstream success for the genre.