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Cartel theory
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Cartel theory
Cartel theory is usually understood as the doctrine of economic cartels. However, since the concept of 'cartel' does not have to be limited to the field of the economy, doctrines on non-economic cartels are conceivable in principle. Such exist already in the form of the state cartel theory and the cartel party theory. For the pre-modern cartels, which existed as rules for tournaments, duels and court games or in the form of inter-state fairness agreements, there was no scientific theory. Such has developed since the 1880s for the scope of the economy, driven by the need to understand and classify the mass emergence of entrepreneurial cartels. Within the economic cartel theory, one can distinguish a classical and a modern phase. The break between the two was set through the enforcement of a general cartel ban after Second World War by the US government.
Cartel is an ambiguous concept, which usually refers to a combination or agreement between rivals, but – derived from this – also designates organized crime. The main use of ‘cartel’ is that of an anticompetitive association in the economy. In politics, it refers to a temporary alliance of several parties in election campaigns, for example. The scientific analysis of cartels is done by cartel theory.
In other languages, "cartel" might have different spellings. It is called cartello in Italian, kartell in German, Hungarian and Estonian, kartel in Dutch, Turkish and Slavic languages, kartelli in Finnish, and kartelis in Lithuanian. Even in the same languages, the spelling has varied over time. In German, for example, the spelling has gone back and forth between the c-initial form and the k-initial form. Nevertheless, "cartel" is the most widespread worldwide because of its use in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese. Though there is no difference in meaning between "cartel" with a "c" and "kartel" with a "k", they are not always interchangeable. Some institutions and organizations differ in name mainly in this letter, like the Kartellverband katholischer deutscher Studentenvereine and the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen, which are both umbrella organizations of Catholic student associations in Germany.
The word "cartel" has its root in the Greek χάρτης (= papyrus scroll, paper, map) and came about the Latin "charta" (see Magna Carta, the English medieval law), the Italian "cartello" (diminutive of carta = paper, map) and the French "cartel" into the English and German language. In the Middle Ages, it designated an agreement on the fighting rules in the knightly tournament, then for duels. Until the 18th century, also the rules for noble games and courtly contests were named so. In modern times, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, the term "cartel" was also used for intergovernmental agreements of technical kind: The guiding idea of a conflict confining clause came to light in various treaties between belligerent states, such as "cartels" on the postal and Trade or the treatment of couriers, prisoners of war and deserters. It is not until about 1880 that the term "cartel" also means the restriction of competition between entrepreneurs. Initially, this usage was only spread in the German speaking countries in Europe. Only by and by, this novel word meaning was imported into neighboring languages (either as "Kartell" or "cartel") and by this the economic aspect became the predominant meaning of "cartel". In the 19th and 20th century, also social associations or political alliances were referred to as cartels, so the union of German student fraternities or the cartel parties or in the German Empire. In Belgium of the 20th and 21st century, there was the same naming for party alliances, e.g. "Vlaams Kartel". At the beginning of the 20th century, the socialist thinker Karl Kautsky saw the possibility of even a cartel between states that would replace the imperialist competition of the great powers and establish a peaceful ultra-imperialism.
The term ‘’cartel’’ is normally used in a specific context, resulting in a number of content variations. So there is:
In addition, "cartel" or "Kartel" are used as names for distinct brands, business companies, music bands or works of art.
Cartels are not always easy to spot. To be able to reliably distinguish them as alliances between rivals from other forms of organization, the consideration of positive and negative indicators can be helpful.
Constituent criteria for cartels would be the following:
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Cartel theory
Cartel theory is usually understood as the doctrine of economic cartels. However, since the concept of 'cartel' does not have to be limited to the field of the economy, doctrines on non-economic cartels are conceivable in principle. Such exist already in the form of the state cartel theory and the cartel party theory. For the pre-modern cartels, which existed as rules for tournaments, duels and court games or in the form of inter-state fairness agreements, there was no scientific theory. Such has developed since the 1880s for the scope of the economy, driven by the need to understand and classify the mass emergence of entrepreneurial cartels. Within the economic cartel theory, one can distinguish a classical and a modern phase. The break between the two was set through the enforcement of a general cartel ban after Second World War by the US government.
Cartel is an ambiguous concept, which usually refers to a combination or agreement between rivals, but – derived from this – also designates organized crime. The main use of ‘cartel’ is that of an anticompetitive association in the economy. In politics, it refers to a temporary alliance of several parties in election campaigns, for example. The scientific analysis of cartels is done by cartel theory.
In other languages, "cartel" might have different spellings. It is called cartello in Italian, kartell in German, Hungarian and Estonian, kartel in Dutch, Turkish and Slavic languages, kartelli in Finnish, and kartelis in Lithuanian. Even in the same languages, the spelling has varied over time. In German, for example, the spelling has gone back and forth between the c-initial form and the k-initial form. Nevertheless, "cartel" is the most widespread worldwide because of its use in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese. Though there is no difference in meaning between "cartel" with a "c" and "kartel" with a "k", they are not always interchangeable. Some institutions and organizations differ in name mainly in this letter, like the Kartellverband katholischer deutscher Studentenvereine and the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen, which are both umbrella organizations of Catholic student associations in Germany.
The word "cartel" has its root in the Greek χάρτης (= papyrus scroll, paper, map) and came about the Latin "charta" (see Magna Carta, the English medieval law), the Italian "cartello" (diminutive of carta = paper, map) and the French "cartel" into the English and German language. In the Middle Ages, it designated an agreement on the fighting rules in the knightly tournament, then for duels. Until the 18th century, also the rules for noble games and courtly contests were named so. In modern times, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, the term "cartel" was also used for intergovernmental agreements of technical kind: The guiding idea of a conflict confining clause came to light in various treaties between belligerent states, such as "cartels" on the postal and Trade or the treatment of couriers, prisoners of war and deserters. It is not until about 1880 that the term "cartel" also means the restriction of competition between entrepreneurs. Initially, this usage was only spread in the German speaking countries in Europe. Only by and by, this novel word meaning was imported into neighboring languages (either as "Kartell" or "cartel") and by this the economic aspect became the predominant meaning of "cartel". In the 19th and 20th century, also social associations or political alliances were referred to as cartels, so the union of German student fraternities or the cartel parties or in the German Empire. In Belgium of the 20th and 21st century, there was the same naming for party alliances, e.g. "Vlaams Kartel". At the beginning of the 20th century, the socialist thinker Karl Kautsky saw the possibility of even a cartel between states that would replace the imperialist competition of the great powers and establish a peaceful ultra-imperialism.
The term ‘’cartel’’ is normally used in a specific context, resulting in a number of content variations. So there is:
In addition, "cartel" or "Kartel" are used as names for distinct brands, business companies, music bands or works of art.
Cartels are not always easy to spot. To be able to reliably distinguish them as alliances between rivals from other forms of organization, the consideration of positive and negative indicators can be helpful.
Constituent criteria for cartels would be the following: