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Australian Club
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The Australian Club is a private club founded in 1838 and located in Sydney at 165 Macquarie Street. Its membership is men-only and it is the oldest gentlemen's club in the southern hemisphere.

Key Information

"The Club provides excellent dining facilities, en-suite bedrooms and apartments, a fully equipped gym, and on Level 7 of the building in which the Clubhouse is located, are first rate business facilities which Members and resident guests may access."[1]

Reciprocities with other clubs

[edit]

Presidents

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  1. Hon Alexander Macleay MLC FLS FRS 1838–1848
  2. Hon Campbell Drummond Riddell 1848–1856
  3. Hon Sir Edward Deas-Thomson KCMG CB MLC 1857–1879
  4. Hon Sir William Macarthur MLC 1879–1882
  5. Christopher Rolleston CMG 1882–1888
  6. Edward Merewether FRGS 1888–1893
  7. Hon Philip Gidley King MLC 1894–1900
  8. Hon Sir Francis Bathurst Suttor MLC 1900–1908
  9. Hon Henry Edward Kater MLC 1909–1924
  10. John Archibald Anderson 1924–1933
  11. Major-General Hon James William Macarthur-Onslow VD MLC 1933–1936
  12. William Deuchar Gordon 1936–1939
  13. Pat Hamilton Osborne 1939–1942
  14. Hon Sir Colin Sinclair KBE MLC 1942–1945
  15. Hon Sir Norman William Kater MLC 1945–1948
  16. Edmund Irving Body 1948–1951
  17. Hon Sir Colin Sinclair KBE MLC 1951–1954
  18. John Gordon Crowther 1954–1957
  19. Edmund Irving Body CBE 1957–1959
  20. John Gordon Crowther 1959–1960
  21. Rt Hon Sir Victor Windeyer KBE, CB, DSO, ED, QC 1960–1963
  22. Donald Brian Hardy Arnott 1963–1966
  23. Major-General Sir Denzil Macarthur-Onslow CBE DSO ED 1966–1969
  24. Sir Norman Lethbridge Cowper CBE 1969–1972
  25. Sir William Morrow DSO ED 1972–1975
  26. Peter Gordon Sayers 1975–1978
  27. Graham Marriott Thorp MC 1978–1981
  28. Louis Walter Davies A0 1981–1984
  29. Hon Sir John Bryan Munro Fuller 1984–1987
  30. Alam Hamilton Loxton AM 1987–1990
  31. Brian Cameron France 1990–1993
  32. Peter John Watt 1993–1996
  33. David Hardy Playfair MBE ED 1996–1999
  34. Robert Lee Maple–Brown AO 1999–2002
  35. Peter Ross Graham QC 2002–2005
  36. Roderick Murchison Hume Kater 2005–2008
  37. Charles Frederick Moore 2008–2011
  38. Richard Hamilton Fisher AM 2011[2]

Membership

[edit]
See also: List of Australian Club Members

At least 5 former Prime Ministers have been members of the club including recently, John Howard and Malcolm Turnbull.[3]

Women are excluded from membership of the club; although they are welcome as guests in most areas and at most functions hosted by the club. For over a century the club has had a friendly albeit informal relationship with the women-only Queen's Club, where many of the members' mothers, wives and sisters are members. The committees of each club take turns to host the other to a formal dinner on an annual basis.[citation needed]

In June 2021, around 700 members attended a Special General Meeting of the club to vote on a proposal to allow women to join the club. Seventy-five percent of attending members needed to vote for the proposal in order for it to receive approval. The proposal was defeated when only 38 percent voted in favour of allowing women to join, falling well short of the 75 per cent required.[3]

Website

[edit]

The club website is titled 165 Macquarie Street but is only accessible to members.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Australian Club

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from Grokipedia

The Australian Club is a private gentlemen's club founded on 29 May 1838 in , , as the colony's first such institution dedicated to social and literary pursuits among gentlemen. Located at 165 Macquarie Street on the corner of Bent Street, it holds the distinction of being the oldest gentlemen's club in the . The club has maintained a men-only membership policy since its inception, emphasizing exclusivity and networking among influential figures in , , , and other fields. Established during a transitional period in governance, the club quickly grew to over 130 members within months, including early leaders such as Alexander McLeay as its first president and Sir George Gipps as patron. Its initial clubhouse was leased at the Pulteney Hotel in Bent Street, reflecting the era's colonial social structures. Over time, the club has hosted notable members, including former Australian Prime Ministers and , media magnate , and senior judicial figures, underscoring its role as a hub for elite professional interactions. A defining characteristic has been its resistance to modern pressures for inclusivity; in June 2021, a membership vote with record turnout rejected a proposal to admit women, with approximately 62% opposing the change, thereby preserving its traditional men-only status amid public and media scrutiny. This decision highlighted ongoing tensions between the club's historical and contemporary expectations, though it continues to prioritize its foundational principles of and selectivity.

History

Founding and Early Years

The Australian Club was founded on 29 May 1838 in , , as the first private in , established by leading citizens of the colony to promote social and literary intercourse among its members and to establish a library and reading room. This initiative occurred amid a transitional phase in colonial governance, shortly after the resignation of Sir and the appointment of Sir George Gipps on 24 February 1838, reflecting the growing social organization among the colony's elite amid 's expansion. The club positioned itself as a hub for intellectual and convivial pursuits, drawing from British traditions of gentlemen's clubs adapted to the Australian context. Membership grew rapidly in the club's inaugural months, reaching 130 members within three months of founding, underscoring its immediate appeal to prominent gentlemen seeking a dedicated for and . The first clubhouse was leased in 1838 at the Pulteney Hotel on Bent Street, a three-story building with verandas located opposite the site of the present-day Metropole Hotel; the property was acquired outright in 1840, solidifying the club's early foothold. Improvements followed swiftly, including enhanced drainage to the in 1839 and the introduction of in 1841, which supported the club's functions as both a social venue and a nascent center. As the oldest in the , the Australian Club's early years laid the foundation for its enduring role among Sydney's establishment, with its men-only membership criterion intact from inception.

Expansion and Key Milestones

The Australian Club experienced steady physical expansion through a series of relocations to larger premises in its formative decades, reflecting growth in membership and influence among Sydney's elite. Initial operations began with leased rooms in 1838, followed by acquisition of the first clubhouse in 1840. Subsequent moves occurred in 1848, 1857, 1879, 1888, and 1900, each transitioning to more substantial accommodations amid the club's rising prominence as a hub for gentlemen of letters, , and . A pivotal development came in 1892 with the opening of a dedicated three-story clubhouse at the junction of Macquarie and Bent Streets, designed to better serve the club's expanding activities and social functions. The mid-20th century marked another key milestone through the 1969 amalgamation with the neighboring Club, which facilitated financial stability and modernization. This merger prompted the temporary relocation to Bligh Street premises, demolition of the original Macquarie Street structure, and construction of the current facilities at 165 Macquarie Street, completed to enhance amenities for members. The club was formally incorporated the same year, solidifying its legal and operational framework. In 1988, commemorating 150 years since founding, the club issued The Australian Club 1838-1988: The First 150 Years by J.R. Angel, documenting its evolution and underscoring enduring traditions amid Australia's social changes.

Role in Australian Society

The in , established in 1838 as Australia's oldest , functions primarily as an exclusive venue for networking among elite men in , , and the . Its membership, limited to approximately 1,500 individuals, includes prominent figures such as former Chief Justice Thomas Bathurst, National Anti-Corruption Commissioner Paul , and Independent Commission Against Corruption head [redacted for privacy, but notable commissioners]. This composition enables private discussions on sensitive topics, including critiques of public institutions like the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and bureaucratic expansions, fostering informal alliances that extend beyond the club's walls into national decision-making. Historically, the club has embodied the traditions of British colonial gentlemen's clubs, providing a stable environment for the Australian establishment to deliberate on economic and issues away from public scrutiny. By maintaining men-only membership—affirmed by a 2021 where a rejected admitting women—it preserves a dedicated to unfiltered male camaraderie and strategic exchange, which proponents argue sustains meritocratic networks unencumbered by broader societal mandates for diversity. Critics, often from progressive outlets, decry this exclusivity as perpetuating imbalances in power structures, though of the club's direct causal impact on policy outcomes remains anecdotal, tied to members' individual influences rather than institutional directives. In contemporary Australian society, the club's role underscores the persistence of private institutions amid democratization trends, serving as a to more inclusive forums. Events like guest speeches and internal debates on regulatory overreach highlight its function in articulating conservative viewpoints on fiscal restraint and institutional reform, potentially shaping members' stances in public roles. While not formally political, the concentration of influence within its ranks—evident in past and present leaders from Liberal and independent spheres—positions it as a nexus for sustaining the quo through relational capital rather than overt .

Facilities and Operations

Clubhouse and Amenities

The Australian Club's clubhouse is situated at 165 Macquarie Street in the heart of , providing members with panoramic views of the Royal Botanic Garden and the North Shore. The building, which has housed the club since its establishment, features facilities designed for private social and professional use, including multiple dining options and dedicated spaces for relaxation and business. Dining amenities include a main dining room and private dining rooms accommodating between 4 and 80 guests, emphasizing high standards of service and tailored to members' preferences. Accommodation options consist of en-suite bedrooms, standard suites, club suites, and premium suites, equipped with upscale hotel-like features such as queen or king beds, ensuites, and lounge areas in select rooms; check-in is at 3:00 PM with checkout at 11:00 AM. Additional facilities encompass a fully equipped gymnasium offering personal training sessions, a for reading and quiet study, and center services to support professional activities. On-site car parking is available, enhancing accessibility for members. These amenities collectively maintain the club's tradition as an exclusive retreat for networking, dining, and respite in a central urban location.

Reciprocal Arrangements

The Australian Club maintains reciprocal arrangements with numerous private members' clubs across and internationally, enabling its members to access facilities such as dining, accommodation, and business services at partner institutions while traveling. These agreements, governed by each club's bylaws, require visiting members to obtain a letter of introduction from their home club and comply with host club protocols, including dress codes and booking procedures. For incoming reciprocal visitors to the Australian Club, available facilities include multiple dining venues—the formal Members’ Dining Room (requiring jacket and tie for lunch), the Cedar Room (jacket and tie for dinner), and the more casual Buttery (jacket optional, no tie)—along with 32 guest rooms (four suites, 19 doubles, nine singles) and six additional Macquarie Suites equipped with kitchenettes. Other amenities extend to a gentlemen-only fitness centre, the Macquarie Business Centre for professional use, a , and bar services. Access to the first floor remains limited to members, gentlemen guests, and male reciprocal members until 5:00 p.m., while female reciprocal members may book and utilize designated areas thereafter. Dress standards for reciprocal guests emphasize formality: jacket and tie (or equivalent) are mandatory in principal areas like the dining rooms and bar, with ties optional after 5:00 p.m. in the Norman Cowper Room and jackets optional on the third floor; is prohibited throughout. Reservations for dining or accommodation must be arranged via the club's reception at +61 2 9229 0400 or [email protected], with adherence to bylaws 31–38 and 43–44 for sponsored visits.

Governance and Leadership

Presidents

The presidents of the Australian Club have typically been drawn from elite ranks of colonial administrators, judges, legislators, and business leaders, reflecting the club's status as a hub for influential gentlemen in Sydney society. The position entails chairing the , guiding strategic decisions such as property acquisitions and mergers, and representing the club's interests in reciprocal arrangements with overseas counterparts. Alexander Macleay, a naturalist and colonial secretary, served as the inaugural president from 1838 to 1848, overseeing the club's formation amid Sydney's early colonial expansion. His tenure coincided with the club's initial meetings at rented premises before establishing a permanent clubhouse. Campbell Drummond Riddell, a public servant and property owner, succeeded Macleay and held the presidency from 1848 to 1856, during which the club navigated post-transportation era social dynamics. Sir Deas Thomson, a long-serving colonial administrator and clerk of the Executive Council, acted as president at various points in the mid-19th century, including an extended period that bolstered the club's prestige through his networks in government and philanthropy. Merewether, a company director and grazier, led as president from 1888 to 1893, amid the club's consolidation in Macquarie . In the 20th century, Sir Norman Lethbridge Cowper, a solicitor and university chancellor, was elected president in 1969 for a three-year term, during which he managed a contentious merger with the Club to address membership and facility needs.
PresidentTermNotable Role
Alexander Macleay1838–1848Colonial secretary, naturalist
Campbell Drummond Riddell1848–1856Public servant, landholder
Sir Edward Deas ThomsonMid-19th century (extended)Colonial under-secretary
Edward Merewether1888–1893Director,
Sir Norman Cowper1969–1972Solicitor, merger overseer

Membership Criteria and Selection Process

Membership to the Australian Club is restricted to men, following a 2021 vote by members to reject admitting women. Prospective members must be nominated by an existing member and seconded by another, with nominations submitted to the club's for review. The committee evaluates candidates based on undisclosed criteria emphasizing standing, personal character, and alignment with the club's traditions of exclusivity and networking among figures in , law, and public life, often soliciting feedback from the broader membership. Historically, the selection process involved , where any member could veto a candidate anonymously, but this practice was discontinued by the late in favor of -led elections to streamline decisions and reduce potential abuse. Approved candidates are elected by the of management, reflecting the club's emphasis on maintaining a selective cohort; rejections, such as high-profile cases involving public controversies, underscore the committee's discretion in preserving the institution's reputation. While no public list of formal qualifications exists, successful nominees typically include senior executives, judges, and influential professionals, ensuring the club's role as a discreet venue for high-level . Annual fees are substantial, contributing to the barrier of entry alongside the nomination requirement, though exact figures are not disclosed publicly.

Membership and Influence

Profile of Members

The Australian Club maintains an exclusively male membership, with approximately 2,200 members as of August 2024. This composition reflects its status as one of Australia's oldest gentlemen's clubs, attracting affluent professionals and leaders who value privacy and tradition. Demographic analysis of surnames indicates a predominance of heritage, with limited ethnic diversity: no members bear surnames such as or Wang, only two Singhs, and eleven Whites, underscoring a narrow cultural profile typical of such historic institutions. First names further highlight this homogeneity, with 171 members named John, evoking a traditional, establishment-oriented cohort. Members span elite sectors including business, finance, law, politics, and the , where religious figures are notably overrepresented—19 reverends are listed, alongside senior leaders such as the Anglican of and his Catholic counterpart. Five members hold the title "," signifying honors for distinguished service or contributions. This profile positions the club as a network for influential, predominantly conservative-leaning men in positions of societal and .

Notable Members and Achievements

The Australian Club has historically attracted members from Australia's political, business, and judicial elite. Former Prime Minister , who led the nation from 1996 to 2007 and guided economic reforms including the introduction of the goods and services tax, was a longstanding member who celebrated his 1996 election victory at the club. Similarly, , Prime Minister from 2015 to 2018 and known for advancing telecommunications infrastructure through the , has been an active member supportive of internal club reforms. In business, media proprietor , who built the into a dominant force and revolutionized cricket broadcasting with in the 1970s, held membership alongside his son , whose casino developments expanded into a multibillion-dollar enterprise. Tech entrepreneur Michael Cannon-Brookes, co-founder of and a key figure in Australia's software export growth valued at over $10 billion annually, joined more recently. Judicial members include Thomas Bathurst, of from 2011 to 2022, who oversaw landmark reforms in court efficiency and anti-corruption measures, and , appointed National Anti-Corruption Commissioner in 2023 following his role in high-profile inquiries into defence misconduct. Other figures encompass former Sir , who commanded Australian forces in and before serving as from 2014 to 2019, and Cardinal , whose tenure as of influenced ecclesiastical policy amid global church reforms. These affiliations underscore the club's role in networking among individuals driving national policy, commerce, and governance.

Controversies and Debates

Gender Policy and Admission Debates

The Australian Club maintains a policy restricting full membership to men, a tradition upheld since its founding in as a . Women are permitted as guests but cannot propose or second membership applications, vote in club elections, or access certain facilities independently. This stance reflects the club's emphasis on preserving an environment conducive to candid male-only discourse, with proponents arguing that co-ed membership would alter the informal atmosphere essential to its networking function. Admission debates intensified in the early amid broader societal pressures for integration in private institutions. Internal proponents of , including some long-standing members, advocated for women's full membership to modernize the club and align with evolving professional norms, citing declining membership numbers and the need to attract younger professionals. Opponents countered that such changes risked diluting the club's foundational purpose as a refuge for unfiltered discussion among men, potentially introducing interpersonal dynamics incompatible with its traditions. These tensions culminated in a formal ballot on June 15, 2021, where 693 members voted, with 62% opposing women's admission, 37% in favor, and 1% abstaining, decisively rejecting . The vote triggered resignations from reform advocates, including businessman Geoff Cousins, a former advisor to , who cited the decision's incompatibility with contemporary values as his reason for departing. External criticism from female corporate leaders highlighted perceived barriers to women's professional advancement, framing the policy as emblematic of lingering male exclusivity in elite networks. Club leadership defended the outcome as a democratic expression of member preferences, underscoring the private nature of the association and its exemption from anti-discrimination mandates applicable to public entities. No subsequent votes have altered the policy as of 2025, with the club continuing to prioritize tradition over external calls for change.

Criticisms of Exclusivity and Elitism

The Australian Club in has been criticized for perpetuating through its rigorous membership criteria, which favor established professionals, leaders, and political figures from upper socioeconomic strata, thereby excluding broader societal participation and fostering an insular network of influence. Detractors contend that the club's selectivity—requiring nominations from existing members, provisions, and substantial fees—reinforces class divisions by concentrating decision-making power among a homogeneous , often at the expense of meritocratic access in and . This structure is seen as emblematic of "old boys' networks" that prioritize legacy connections over diverse input, potentially skewing policy and commercial outcomes toward entrenched interests. Public figures have highlighted the club's tax-advantaged status as enabling undue privilege for such exclusive institutions. In May 2021, Victorian Treasurer lambasted men's clubs including the Australian Club as "elitist organisations" that had long enjoyed land tax concessions while maintaining discriminatory practices, arguing that such exemptions were outdated and unfair in a modern egalitarian society. Similarly, entrepreneur described Melbourne's analogous clubs as "cosy, comfortable and elitist" in 2023, implying their insularity hampers broader professional dynamism and innovation. These critiques, often from left-leaning political and media sources, underscore concerns over accountability, though defenders invoke rights to private association. Instances of high-profile rejections further illustrate the club's gatekeeping. In June 2024, former was denied membership despite his stature, a decision attributed to the club's emphasis on fitting its cultural over mere prominence, which critics viewed as emblematic of snobbish exclusivity detached from national leadership credentials. Media portrayals reinforce this, depicting the club as a "bastion of political influence" where networking occurs behind closed doors, raising questions about democratic transparency in influence peddling. Such episodes highlight systemic critiques of how exclusivity may entrench inequality, though linking club membership directly to distorted outcomes remains anecdotal rather than causal.

Responses to External Pressures

In June 2021, amid growing external scrutiny from media outlets and public figures advocating for integration, the Australian Club's membership conducted a special general meeting to vote on amending its to admit women, requiring a 75% for approval. Of 693 votes cast, 62% opposed the change, effectively upholding the men-only policy despite falling short of the threshold. This democratic process prioritized internal member consensus over external demands, with club leadership framing the outcome as reflective of the majority's preference to preserve the institution's traditional character. Opponents within the club, including retired Federal Court judge Peter Graham, KC, mobilized through circulated documents and emails emphasizing practical and cultural rationales for resistance, such as the risk of attracting "women you wouldn’t want" as members and the club's role as a "refuge from bossy women." Graham further argued that admitting women could irreparably harm the club's "distinctive male decor" and atmosphere, potentially damaging reciprocal arrangements with women-only clubs like the , while warning of adverse publicity from prolonged debate. These internal defenses countered pressures by highlighting the club's longstanding identity as a space for unfiltered male camaraderie, distinct from mixed environments, and noted the absence of widespread member demand for reform based on prior surveys. Facing resignations from pro-admission members like businessman Geoff Cousins, who cited the vote's outcome as incompatible with evolving societal norms, the club maintained its stance without altering guest policies allowing women to visit when accompanied by male members. Critics, including former Prime Minister , labeled the decision outdated, yet the club invoked its private status under Australian law, exempt from anti-discrimination mandates for associational membership, to affirm autonomy. By 2025, the policy remained intact, as evidenced by ongoing enforcement of male-specific dress codes, underscoring a consistent response of member-driven over capitulation to external ideological campaigns.

References

  1. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17469354
  2. https://dictionaryofsydney.org/organisation/australian_club
  3. https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/gender/no-women-allowed-the-australia-club-votes-to-remain-open-to-only-male-members-20210615-p5813r.html
  4. https://archival.sl.nsw.gov.au/Details/archive/110319424
  5. https://www.afr.com/politics/beyond-belief-elite-men-s-club-votes-no-to-letting-women-in-20210615-p5819n
  6. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/16/businessman-who-advised-john-howard-quits-australian-club-after-vote-to-continue-banning-women
  7. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-16/australian-club-member-quits-after-vote-to-exclude/13393074
  8. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/64030536
  9. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/31-bligh-street-office
  10. https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn1613740
  11. https://www.smh.com.au/national/it-was-guerrilla-warfare-inside-the-fight-for-the-future-of-the-australian-club-20220719-p5b2ou.html
  12. https://www.afr.com/rear-window/who-s-in-and-out-at-the-australian-club-20240813-p5k1xn
  13. https://www.afr.com/rear-window/bloated-bureaucrats-their-abc-under-fire-at-australian-club-20250825-p5mpmg
  14. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9687107/Australias-oldest-secretive-mens-club-votes-AGAINST-women-joining.html
  15. https://www.afr.com/wealth/people/the-australian-club-by-the-numbers-20240814-p5k2fc
  16. https://redflag.org.au/article/elite-club-cesspit-sexism
  17. https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/members-only-20241216-p5kyq1.html
  18. https://members.165macquariestreet.com.au/web/pages/home
  19. https://members.165macquariestreet.com.au/general-information
  20. https://theaustralianclub.com.au/documents/20124/51340/The%2BAustralian%2BClub%2BAccommodationJan%2B2023%2BCurrent.pdf
  21. https://theaustralianclub.com.au/accommodation
  22. https://www.onlysydney.com.au/the-australian-club
  23. https://www.norskeselskab.no/files/dns/Documents/AC%20-%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%202024.pdf
  24. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cowper-sir-norman-lethbridge-12361
  25. https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/macleay_alexander
  26. https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/riddell_campbell_drummond
  27. https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/Pages/profiles/thomson_edward-deas.aspx
  28. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/167327563
  29. https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/merewether_edward
  30. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%257CA62684596&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00358762&p=AONE&sw=w
  31. https://www.afr.com/rear-window/new-blue-blood-at-the-australian-club-20220711-p5b0q7
  32. https://www.afr.com/rear-window/australian-club-skirmishes-over-alan-jones-20220313-p5a49b
  33. https://www.afr.com/politics/damned-shame-about-the-club-20000526-jgg1m
  34. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9683047/Australias-exclusive-mens-club-set-stay-way.html
  35. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/15/elite-male-only-gentlemens-club-in-sydney-votes-to-keep-banning-female-members
  36. https://manofmany.com/culture/sydneys-most-exclusive-private-members-clubs
  37. https://www.marieclaire.com.au/latest-news/inside-gentlemans-club/
  38. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/15/victorian-treasurer-takes-swipe-at-elitist-mens-only-clubs-as-budget-lifts-property-taxes
  39. https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/workplace/mark-bouris-sets-up-collins-st-rival-to-melbourne-s-men-s-only-clubs-20230529-p5dc5l
  40. https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/scott-morrison-denied-entry-to-exclusive-all-male-club/
  41. https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/leaders/after-142-years-the-australian-club-decides-it-s-too-soon-for-women-20220118-p59p6q
  42. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/menonly-australian-club-vote-are-women-wanted/news-story/900270e5cb3eff390e270ccda47a24b4
  43. https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/gender/women-can-be-pms-premiers-and-judges-but-not-members-of-elite-sydney-club-turnbull-20210616-p581gf.html
  44. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2025/aug/01/sockettes-ban-the-australian-club-mens-only
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