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Chinese checkers
Chinese checkers
Chinese checkers
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Chinese checkers
A typical pitted-wood gameboard using six differently colored sets of marbles. Another popular format uses colored pegs in holes.
Genres
Players2–4, 6
Playing time10–30 minutes
ChanceNone
Age range7+
SkillsStrategy, tactics
Synonyms
  • Star halma
  • Sternhalma
  • Hop Ching checkers
  • Tiaoqi ("jump chess")

Chinese checkers (US) or Chinese chequers (UK),[1] known as Sternhalma in German, is a strategy board game of German origin that can be played by two, three, four, or six people, playing individually or with partners.[2] The game is a modern and simplified variation of the game Halma.[3]

The objective is to be first to race all of one's pieces across the hexagram-shaped board into "home"—the corner of the star opposite one's starting corner—using single-step moves or moves that jump over other pieces. The remaining players continue the game to establish second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, and last-place finishers.[4]

History and nomenclature

[edit]
Playing Hop Ching checkers, Montreal, 1942

The game was invented in Germany in 1892 under the name "Stern-Halma" as a variation of the older American game Halma.[5] Like all Halma games, there is a similarity to checkers. The Stern (German for star) refers to the board's star shape (in contrast to the square board used in Halma).

The name "Chinese checkers" originated in the United States as a marketing scheme by Bill and Jack Pressman in 1928. The Pressman company's game was originally called "Hop Ching checkers".[6]

The game is known as tiaoqi (Chinese: 跳棋; pinyin: tiàoqí; lit. 'jump game') in Chinese. In Japan, the game has a variation called "diamond game" (ダイヤモンドゲーム) with slightly different rules.

Rules

[edit]
A single move can consist of multiple hops; each piece hopped must be directly adjacent, and hops can be in any direction.

The aim is to race all one's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board before the opponents do the same. The destination corner is called home. Each player has 10 pieces, except in games between two players, when 15 pieces are used.[7] (On bigger star boards, 15 or 21 pieces are used.[8])

In "hop across", the most popular variation, each player starts with their colored pieces on one of the six points or corners of the star and attempts to race them all home into the opposite corner. Players take turns moving a single piece, either by moving one step in any direction to an adjacent empty space, or by jumping in one or any number of available consecutive hops over other single pieces. A player may not combine hopping with a single-step move — a move consists of one or the other. There is no capturing in Chinese checkers, so pieces that are hopped over remain active and in play. Turns proceed clockwise around the board.[4]

In the diagram, Blue might move the topmost piece one space diagonally forward as shown. A hop consists of jumping over a single adjacent piece, either one's own or an opponent's, to the empty space directly beyond it in the same line of direction. Red might advance the indicated piece by a chain of seven hops in a single move. It is not mandatory to make the most hops possible. (In some instances a player may choose to stop the jumping sequence part way in order to impede the opponent's progress, or to align pieces for planned future moves.)

Starting layouts

[edit]

Six players

[edit]

Can be played "all versus all", or three teams of two. When playing teams, teammates usually sit at opposite corners of the star, with each team member controlling their own colored set of pieces. The first team to advance both sets to their home destination corners is the winner. The remaining players usually continue play to determine second- and third-place finishers, etc.

Four players

[edit]

The four-player game is the same as the game for six players, except that two opposite corners will be unused.

Three players

[edit]
A three-player game

In a three-player game, all players control either one or two sets of pieces each. If one set is used, pieces race across the board into empty, opposite corners. If two sets are used, each player controls two differently colored sets of pieces at opposite corners of the star.

Two players

[edit]

In a two-player game, each player plays one, two, or three sets of pieces. If one set is played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corner, and the number of pieces per side is increased to 15 (instead of the usual 10). If two sets are played, the pieces can either go into the opponent's starting corners, or one of the players' two sets can go into an opposite empty corner. If three sets are played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corners.

Strategy

[edit]

A basic strategy is to create or find the longest hopping path that leads closest to home, or immediately into it. (Multiple-jump moves are obviously faster to advance pieces than step-by-step moves.) Since either player can make use of any hopping 'ladder' or 'chain' created, a more advanced strategy involves hindering an opposing player, in addition to helping oneself make jumps across the board. Of equal importance are the players' strategies for emptying and filling their starting and home corners. Games between top players are rarely decided by more than a couple of moves.[citation needed] Differing numbers of players result in different starting layouts, in turn imposing different best-game strategies. For example, if a player's home destination corner starts empty (i.e. is not an opponent's starting corner), the player can freely build a 'ladder' or 'bridge' with their pieces between the two opposite ends. But if a player's opponent occupies the home corner, the player may need to wait for opponent pieces to clear before filling the home vacancies.

Variants

[edit]

Fast-paced or Super Chinese Checkers

[edit]

While the standard rules allow hopping over only a single adjacent occupied position at a time (as in checkers), this version of the game allows pieces to catapult over multiple adjacent occupied positions in a line when hopping.

In the fast-paced or Super Chinese Checkers variant, popular in France,[9] a piece may hop over a non-adjacent piece. A hop consists of jumping over a distant piece (friend or enemy) to a symmetrical position on the opposite side, in the same line of direction. (For example, if there are two empty positions between the jumping piece and the piece being jumped, the jumping piece lands, leaving exactly two empty positions immediately beyond the jumped piece.) As in the standard rules, a jumping move may consist of any number of a chain of hops. (When making a chain of hops, a piece is usually allowed to enter an empty corner, as long as it hops out again before the move is completed.)

Jumping over two or more pieces in a hop is not allowed. Therefore, in this variant, even more than in the standard version, it is sometimes strategically important to keep one's pieces bunched in order to prevent a long opposing hop.

An alternative variant allows hops over any symmetrical arrangement, including pairs of pieces, pieces separated by empty positions, and so on.

Capture

[edit]

In the capture variant, all sixty game pieces start out in the hexagonal field in the center of the gameboard. The center position is left unoccupied, so pieces form a symmetric hexagonal pattern. Color is irrelevant in this variant, so players take turns hopping any game piece over any other eligible game piece(s) on the board. The hopped-over pieces are captured (retired from the game, as in English draughts) and collected in the capturing player's bin. Only jumping moves are allowed; the game ends when no further jumps are possible. The player with the most captured pieces is the winner.

The board is tightly packed at the start of the game. As more pieces are captured, the board frees up, often allowing multiple captures to take place in a single move.

Two or more players can compete in this variant, but if there are more than six players, not everyone will get a fair turn.

This variant resembles the game Leap Frog.[10] The main difference being that in Leap Frog, the board is a square board.

Diamond game

[edit]
Diamond gameboard with 73 playing spaces

Diamond game (Japanese: ダイヤモンドゲーム) is a variant of Chinese checkers played in South Korea and Japan. It uses the same jump rule as in Chinese checkers. The aim of the game is to enter all one's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board, before opponents do the same. Each player has ten or fifteen pieces. Ten-piece diamond uses a smaller gameboard than Chinese checkers, with 73 spaces. Fifteen-piece diamond uses the same board as in Chinese checkers, with 121 spaces. To play diamond, each player selects one color and places their 10 or 15 pieces on a triangle. Two or three players can compete.[11]

Usually, there are one "king piece" (王駒) and 14 common pieces (子駒) on each side. The king piece is the piece at the apex of each area and can jump over the common pieces, but the common pieces cannot jump over the king piece.[12]

Yin and Yang

[edit]

In Yin and Yang, only two players compete and as in chess, Go, and Othello, only the black and the white marbles are used. For more interesting play, at the start of the game, the triangle placement of the opponents' marbles does not have to be 180 degrees in opposition.

Order Out Of Chaos

[edit]

Two or more players select their coloured marbles and then those marbles are randomly placed in the centre of the board. The object of the game is then for the players to move their marbles out of the chaos to their home corners, creating order; the reverse of half a traditional game.

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Chinese checkers

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Chinese checkers, also known as Chinese chequers in the , is a for two to six players that involves racing colored pegs or marbles across a star-shaped board to reach the opposing triangular home area. The game is played on a hexagonal board with 121 intersecting points forming a six-pointed star, divided into six triangular sections, each starting with ten pegs of one color; players take turns moving one peg at a time either to an adjacent empty point or by hopping over adjacent pegs (of any color) to land in an empty point beyond, with multiple hops allowed in a single turn to accelerate progress. The objective is to be the first to move all ten of one's pegs into the opponent's starting triangle, emphasizing path-planning, blocking, and efficient hopping rather than capturing pieces. Despite its name, Chinese checkers originated in in 1892 as Stern-Halma ("star-"), a variant of the earlier American game invented in 1884 by George Howard Monks, which itself drew from the British hopping game Hoppity. It was patented and first published by the German company (founded as Otto Robert Maier) on a star-shaped board to accommodate up to six players, contrasting Halma's square 16x16 grid for four. The name "Chinese checkers" was introduced in the United States in 1928 by the as a marketing ploy to evoke exotic appeal amid the era's fascination with , despite no connection to ; the game quickly gained popularity worldwide, becoming a staple in family entertainment by the mid-20th century. The game's appeal lies in its accessibility for , with simple rules that allow through multi-hop chains and position control, and it supports both solo races and team play for even numbers of players. Variants include "Super Chinese Checkers," which permits hopping over multiple non-adjacent pegs, and smaller board versions for faster games; it has inspired digital adaptations and AI research due to its multi-player dynamics and .

Game Components

Board

The board in Chinese checkers is designed as a , or six-pointed star, formed by 121 hexagonal spaces interconnected in a triangular grid, comprising a central surrounded by six equilateral triangular extensions. Each triangular point represents a player's home area in the standard six-player configuration, consisting of 10 spaces arranged with four positions along each side, while the shared central has five spaces per side. In typical home editions, the board measures approximately 36 cm across its widest point, with colored or marked zones delineating the six home areas to accommodate 2 to 6 players. Boards are commonly made from durable materials such as , , or pressed , with the hexagonal spaces often recessed or painted in contrasting colors for visual clarity and to guide player orientation. The star configuration, built on a , inherently supports multi-directional positioning by aligning spaces in six radial orientations from the center, promoting fluid navigation across the interconnected layout.

Pieces

In Chinese checkers, the playing pieces are known as marbles or pegs, with a standard set consisting of 60 pieces divided into six distinct colors, 10 per color. In the six-player game, each player controls 10 pieces of one color. For games with fewer than six players, empty triangles are left unused, and each player controls 10 pieces placed in a starting (or multiple triangles in some variants for added challenge). Team play for four or six players may involve partners sharing control of two sets of 10 pieces each. Pieces are colored differently for each player to clearly indicate ownership, with common colors including , , , , and orange. These pieces are uniform in design, measuring approximately 1 cm in , and constructed from materials such as , , or to ensure they fit securely into the board's holes without rolling away. There is no variation in piece types within a player's set; all are identical except for their distinguishing color.

Rules

Objective

The objective of Chinese checkers is to be the first player to move all ten of one's marbles from the starting triangle to the opposite triangle on the board, thereby occupying the destination area completely. This requires placing the marbles precisely into each of the ten holes of the target triangle, mirroring the initial setup in the home area. In games with multiple players, typically up to six, the match concludes once any one participant achieves this feat, declaring them the winner regardless of the progress of others, who may continue play informally. Standard rules employ no scoring system or alternative victory conditions; success is determined solely by this race to relocate all pieces to the opposing home.

Setup

Chinese Checkers is set up on a star-shaped board consisting of a with six triangular points, each capable of holding 10 pieces in a specific . Each player selects a color and places 10 pieces of that color into one of the triangular points, filling the four rows from the apex: 1 piece in the first row, 2 in the second, 3 in the third, and 4 in the fourth row. The setup configuration varies by the number of players to ensure and balanced play. For 6 players, each participant occupies one of the six triangular points with their 10 pieces, filling all available starting areas on the board. This full configuration maximizes interaction among all players. For 4 players, the participants choose two pairs of opposite triangles, placing 10 pieces in each selected triangle while leaving the two adjacent triangles empty. This arrangement creates direct opposition across the board. For 5 players, five of the six triangles are occupied with 10 pieces each, leaving one triangle empty; the player whose opposite triangle is empty gains an advantage with a clear path to their destination. For 3 players, each player places 10 pieces in every other triangular point, occupying three non-adjacent triangles and leaving the remaining three empty. The setup promotes strategic spacing around the star. For 2 players, the standard setup involves each player placing 10 pieces in opposite triangular points. Players position themselves around the star-shaped board, and turns alternate , beginning with a designated starting player. All starting positions are fixed and symmetric, with no element of randomization in the initial configuration.

Movement

In Chinese checkers, each player's turn involves moving exactly one of their own pieces, either to an adjacent empty hole or by jumping over an adjacent piece to the empty hole immediately beyond it. The board's hexagonal grid allows movement in up to six possible directions from any position, corresponding to the neighboring holes. A simple step occupies one such adjacent empty hole and ends the turn, while a jump requires an opponent's or one's own piece in the adjacent hole and an empty hole directly in line beyond it, maintaining the straight-line path along one of the six directions. Jumps do not capture or remove the jumped piece; pieces remain on the board throughout the game, and jumps can be made over any color without penalty. Multiple jumps are permitted in a single turn, forming a chain where each landing position enables another valid jump over an adjacent piece to an empty hole beyond, continuing until no further jumps are possible from the final position. All moves and jumps must end in empty holes; pieces cannot occupy the same space or stack atop one another. Once a piece enters the opponent's starting triangle (the target home area), it may only move within that triangle and cannot exit it, though it can still perform steps or jumps internally to reach the required positions for victory.

Winning

The game of Chinese checkers concludes immediately upon a player successfully relocating all ten of their pieces to occupy the entirety of the opposite starting triangle, thereby filling its ten designated positions. This occupation must be complete, with each of the player's pieces positioned within the target triangle's holes, mirroring the initial setup's triangular formation in terms of spatial coverage, though no rigid internal arrangement is mandated beyond full occupancy. Once achieved, the game ends for that player, declaring them the winner, as the focus remains on individual completion rather than interference with opponents. In multiplayer games involving two to six participants, the first player to fulfill this condition secures victory, though play may optionally continue among remaining players to establish secondary rankings if desired. Simultaneous completion by multiple players is exceedingly rare due to the turn-based nature of play, but should it occur—typically only in casual settings—the player whose most recent move finalized their set is generally considered the winner; otherwise, ties may be acknowledged informally. There are no penalties for blocking an opponent's progress, as the rules emphasize personal advancement over direct confrontation. If the game cannot proceed to completion, such as due to time constraints or mutual agreement among players, it may end prematurely, with the player closest to occupying their target triangle declared the winner based on the number of pieces in position. However, the standard resolution adheres strictly to the first player achieving full occupancy of the opposite triangle.

History

Origins

Chinese checkers traces its roots to , where it was invented in 1892 as a variant known as Stern-Halma of the earlier game , which had been created in 1883–1884. was played on a square board, with players aiming to move their pieces across to occupy the opponent's base area. Stern-Halma modified this by using a star-shaped board, enabling play for up to six participants and facilitating more dynamic group interactions. The game was patented in 1892 and first produced by the German publisher , founded by Otto Maier. The original name "Stern-Halma" directly alluded to the star ("" in German) configuration of the board and its foundation in . Production in the early remained centered in , with and other firms distributing the game primarily within the continent. Despite its eventual renaming to "Chinese checkers" in some markets, the game bears no connection to Chinese origins or traditions.

Nomenclature and Marketing

The name "Chinese checkers" was coined in the United States in 1928 by brothers Bill and Jack Pressman, who distributed the game through their company to capitalize on an exotic appeal and distinguish it from traditional (also known as draughts). The inclusion of "Chinese" in the title aimed to evoke a sense of mystery and allure, with one account suggesting it drew from the star-shaped board's resemblance to a throwing star associated with Eastern imagery, though the game has no actual ties to Chinese origins or . In , where the game originated, it retained its original designation as Stern-Halma, reflecting the star (Stern) configuration of the board as a variant of the earlier game . Pressman marketed the game by highlighting its accessibility for family entertainment and support for up to six players, often packaging it with vibrant, multicolored marbles to draw in younger audiences and emphasize visual appeal. This branding choice has historically caused confusion by implying a connection to checkers, but contemporary sources clarify that Chinese checkers is a distinct abstract strategy game focused on piece movement and racing to an opposite point.

Popularization

Chinese checkers gained significant popularity in the United States during the late 1920s and 1930s, introduced by the Pressman Toy Corporation as a marketing ploy to evoke exotic appeal amid the era's fascination with Eastern themes. The game sparked a nationwide craze in the 1930s, with approximately 15 million sets sold between 1935 and 1938, reflecting its rapid adoption as a family pastime. This surge was bolstered by the clever rebranding from its German origins as Stern-Halma, which helped propel its distribution through toy retailers. During , portable board games like Chinese checkers were popular among soldiers for morale. Post-war, licensing agreements facilitated its global spread, including to where it became known as "跳棋" (Tiào qí), or "jump chess," and achieved widespread play despite having no historical ties to the region. The game's popularity in underscores its universal adaptability. Manufacturers like produced durable plastic versions in the 1970s. Since 1984, following Hasbro's acquisition of , the game has been part of Hasbro's portfolio. Today, Chinese checkers remains popular in home gatherings and public spaces in Asia, such as parks in where elderly players gather outdoors. Physical versions continue to dominate, alongside digital adaptations that emerged in the 1990s.

Strategy

Basic Principles

Chinese checkers strategy for beginners emphasizes efficient progression across the board while maintaining flexibility in piece positioning. Early advancement toward the center is crucial, as it opens up shortcuts and multiple jumping paths that can halve the distance to the opponent's triangle compared to peripheral routes. Controlling central spaces allows pieces to chain jumps more effectively, accelerating overall migration. To prevent self-imposed restrictions, players must avoid clustering their pieces, which can block potential moves and limit jumping opportunities; spreading them out instead fosters greater mobility and adaptability during play. This dispersion ensures that pieces remain positioned to support sequential jumps without impeding one another. Balancing aggressive forward pushes with supportive actions—such as jumping over one's own pieces to reposition them favorably—helps maintain momentum without sacrificing individual piece efficiency. In even-player configurations, the board's inherent provides a foundational tactic: mirroring opponents' initial moves to anticipate paths and preserve equilibrium in positioning. Movement rules, including steps to adjacent empty holes and jumps over adjacent pieces (own or opponent's), directly underpin these principles by enabling fluid repositioning and opportunistic leaps. Fundamentally, Chinese checkers lacks confrontational elements like piece capture, making direct blocking of opponents a secondary consideration to prioritizing personal progress and piece advancement. This non-adversarial nature encourages a race-like focus on optimizing one's own paths over disrupting others.

Advanced Tactics

Advanced players in Chinese checkers emphasize the use of extended hopping chains to rapidly traverse the board and secure . These chains involve planning 4 to 6 consecutive jumps in a single turn, leveraging adjacent pieces from oneself or opponents to cover significant distance while minimizing exposure to counters. By anticipating board configurations two to three turns ahead, players can set up these sequences to converge on the hexagonal , which offers the most branching options for further advances or blocks. In , the focus shifts to funneling remaining pieces into the home triangle via peripheral paths, which reduces congestion in the crowded central areas and allows for smoother ingress without mutual blocking. This tactic involves prioritizing isolated advances along the board's edges, where fewer pieces compete for space, enabling pieces to slip past opponents' formations. Advanced play here often incorporates endgame databases or heuristics to evaluate positions where 3-4 pieces remain, ensuring that no piece is sacrificed unnecessarily to clear paths for others. Counterplay revolves around subtle positioning to force opponents into detours, such as forming "huddles" of pieces that disrupt their hopping bridges without direct confrontation. By placing pieces in key spots, players can compel rivals to take longer routes around the center, buying time to advance their own formation. This indirect blocking maintains mobility for one's own pieces while eroding the opponent's , often turning a stalled advance into a decisive lead. Mathematically, the Chinese checkers board can be modeled as a graph with 121 vertices representing the holes, connected by edges for adjacent moves, where hopping adds dynamic shortcuts. The shortest path for a single piece from starting triangle to opposite home, without jumps, spans 16 steps due to the hex grid's geometry, but effective hopping chains can reduce this to 10-15 moves by exploiting linear alignments. This graph-theoretic view underscores the value of centrality, as control of high-degree vertices accelerates convergence for multiple pieces. Common pitfalls include overcommitting to advancing a single piece, which strands others in vulnerable positions and invites opponent , or falling into greedy short-term jumps that ignore long-range setup. Such errors often stem from insufficient in , leading to suboptimal states where pieces become isolated and unable to form supportive chains.

Variants

Accelerated Variants

Super Chinese Checkers is a prominent accelerated variant of the traditional game, designed to expedite movement and reduce overall playtime through modified jumping rules. In this version, players begin with the standard setup of ten pieces in their respective triangular home areas, but the core acceleration comes from allowing long-distance hops that enable pieces to traverse the board more rapidly. The objective remains the same as in the standard rules: the first player to relocate all ten pieces to the opposite triangular home area wins. This variant emphasizes aggressive jumping strategies, encouraging players to position pieces for extended chains of hops to gain positional advantages quickly. The key rule modification in Super Chinese Checkers pertains to jumping mechanics. Unlike the standard game, where hops are limited to adjacent pieces with one empty space beyond, a piece here may jump over any other piece—regardless of color—situated any number of away, provided the jumped piece is precisely at the of the jump path and an equal number of exist beyond it for landing. Multiple such long jumps can be chained in a single turn if opportunities arise, mirroring standard jump sequences but with greater range. This alteration transforms the game into a faster-paced race, as pieces can cover significant distances in fewer turns, often leading to games that conclude in shorter durations suitable for casual or time-constrained sessions. Originating in during the , Super Chinese Checkers was developed as a commercial and recreational enhancement to the classic , promoting more dynamic and engaging play through its emphasis on bold, far-reaching maneuvers. Game historian Bruce Whitehill has noted its invention as a fast-paced tailored to modern preferences for quicker strategic contests. While the standard typically lasts 30 to depending on player count, this variant's expanded jumping options substantially shorten matches, making it ideal for 2 to 6 players seeking an invigorated experience without altering the fundamental home-race goal.

Modified Rule Variants

One prominent modified rule variant of Chinese checkers is the capture variant, which introduces removal mechanics to the jumping system, turning the game into a more adversarial contest. In this version, all 60 pieces are placed in the central hexagonal field at the start, leaving the center position empty, and the objective shifts to capturing as many pieces as possible, regardless of color, rather than racing to the opposite triangle. Jumping over a piece removes it from the board, and multiple jumps are permitted in a single turn as the board opens up. This adds a layer of risk to jumps, as players must weigh the benefit of removal against potential exposure of their own pieces. The diamond game, a variant popular in and , modifies the board to a diamond-shaped subset of the central for more focused play, typically with 2 to 3 players each starting with ten pieces. It retains the core rules and the standard objective of moving all pieces to the opposite point of the star. Developed for competitive play, this variant emphasizes efficient path-planning on the smaller board.

Themed Variants

Themed variants of Chinese Checkers introduce aesthetic and narrative elements through customized pieces, board designs, or initial setups, transforming the standard race-to-home objective into more imaginative experiences while retaining core movement rules. These adaptations often draw from cultural, philosophical, or fantastical motifs to encourage creative positioning and storytelling in play. A prominent example is the variant, designed for two players using only black and white pieces on a standard star-shaped board. Pieces begin in adjacent corners rather than opposite ones, but the goal remains to be the first to move all ten pieces to the opposite home triangle, with the setup creating a more crowded center. Another variant, Order Out of Chaos, involves two or more players whose colored pieces are randomly scattered across the central area of the board at the start. The objective is to gather one's own pieces and move them all to the designated home triangle, emphasizing strategic collection over direct competition. Additional themed editions include space-inspired versions with UFO or planetary-shaped marbles and culturally motivated sets with motifs such as yin-yang symbols, blending gameplay with artistic elements but without altering rules.

References

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