The Assyrian conquest of Aram (c. 856 – 732 BCE) refers to the series of military campaigns and annexations by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BCE) that brought the independent Aramean states (roughly modern-day Syria in the Levant) under Assyrian control. Most of the northwestern Aramean states were also Neo-Hittite states. In the Neo-Assyrian Empire's administrative terminology, the conquered territories west of the Euphrates were incorporated into the province of Eber-Nari ('Beyond the River, i.e. the Euphrates'). These campaigns marked the end of Aram's political independence.

Following the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Arameans quickly came to dominate much of the Levantine inland. They formed Aramean states, a patch network of small kingdoms throughout Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, bringing them into direct contact and threat with the civil war-ridden Middle Assyrian state.

These Aramean states included: Aram-Damascus, Hamath, Bit Adini, Bit Bahiani, Bit Hadipe, Aram-Bet Rehob, Aram-Zobah, Bit-Zamani, Bit-Halupe and Aram-Ma'akah, as well as the Aramean tribal confederations of the Gambulu, Litau and Puqudu in the region of Babylon. Most of the northwestern Aramean states were also Neo-Hittite states (states following the Hittite imperial tradition).

On other hand, along the Mediterranean coast in modern day Lebanon, Phoenician city states such as Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Beirut, Simyra, Onoba and Tarshish managed to survive the collapse and flourished in maritime trade across the Mediterranean Sea. Further east the Sutean, Aramean and Arab tribes formed confederations in the Syrian Desert and the Middle Euphrates region.

Further south in the region of modern day Israel and Jordan were Hebrew and Canaanite-speaking Biblical kingdoms of Israel, Judah, Ammon, Edom and Moab. There was also the Arab tribe of the Qedarites. In addition, the region of the modern day Gaza Strip was settled by the Philistines, who originated in the Aegean sea.^{[citation needed]}

The Neo-Assyrian Empire begins with the accession of Adad-nirari II in 911 BCE. He drove Arameans from Assyrian territory in Tur-Abdin, the Khabur Delta, Jazira, the Kashiari mountains, Amid (modern Diyarbakir) and Mérida (modern Mardin) thus securing the borders of Assyria proper.^{[citation needed]}

Large scale invasion began with the conquests of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BCE) who secured large swathes of eastern and northern Aram for Assyria, then advanced to the Mediterranean, forcing tribute upon the Phoenician city states of the coast.^{[citation needed]}

Shalmaneser III (859–824 BCE) continued the trend, conquering Bit Adini in 856 BCE and driving the Neo-Hittites from Carchemish. In attempt to halt Assyrian expansion, a huge coalition of nations united to oppose the Assyrian king, this alliance included not just the Aramean, Phoenician, Neo-Hittite and Sutean kingdoms and tribes of the region, but also the Babylonians, Egyptians, Elamites, Israelites and Arabs (the first mention of Arabs in historical record). This array of nations confronted the Assyrian army the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE, however they failed to defeat Shalmaneser III and the Assyrian king was then able to pick off his enemies individually over the next few years, and by the end of his reign most of the Levant was either under direct Assyrian rule or paying tribute.^{[citation needed]}