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Behavioral activation

Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes engaging in potentially mood-boosting activities. It involves the understanding of an individual's specific behaviors and the use of methods, such as planning, to enable them to overcome avoidance.

As a psychotherapeutic modality, it is considered a form of clinical behavior analysis, or third-generation behavior therapy. It owes its basis to Charles Ferster's Functional Analysis of Depression (1973), which developed B. F. Skinner's idea of depression. The theory holds that not enough environmental reinforcement or too much environmental punishment can contribute to depression. The goal of the intervention is to increase environmental reinforcement and reduce punishment.[citation needed]

Behavioral activation is often used in cognitive behavioral therapy. It is also used in applied behavior analysis, clinical behavior analysis, and functional analytic psychotherapy.

Behavioral activation is a form of clinical behavior analysis, or third-generation behavior therapy.[citation needed] Other behavior therapies include acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy. BA is generally regarded as a versatile and effective tool in addressing psychological challenges from different angles, often being can be integrated into other psychotherapies. Behavioral activation owes its basis to Charles Ferster's Functional Analysis of Depression (1973), which developed B. F. Skinner's idea of depression as a lack of reinforcement within his theory of motivation.

Ferster's basic model has been strengthened by further development in the study of reinforcement principles, which has led to the matching law and continuing theoretical advances in the possible functions of depression. Research has also examined behavior analysis of child development in order to determine long-term patterns which may lead to dysthymia. Behavioral activation utilizes positive reinforcements to increase good behavior and reduces negative outcomes from avoidance in order to increase an individual's self-control and personal regulation.

Behavioral activation emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behavioral therapy, which argued that any cognitive component added little to the overall treatment of depression. The behavioral component had existed as a standalone treatment in the early work of Peter Lewinsohn, and some behaviorists believed that it might be more efficient to pursue a purer behavioral treatment for the disorder.

The theory holds that not enough environmental reinforcement or too much environmental punishment can contribute to depression. The goal of the intervention is to increase environmental reinforcement and reduce punishment.[citation needed]

One behavioral activation approach to depression has participants create a hierarchy of reinforcing activities, rank-ordered by difficulty. Participants then tracked goals along with clinicians who used a token economy to reinforce success in moving through the hierarchy of activities, being measured before and after by the Beck Depression Inventory. A markedly greater effect on their depression was found as a result of their treatment, as compared to a control group who did not receive the same treatment. Multiple clinics have since piloted and developed the method of treatment.

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