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Autopsy of John F. Kennedy
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Autopsy of John F. Kennedy
The autopsy of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was performed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. The autopsy began at about 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on November 22, 1963—the day of Kennedy's assassination—and ended in the early morning of November 23, 1963. The choice of autopsy hospital in the Washington, D.C. area was made by his widow, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, who chose the Bethesda inasmuch as President Kennedy had been a naval officer during World War II.
The autopsy was conducted by two physicians, Commander James Humes and Commander J. Thornton Boswell. They were assisted by ballistics wound expert Pierre Finck of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Although Kennedy's personal physician, Rear Admiral George Burkley pushed for an expedited autopsy simply to find the bullet, the commanding officer of the medical center—Admiral Calvin Galloway—intervened to order a complete autopsy.
The autopsy found that Kennedy was hit by two bullets. One entered his upper back and exited below his neck, albeit obscured by a tracheotomy. The other bullet struck Kennedy in the back of his head and exited the front of his skull in a large exit wound. The trajectory of the latter bullet was marked by bullet fragments throughout his brain. The former bullet was not found during the autopsy, but was discovered at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas. It later became the subject of the Warren Commission's single-bullet theory, often derided as the "magic-bullet theory" by conspiracy theorists.
In 1968, U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark organized a medical panel to examine the autopsy's photographs and X-rays. The panel concurred with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Kennedy was killed by two shots from behind. The House Select Committee on Assassinations—which concluded that there likely was a conspiracy and that there had been an assassin in front of the president on the grassy knoll—also agreed with the Warren Commission. Nevertheless, due to procedural errors, discrepancies, and the 1966 disappearance of Kennedy's brain, the autopsy has become the subject of numerous conspiracy theories.
The 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. After the shooting, Kennedy's limousine brought him to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead after more than twenty minutes' treatment. The Secret Service was concerned about the possibility of a larger plot and urged the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, to leave Dallas and return to the White House. Johnson refused to do so without any proof of Kennedy's death.
Johnson returned to Air Force One about 1:30 p.m., and shortly thereafter he received telephone calls from two advisors, McGeorge Bundy and Walter Jenkins, who recommended his immediate return to Washington, D.C. He replied that he would not leave Dallas without the president's wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, and that she would not leave without Kennedy's body. According to Esquire, Johnson did "not want to be remembered as an abandoner of beautiful widows".
The Dallas County medical examiner, Earl Rose, was at Parkland when he learned that President Kennedy had been pronounced dead. Rose entered the trauma room where Kennedy's body lay and was confronted by a Secret Service agent, Roy Kellerman, and Kennedy's personal physician, George Burkley, who said that there was no time to perform an autopsy because Jacqueline Kennedy would not leave Dallas without her husband's body, which was to be delivered promptly to the airport.
At the time of President Kennedy's assassination, the murder of a president was not under federal jurisdiction. Accordingly, Rose insisted that Texas law required him to perform a post mortem examination. A heated exchange ensued as he argued with Kennedy's aides. Kennedy's body was placed in a coffin and, accompanied by Jacqueline, rolled down the corridor on a gurney. Rose was reported to have stood in a hospital doorway, backed by a Dallas policeman, in an attempt to prevent removal of the body. The presidential aides argued with Dallas officials until, according to Robert Caro's The Years of Lyndon Johnson, they "literally shoved [Rose] and the policeman aside to get out of the building". Rose later stated that he had not fought back, because he considered it unwise to increase tension.
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Autopsy of John F. Kennedy
The autopsy of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was performed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. The autopsy began at about 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on November 22, 1963—the day of Kennedy's assassination—and ended in the early morning of November 23, 1963. The choice of autopsy hospital in the Washington, D.C. area was made by his widow, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, who chose the Bethesda inasmuch as President Kennedy had been a naval officer during World War II.
The autopsy was conducted by two physicians, Commander James Humes and Commander J. Thornton Boswell. They were assisted by ballistics wound expert Pierre Finck of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Although Kennedy's personal physician, Rear Admiral George Burkley pushed for an expedited autopsy simply to find the bullet, the commanding officer of the medical center—Admiral Calvin Galloway—intervened to order a complete autopsy.
The autopsy found that Kennedy was hit by two bullets. One entered his upper back and exited below his neck, albeit obscured by a tracheotomy. The other bullet struck Kennedy in the back of his head and exited the front of his skull in a large exit wound. The trajectory of the latter bullet was marked by bullet fragments throughout his brain. The former bullet was not found during the autopsy, but was discovered at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas. It later became the subject of the Warren Commission's single-bullet theory, often derided as the "magic-bullet theory" by conspiracy theorists.
In 1968, U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark organized a medical panel to examine the autopsy's photographs and X-rays. The panel concurred with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Kennedy was killed by two shots from behind. The House Select Committee on Assassinations—which concluded that there likely was a conspiracy and that there had been an assassin in front of the president on the grassy knoll—also agreed with the Warren Commission. Nevertheless, due to procedural errors, discrepancies, and the 1966 disappearance of Kennedy's brain, the autopsy has become the subject of numerous conspiracy theories.
The 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. After the shooting, Kennedy's limousine brought him to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead after more than twenty minutes' treatment. The Secret Service was concerned about the possibility of a larger plot and urged the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, to leave Dallas and return to the White House. Johnson refused to do so without any proof of Kennedy's death.
Johnson returned to Air Force One about 1:30 p.m., and shortly thereafter he received telephone calls from two advisors, McGeorge Bundy and Walter Jenkins, who recommended his immediate return to Washington, D.C. He replied that he would not leave Dallas without the president's wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, and that she would not leave without Kennedy's body. According to Esquire, Johnson did "not want to be remembered as an abandoner of beautiful widows".
The Dallas County medical examiner, Earl Rose, was at Parkland when he learned that President Kennedy had been pronounced dead. Rose entered the trauma room where Kennedy's body lay and was confronted by a Secret Service agent, Roy Kellerman, and Kennedy's personal physician, George Burkley, who said that there was no time to perform an autopsy because Jacqueline Kennedy would not leave Dallas without her husband's body, which was to be delivered promptly to the airport.
At the time of President Kennedy's assassination, the murder of a president was not under federal jurisdiction. Accordingly, Rose insisted that Texas law required him to perform a post mortem examination. A heated exchange ensued as he argued with Kennedy's aides. Kennedy's body was placed in a coffin and, accompanied by Jacqueline, rolled down the corridor on a gurney. Rose was reported to have stood in a hospital doorway, backed by a Dallas policeman, in an attempt to prevent removal of the body. The presidential aides argued with Dallas officials until, according to Robert Caro's The Years of Lyndon Johnson, they "literally shoved [Rose] and the policeman aside to get out of the building". Rose later stated that he had not fought back, because he considered it unwise to increase tension.
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