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Distinguished Service Order
Distinguished Service Order
Distinguished Service Order
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Distinguished Service Order
Obverse and reverse (reign of George V)
Awarded by United Kingdom and Commonwealth
TypeOrder
Established6 September 1886
EligibilityMembers of the Armed Forces
Awarded for"Distinguished services during active operations against the enemy."[1]
StatusCurrently awarded
SovereignCharles III
GradesCompanion
Statistics
Total inductees
Precedence
Next (higher)Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE)[5]
Next (lower)Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO)

DSO ribbon

The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military award of the United Kingdom, as well as formerly throughout the Commonwealth, awarded for operational gallantry for highly successful command and leadership during active operations, typically in actual combat.

Equal in British precedence of military decorations to the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross and Royal Red Cross, since 1993 the DSO is eligible to all ranks awarded specifically for "highly successful command and leadership during active operations".[6]

History

[edit]
Bar for additional DSO award
Major Paul Garneau, of the Royal 22e Régiment, with the DSO he received for "gallant and distinguished services in the combined attack on Dieppe" after his investiture at Buckingham Palace in October 1942[7]

Instituted on 6 September 1886 by Queen Victoria by Royal Warrant published in The London Gazette on 9 November,[8] the first DSOs awarded were dated 25 November 1886.[9]

The order was established to recognise individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war. It is a military order, and was, until recently, typically awarded to officers in command above the rank of major (or equivalent), with awards to lower ranks usually being for a high degree of gallantry, just short of deserving the Victoria Cross.[10]

Whilst normally given for service under fire or under conditions equivalent to service in actual combat with the enemy, a number of awards made between 1914 and 1916 were under circumstances not under fire, often to staff officers, causing resentment among front-line officers. After 1 January 1917, commanders in the field were instructed to recommend this award only for those serving under fire.[11]

From 1916, bars could be authorised for subsequent award of the DSO, worn on the ribbon of the original award.[11]

In 1942, the award was extended to officers of the Merchant Navy who had performed acts of gallantry whilst under enemy attack.[12]

Prior to 1943, the DSO could be awarded to only commissioned officers of the Lieutenant-Colonel rank and above, for 'meritorious or distinguished service in wartime' under conditions of actual combat. If awarded to an officer ranking below Lieutenant-Colonel, it had to be a case of 'a high degree of gallantry just short of deserving the Victoria Cross'. In either case, being 'Mentioned in Despatches' was a pre-condition for appointment to the Distinguished Service Order.[13]

The stipulation that only those mentioned in despatches could be appointed to the Order was removed in 1943.[11]

Modern era

[edit]

Since 1993, reflecting the review of the British honours system which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of operational awards, the DSO has been open to all ranks, with the award criteria redefined as "highly successful command and leadership during active operations".[6] At the same time, the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross was introduced as the second-highest award for gallantry.[14] Despite some very fierce campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, the DSO has yet to be awarded to a non-commissioned rank.[15]

The DSO was previously awarded throughout the Commonwealth but by the 1990s most, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were had established their own honours systems no longer recommending British honours.[16]

Nomenclature

[edit]

Recipients of the Order, formally styled Companions of the Distinguished Service Order, are entitled to use DSO as post-nominal letters. All awards are announced in The London Gazette.[17]

Description

[edit]
  • The decoration signifying the award of the DSO is a silver-gilt (gold until 1889) cross with curved ends, 1.6 in (4.1 cm) wide, enamelled white and edged in gilt.[3] It is manufactured by Messrs Garrard & Co, the Crown Jewellers.[17]
  • In the centre of the obverse, within a green enamelled laurel wreath, is the Imperial Crown in gold upon a red enamelled background. The reverse has the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch in gold within a similar wreath and background.[17]
  • A ring at the top of the decoration attaches to a ring at the bottom of a gilt suspension bar, ornamented with laurel. Since 1938 the year of award engraved on the back of the suspension bar.[17] At the top of the ribbon is a second gilt bar ornamented with laurel.[10]
  • The decorations are issued unnamed but some recipients have had their names engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar.[10]
  • The red ribbon is 1.125 in (2.86 cm) wide with narrow blue edges.[14]
  • The Bar for an additional award is plain gold with an Imperial Crown in the centre. Since about 1938, the year of the award has been engraved on the back of the Bar.[17] A rosette is worn on the ribbon in undress uniform to signify the award of each Bar.[18]

Recipients

[edit]

Numbers awarded

[edit]

From 1918 to 2017, the Distinguished Service Order was awarded approximately 16,935 times, in addition to 1,910 bars. The figures to 1979 are laid out in the table below,[19] the dates reflecting the relevant entries in the London Gazette:

Period Crosses 1st bar 2nd bar 3rd bar
Pre-First World War 1886–1913 1,732 – – –
First World War 1914–1919 9,881 768 76 7
Inter-war 1919–1939 148 16 – –
Second World War 1939–1946 4,880 947 59 8
Post-1945 1947–1979 204 20 5 1
Total 1886–1979 16,845 1,751 140 16

In addition, approximately 90 DSOs were awarded between 1980 and 2017, including awards for the Falklands, Gulf, Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, in addition to three Bars.[20] The above figures include awards to the Commonwealth.

  • In all, 1,220 DSOs were awarded to Canadians, plus 119 first bars and 20 second Bars.[10]
  • From 1901 to 1972, when the last Australian to receive the DSO was announced, 1,018 awards were made to Australians, plus 70 first Bars and one second Bar.[21]
  • The DSO was awarded to over 300 New Zealanders during the two World Wars.[12]
  • At least 14 Indian officers of the British Indian Army (i.e., until 1947) were awarded the DSO, with one in the First World War and 13 in the Second World War. The higher number awarded during the latter was due to the gradual Indianization of the British Indian Army from 1923 (see: South Asian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order).
  • Honorary awards to members of allied foreign forces include at least 1,329 for the First World War.[19]

Quadruple recipients

[edit]
See also: Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order

The following received the DSO with three Bars (i.e., awarded the DSO four times):

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Distinguished Service Order

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a British military decoration instituted on 6 September 1886 by through a Royal Warrant, published in on 9 November 1886, to recognize individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war. The award, initially intended for officers of the , , and later the Royal Air Force who demonstrated gallantry or leadership under fire during active operations, has been conferred for highly successful command and exemplary conduct in combat since its creation. The first recipients were gazetted on 25 November 1886, marking the order's immediate application to wartime merits. Originally for commissioned officers across the armed services, the DSO evolved to encompass all ranks by the late , though it remains an operational gallantry award emphasizing rather than a single act of . It is not awarded posthumously, and a is added to the for subsequent acts warranting the honor, with up to three bars recorded in historical instances. The order's features a patonce with white enamel, edged in , bearing a surmounted by a red enamel within a green on the obverse, suspended from a with borders. The DSO gained prominence during major conflicts, including the , the Boer War, and both World Wars, where over 8,000 were awarded in the First World War alone for distinguished leadership amid intense combat. Its registers and citations, maintained from 1886 to 1945, provide detailed records of recipients' contributions, underscoring its role in honoring strategic and tactical excellence in British . Today, administered by the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, the DSO continues as a prestigious emblem of operational valor within the UK's honors system.

Description and Design

Insignia

The insignia of the Distinguished Service Order consists of a cross patonce measuring approximately 42 mm in width and 44 mm in height, struck in with white enamel on the arms and edging. The obverse bears a central red-enameled medallion featuring the in , encircled by a green-enameled . This design symbolizes valor and victory, with the cross patonce form evoking medieval military traditions and the laurel wreath denoting achievement in service. The reverse mirrors the obverse structure but replaces the crown with the reigning Sovereign's cypher in gold on the red-enameled ground within the green ; for instance, early awards under displayed "V.R.I." (Victoria Regina et Imperatrix). Following the accession of in 1902, subsequent awards incorporated the updated cypher of the current monarch, such as "E.R." or later equivalents, to reflect the continuity of royal authority. The badge is suspended from a straight bar ornamented with laurel leaves, connected via rings for attachment to the ribbon. The insignia is mounted on a ribbon edged with narrow stripes, with wearing details covered in the Ribbon and Accessories section.

Ribbon and Accessories

The ribbon of the Distinguished Service Order measures 1.125 inches (28.6 mm) in width and consists of a centre flanked by narrow dark edges, symbolizing the valor and service associated with the award. This design has remained consistent since the order's institution in 1886, distinguishing it from ribbons of other British honors such as the (red with light blue edges) or the Order of St Michael and St George (Saxon blue with scarlet and black edges). The badge is suspended from the ribbon via a straight suspender bar ornamented with a , which adds a classical of and achievement. For recipients earning additional awards, a clasp in the form of a plain , featuring an at its center, is positioned on the above the suspension bar to denote the subsequent distinction. The reverse of each bar is engraved with the year of the award, and multiple bars can be added for further honors, with the bars stacked horizontally on the . In undress or ribbon-only contexts, a silver rosette is affixed to the to signify the presence of one or more bars, providing a subtle yet recognizable indicator of repeated meritorious service. The order is worn suspended from its ribbon on the left breast in full dress uniform, either as a single medal or mounted on a bar with other decorations. For women in formal attire, it may be worn from a ribbon sash over the left shoulder. A miniature version of the badge, scaled to one-half size and suspended from a proportionally narrower ribbon, is used for evening wear, typically pinned to the left lapel.

History

Establishment

The Distinguished Service Order was instituted on 6 September 1886 by through a Royal Warrant, which was published in on 9 November 1886. This military decoration was established to reward individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war, particularly by officers serving in combat under fire. It addressed a need for an honor that recognized notable acts of leadership and gallantry in action by commissioned officers who did not qualify for the higher , while exceeding the scope of mere mentions in despatches. The original Royal Warrant specified that the order was for "distinguished services in action," limiting eligibility to commissioned officers of the and . The Royal Air Force was included as an eligible service from 1 April 1918, reflecting the evolution of Britain's armed forces. Posthumous awards were not permitted under the initial rules, aligning with broader restrictions on gallantry honors at the time, where only the or mentions in despatches could be granted after death until later changes, such as the introduction of the in 1940, prior to 1979. The first Distinguished Service Orders were dated 25 November 1886 and issued for exemplary conduct during the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885–1887), with subsequent early awards recognizing service in other colonial campaigns.

Usage in Conflicts

The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) saw its first large-scale application during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), where it was awarded to over 1,100 British and officers for exemplary leadership in combat operations. These awards recognized meritorious service under challenging conditions, particularly in key engagements such as the Battle of Colenso on 15 December 1899, where recipients demonstrated tactical acumen amid heavy Boer resistance and difficult terrain. The war marked a significant expansion of the order's use, transitioning it from sporadic recognitions to a standard honor for mid-level officers exhibiting gallantry and command effectiveness in colonial conflicts. During (1914–1918), the DSO experienced massive proliferation, with approximately 8,981 awards issued, primarily to officers at the brigade or level for distinguished leadership under fire. This period highlighted the order's role in rewarding sustained operational success on the Western Front and other theaters, where recipients coordinated assaults, defended positions, and maintained amid intense and engagements. The sheer volume reflected the unprecedented scale of the conflict, with awards often accompanying mentions in despatches for acts that went beyond routine duty. Commonwealth contributions were notable, including hundreds of awards to Australian, Canadian, and officers serving in British-led formations, underscoring the order's integration across imperial forces. In (1939–1945), approximately 4,880 DSOs (including bars) were awarded, emphasizing tactical innovation and leadership in fluid, high-stakes environments such as the and the . Awards focused on officers who orchestrated armored advances, amphibious assaults, or defensive stands, adapting to mechanized warfare and multinational coalitions. Examples include recognitions for coordinating desert maneuvers against Axis forces or directing breakout operations from beachheads in , where recipients displayed resolve under sustained enemy pressure. The order continued to honor personnel, with significant numbers going to Australian, Canadian, and Indian commanders integrated into British units, reinforcing inter-allied command structures. Post-World War II conflicts saw limited DSO distributions, reflecting the order's evolving scope amid changing military honors systems. In the (1950–1953), only a handful of awards were made to British and Commonwealth officers for leadership in defensive actions and counteroffensives, such as those during the Battle of . Similarly, the (1982) yielded a small number of DSOs, primarily to naval and ground commanders for orchestrating amphibious and land operations in adverse South Atlantic conditions. Awards continued infrequently in later conflicts following 1993 reforms that refocused the DSO on leadership across all ranks.

Post-War Developments

Following , the frequency of Distinguished Service Order (DSO) awards declined markedly compared to the wartime peaks, reflecting fewer large-scale conflicts involving British forces and shifts in the honours system. Notable post-war issuances included several during the of 1982, such as to Commodore for leadership in naval operations. Similarly, DSOs were awarded in the of 1991 for distinguished service in active operations, including to members of the and personnel. While awards continued sporadically in subsequent operations like those in and —totaling around 90 between 1980 and 2017—the DSO became increasingly rare, emphasizing its role in recognizing exceptional command rather than routine gallantry. In 1993, a comprehensive review of the British honours system led to significant reforms for operational gallantry awards, extending DSO eligibility to all ranks rather than limiting it to officers and reorienting it toward "highly successful command and during active operations." This change aligned the DSO with a new framework that removed rank-based distinctions, introducing the (CGC) as the primary award for individual acts of gallantry across services and ranks, effectively superseding the DSO in precedence for most such cases. The reforms aimed to modernize the system, ensuring broader accessibility while preserving the DSO for in combat environments. As of 2025, the DSO remains an active decoration within the honours system, though it is awarded infrequently due to its specific focus on operational and the precedence of the CGC for gallantry. It underwent further scrutiny during the 2012 Public Administration Select Committee review of the honours system, which recommended its retention for exceptional command contributions amid broader evaluations of military awards. Recent examples underscore its ongoing relevance, such as the 2025 award to Alistair Carns for outstanding in operations, marking the first DSO bearing King Charles III's cypher. There are no confirmed plans for discontinuation, and the award continues to symbolize exemplary service in modern conflicts.

Award Criteria and Administration

Eligibility

The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is awarded for highly successful command and leadership during active operations against the enemy, where the recipient demonstrates distinguished service under fire or in conditions equivalent to . This criterion emphasizes personal risk and tangible operational impact, excluding purely administrative, logistical, or non-combat roles that do not involve direct exposure to enemy action. Eligibility is restricted to members of the across all services—the , , and —as well as personnel from countries serving under command. Civilians are expressly ineligible, as the award is a decoration tied to operational command in armed conflict. Originally instituted in 1886, the DSO was limited to commissioned officers of rank and above (or equivalent) for meritorious wartime service, a restriction that reflected its focus on senior leadership roles. In 1993, following a review of the British gallantry awards system, eligibility was broadened to encompass all ranks, including non-commissioned officers and warrant officers, while retaining the emphasis on exemplary leadership. Posthumous awards were historically permissible from 1916 onward during the World Wars but are not permitted under current policy.

Selection Process

Nominations for the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) are initiated by commanding officers who witness or are informed of acts of highly successful command and leadership during active operations. These recommendations are submitted using MOD Form 408 and forwarded through the chain of command for initial validation and endorsement by superior officers. The submissions then undergo review by service-specific honours boards within the , which assess the merits against established criteria before escalating to the central Honours and Decorations (HD) Committee or its sub-committees, such as the (Military) Committee, responsible for scrutinizing gallantry awards. This multi-level evaluation ensures consistency in standards and prioritizes operational impact. Final approval is granted by the , acting on the advice of the Secretary of State for Defence or the , confirming the award's alignment with national recognition policies. Once approved, the DSO is officially announced in , including a detailed citation outlining the recipient's contributions, typically within weeks of the decision during active conflicts. Awards are predominantly made during wartime or immediately following significant operations, with peacetime nominations being exceptional and often backdated to reflect qualifying service.

Recipients

Award Statistics

The has been awarded approximately 17,000 times since its institution in , with the vast majority conferred during major conflicts. Awards peaked during the First World War, when 8,981 DSOs were issued to recognize meritorious service under fire, primarily to British and officers. The Second World War saw around 4,900 awards, reflecting leadership in active operations across multiple theaters. Earlier, during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), approximately 1,167 DSOs were granted, often to senior officers in command roles. Post-1945 awards have been fewer than in major wars, totaling approximately 300 as of 2025, including notable instances during the (19), , , and operations, as well as recent conflicts.
ConflictApproximate Number of Awards
Pre-Boer War (1886–1898)500
Second Boer War (1899–1902)1,167
First World War (1914–1918)8,981
Second World War (1939–1945)4,900
Post-1945 (including Falklands, Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan)≈300
Prior to 1993, over 95% of DSOs were awarded to commissioned officers, aligning with its original focus on leadership in combat; since then, eligibility has extended to all ranks, though awards remain predominantly to senior personnel. Distribution by service branch shows a heavy emphasis on the (around 70%), followed by the Royal Air Force (20%) and (10%), reflecting the scale of ground operations in major wars. Multiple awards, denoted by bars, highlight exceptional repeated service; approximately 1,900 bars have been issued overall, with about 1,500 recipients receiving at least one bar and over 100 earning two or more. These were most common in the World Wars, where sustained command under duress warranted additional recognition. As of November 2025, the DSO remains an active decoration, with no awards discontinued; the most recent was presented in July 2025 to a veteran for service in .

Notable Recipients

The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) has been awarded to numerous prominent military leaders whose actions shaped key campaigns. One of the most celebrated recipients from is , known as Lawrence of Arabia, who received the DSO for his exceptional leadership in the Arabian campaign against Ottoman forces. Lawrence coordinated guerrilla operations that disrupted enemy supply lines and communications, contributing significantly to the Arab Revolt's success in 1917–1918. His efforts exemplified innovative tactics that influenced modern . In , earned recognition through the DSO for his command during the in 1942, a pivotal Allied victory in that halted Axis advances and marked a turning point in the . 's meticulous planning and leadership of the Eighth Army forced German into retreat, boosting Allied morale and strategy across the Mediterranean theater. Similarly, Lieutenant Colonel was awarded the DSO in 1942 for founding and leading the (SAS) in daring raids behind enemy lines in . 's small-unit tactics destroyed aircraft and supplies, disrupting Axis logistics and establishing the SAS as a model for elite forces. Earlier notable recipients include Horatio Kitchener, who received the DSO for his role in the campaigns, particularly the reconquest culminating in the in 1898. Kitchener's strategic oversight and use of gunboat-supported advances reasserted British control over , avenging the death of General Charles Gordon and securing imperial interests in the region. In the during , General (K. S. Thimayya) was awarded the DSO for gallant leadership in , where his division's defensive stands and counterattacks against Japanese forces helped stabilize Allied positions in . Commonwealth recipients highlight the order's broad reach. Australian General Sir received the DSO during for staff work and brigade command at Gallipoli and on the Western Front, where his organizational skills supported Australian Imperial Force operations amid heavy casualties. Canadian air ace William Avery "Billy" was awarded the DSO in for downing multiple enemy aircraft as a pilot, achieving 72 victories and pioneering aggressive fighter tactics that influenced air warfare doctrine. The DSO often propelled recipients to higher commands, as seen with Montgomery, whose success led to oversight of the invasion, and , whose innovations expanded globally post-war. Such recognition underscored under fire, fostering career advancements that shaped 20th-century .

Multiple Awards

The Distinguished Service Order could be awarded multiple times to the same individual for further acts of distinguished service in wartime, with additional awards denoted by bars attached to the and . A royal warrant issued on 23 August 1916 formally introduced the bar system to recognize subsequent meritorious actions that would have warranted an initial DSO. The bar itself is a plain gold device bearing an in the center, with the year of the award engraved on the reverse; a first bar signifies a second award, and a second bar indicates a third award. For a fourth award, an additional emblem was used, though such instances were exceedingly rare. The process for awarding bars paralleled that of the initial DSO, requiring recommendation by commanding officers and approval through the chain of command, but demanded acts of escalating distinction under fire or in leadership roles. Multiple awards became more common during prolonged conflicts like the World Wars, where sustained leadership or repeated gallantry could be demonstrated over time. In , approximately 8,981 DSOs were issued overall, with around 1,000 first bars (second awards) and fewer second bars (third awards). saw about 4,900 DSOs awarded, including roughly 560 second or third awards, reflecting the demands of extended campaigns in theaters such as and . These repeat honors were particularly prevalent among senior officers in command positions, underscoring the order's focus on operational leadership rather than isolated acts of bravery. Triple recipients, denoted by two bars, numbered around 60 during , with examples including Captain of the Royal Flying Corps, who earned his third DSO in April 1917 for exceptional aerial combat leadership before his death in action. Such awards highlighted cumulative contributions in high-risk environments like the Western Front air battles. In , figures like Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Blair Mayne of the received multiple DSOs for daring raids behind enemy lines, culminating in a third award in 1943 for operations in and . Quadruple recipients (DSO with three bars) are exceptionally rare, with 13 known cases across British and forces from the World Wars, including four officers and one from such as Commander Archibald Walter Buckle, RNVR, who received his fourth DSO in March 1918 for gallant command of the Anson Battalion during assaults on the Western Front, despite multiple wounds, and several from such as Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Blair Mayne. No individual ever received a fifth award (quintuple DSO), as the escalating criteria and wartime hazards made further distinctions improbable. These highest honors symbolized unparalleled sustained excellence in combat command.

References

  1. https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/remembrance/medals-and-decorations/medals/distinguished-service-order-dso
  2. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/british-military-gallantry-medals/
  3. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility
  4. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/awards-and-accreditation/content/100073
  5. http://www.onlinemedals.co.uk/medal-encyclopaedia/other-medals/distinguished-service-order
  6. https://www.birkenheadrsamedals.nz/medals/warrants/40.pdf
  7. https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/795076
  8. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/medal-ribbons
  9. https://www.ecsnaith.com/dso-ribbon.html
  10. https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/9/Distinguished-Service-Order-DSO.htm
  11. https://centralchancery.org.uk/media/3qafvnti/how-to-wear-guide.pdf
  12. http://www.greatwar.co.uk/medals/ww1-gallantry-awards.htm
  13. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/recommendations-military-honours-awards-1935-1990/
  14. https://www.omrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/V10_Pattison-The-DSO-To-Adequately-Reward.pdf
  15. https://www.angloboerwar.com/medals-and-awards/british/1884-distinguished-service-order
  16. https://www.awardmedals.com/dso-gv-full-size-medal-loose
  17. https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/australian-honours-system/imperial-medals
  18. https://www.identifymedals.com/medals-database-second-world-war-ww2/
  19. https://www.qrhmuseum.com/recipients-of-the-distinguished-service-order-post-second-world-war
  20. https://www.naval-history.net/F65-Falklands-British_gallantry_awards.htm
  21. https://www.royal.uk/military-honours-and-awards
  22. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmpubadm/19/19.pdf
  23. https://www.forcesnews.com/politics/veterans-minister-former-royal-marines-colonel-al-carns-awarded-dso-ny-honours-list
  24. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Distinguished-Service-Order
  25. http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/awards_dso.php
  26. https://artilleryhistory.org/gunners_past_and_present/awards/distinguished_service_order/distinguished_service_order.html
  27. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a802607ed915d74e33f8bb2/JSP761_Part1.pdf
  28. https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2009-06-01/debates/09060131000049/ArmedForcesMedals
  29. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-the-honours-system-works
  30. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/130-2012-service-personnel-awarded-for-outstanding-gallantry
  31. https://www.identifymedals.com/database/medals-by-period/ww1-medals/the-distinguished-service-order-medal/
  32. https://www.historyonthenet.com/ww2-medals
  33. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/operational-honours-and-awards-list-24-september-2010
  34. https://monarchies.fandom.com/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order
  35. https://www.forcesnews.com/services/royal-marines/first-distinguished-service-order-bearing-kings-cypher-awarded-veterans
  36. https://www.historynet.com/te-lawrence-the-enigmatic-lawrence-of-arabia/
  37. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/david-stirling
  38. https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/army/personnel/chiefs/ks-thimayya/
  39. https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C2773513
  40. https://cahf.ca/william-avery-bishop/
  41. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Albert-Ball-Great-War-Fighter-Ace/
  42. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100073
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