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Christian Wiman
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Christian Wiman (born August 31, 1966) is an American poet, translator and editor.
Biography
[edit]Raised in the small West Texas town of Snyder,[1] he graduated from Washington and Lee University and has taught at Northwestern University, Stanford University, Lynchburg College, and the Prague School of Economics. In 2003, he became editor of the oldest American magazine of verse, Poetry,[2] a role he stepped down from in June 2013.[3] Wiman is now on the faculty of Yale University, where he teaches courses on Religion and Literature at Yale Divinity School[4] and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music.[5]
His first book of poetry, The Long Home (Story Line Press, 1997) and reprinted by Copper Canyon Press (2007), won the Nicholas Roerich Prize. His 2010 book, Every Riven Thing (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), was chosen by poet and critic Dan Chiasson as one of the best poetry books of 2010.[6] His book Ambition and Survival: Becoming a Poet (Copper Canyon Press, 2007) reviewed by The New York Times Book Review,[7] is "a collection of personal essays and critical prose on a wide range of subjects: reading Paradise Lost in Guatemala, recalling violent episodes from the poet's youth, traveling in Africa with an eccentric father, as well as a series of penetrating essays on poets, poetry, and poetry's place in our lives. The book’s final essay discusses Wiman's diagnosis of macroglobulinemia, a rare cancer,[8] and a clear-eyed declaration of what it means — for an artist and a person — to have faith in the face of death."
His poems, criticism, and personal essays appear widely in such magazines as The Atlantic, Harper's, The New York Times Book Review, The New Yorker and The Sewanee Review.[9] Clive James describes Wiman's poems as being “insistent on being read aloud, in a way that so much from America is determined not to be. His rhymes and line-turnovers are all carefully placed to intensify the speech rhythms, making everything dramatic: not shoutingly so, but with a steady voice that tells an ideal story every time.”[10]
Literary style and influences
[edit]Though Wiman does at times write in free verse, a significant enough portion of his work is written with some measure of form for him to have been associated at times with movements of New Formalism. On the topic of form, Wiman wrote in an essay called “An Idea of Order”:
Many poets and critics now almost automatically distrust any work that exhibits formal coherence, stylistic finish, and closure. Occasionally they simply dismiss such work as naive or reactionary. At other times, and probably more damagingly, they either subtly devalue or patronize the work in question, praising the craftsmanship of the poems in such terms as make it clear that this is not ‘important’ poetry. The hardcore version of this argument goes something like this: because our experience of the world is chaotic and fragmented, and because we’ve lost our faith not only in those abstractions by means of which men and women of the past ordered their lives but also in language itself, it would be naïve to think that we could have such order in our art. [In this view] A poet who persists in imposing order upon our uncertainty is either unconscious, ironic, or irrelevant.
— Ambition and Survival: Becoming a Poet[11]
Major critics and Wiman himself, however, have distinguished his work from neo-formalism. David Biespeil in American Poetry Review wrote, "if Wiman is a formalist, he's the kind who ditches the grandiose".[12] Wiman's poetry takes its reference points from lived experience rather than from any literary tradition. Of his own taste, Wiman writes in Ambition and Survival "more and more what I want from the poetry I read is some density of experience, some sense that a whole life is being brought to bear both on and in language".[13]
Wiman's poetry is characterized by multiple possible and intended readings, and metaphors which either are derived from an absence or space or undergo an evolution throughout the poem. One technique Wiman uses to communicate dual intended readings, is through repetition and scrupulous variation of punctuation and line-breaks. Thematic preoccupations of Wiman's poetry include the absence of God and difficulties and necessities of encountering the world whether with faith or without. Omar Sabbagh compares Wiman to Simone Weil and Jürgen Moltmann saying "Whether we call it 'affliction', 'the void', or what have you, these Christian thinkers were eminently modernist in seeing God, not as necessity, but as 'contingency'."[14]
Wiman's poetry has been compared stylistically to Seamus Heaney and Geoffrey Hill, but in an interview on his own influences, Wiman said, "for sheer sound, though, I'd give more credit—or blame—to Basil Bunting, Lorine Niedecker, and Robert Frost".[15]
Awards and honors
[edit] |
- 2010 Commonwealth Prize from the English Speaking Union
- 2012 Guggenheim Fellowship
- 2014 National Book Critics Circle Award (Poetry) finalist for Once in the West[16]
- 2014 Balcones Fiction Prize (Poetry) winner for Once in the West[17]
- 2016 Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry
Bibliography
[edit] |
Poetry
[edit]- Collections
- The Long Home (Copper Canyon Press, 1998), poetry, 96 pages, ISBN 978-1-55659-269-0
- Hard Night (Copper Canyon Press, 2005), poetry, 96 pages, ISBN 978-1-55659-220-1
- Every Riven Thing (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), poetry, 112 pages, ISBN 978-0-374-53306-9
- Once In The West (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014), poetry, 128 pages, ISBN 978-0-374-53570-4
- Hammer Is The Prayer: Selected Poems (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016), poetry, 224 pages, ISBN 978-0-374-53731-9
- Survival Is A Style (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), poetry, 112 pages, ISBN 978-0-374-53933-7
- Translations
- Stolen Air: The Selected Poems of Osip Mandelstam (Ecco, 2012), poetry, 128 pages, ISBN 978-0-06-209942-6
- Anthologies (as contributor)
- H.L. Hix, ed. (2008). New Voices: Contemporary Poetry from the United States. Irish Pages. ISBN 978-0-9544257-9-1.
Prose
[edit]- Ambition and Survival: Becoming a Poet (Copper Canyon Press, 2007)
- My Bright Abyss: Meditation of a Modern Believer (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013)[1]
- He Held Radical Light: The Art of Faith, the Faith of Art (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018)
- Zero at the Bone: Fifty Entries Against Despair (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2023)
- White Buffalo (Harpers, 2021)
Essay
[edit]- The Tune of Things (Harper's Magazine, December 2025)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Yezzi, David (April 19, 2013). "Cries And Whispers". The Wall Street Journal (paper). p. A13.
Part memoir, part statement of Christian faith, part commonplace book, this slim volume of spiritual and literary meditations unsettles more than it soothes.
- ^ "About Poetry Magazine". Poetry Foundation. Masthead. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ "Christian Wiman". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
- ^ "Christian Wiman". Yale University. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "Faculty: Institute of Sacred Music". Yale University. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ "Eleven Best Poetry Books of 2010". The New Yorker. December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
- ^ Tucker, Ken (October 7, 2007). "A Formal Feeling". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2021 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "An Interview With Poet Christian Wiman". Poets & Writers. August 7, 2007.
- ^ "Five Houses Down". The New Yorker. June 22, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
- ^ "CliveJames.com > Guest Poet > Christian Wiman". Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ Christian, Wiman (2007). Ambition and survival : becoming a poet. Copper Canyon Press. ISBN 978-1-55659-260-7.
- ^ Biespeil, David (July 2017). "Legible Horizon: Christian Wiman's Hammer is the Prayer". American Poetry Review. 64 (4): 15–18.
- ^ Wiman, Christian (2013). My bright abyss : meditation of a modern believer (1st ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-53437-0.
- ^ Sabbagh, Omar (Summer–Autumn 2015). "Only Plenitude at The Void: The Sacred Music in Christian Wiman's Every Riven Thing". Agenda. 49 (2): 72–75.
- ^ Dominic, Anthony (2014). "Being Prepared for Joy: An Interview with Christian Wiman". Commonweal (8): 11.
- ^ "National Book Critics Circle Announces Finalists for Publishing Year 2014". National Book Critics Circle. January 19, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
- ^ "Austin Community College announces the winner of the 2014 Balcones Poetry Prize". Austin Community College. June 4, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Kirsch, Adam (May 6, 2013). "Faith healing : a poet confronts illness and God". The Critics. Books. The New Yorker. Vol. 89, no. 12. pp. 80, 81–83.
Casey Cep, “Close to the Bone: The Poet Christian Wiman Keeps His Faith,” Life & Letters, The New Yorker, December 11, 2023
External links
[edit]- Video interview: "Bill Moyers & Company" > February 2012 > "An Interview with poet Christian Wiman"
- Audio: The Cortland Review > Issue 32 > Interior by Christian Wiman
- Interview: Bookslut > March 2009 > An Interview with Christian Wiman
- Feature: Image > July 2009 > Artist of the Month: Christian Wiman
- Interview: Poets & Writers > August 7, 2007 > An Interview with Poet Christian Wiman by Kevin Nance
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Christian Wiman
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Biography
Early Life and Education
Christian Wiman was born on August 31, 1966, in Snyder, a small town in West Texas known historically as Hide Town and later Robber's Roost. He spent the first seventeen years of his life in this rural, working-class environment in west Texas, where the landscape featured vast flat plains, mesquite trees, tumbleweeds, and dust devils, fostering an early intimacy with nature through unstructured play and exploration.[3][4][5] As the second of three children, Wiman was raised in a Southern Baptist family saturated with religion, though his household also contended with significant hardships, including familial episodes of depression and anger known as "sulls," which influenced his developing worldview. His father initially worked selling Bibles and vacuum cleaners before pursuing medical school and later establishing a practice in Snyder; these circumstances provided limited formal exposure to literature in his early years, with Wiman's poetic interests emerging later amid the bleak yet beautiful isolation of the region.[6][3] Wiman attended Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, where he focused on English literature and began cultivating his interest in poetry, particularly after a semester at Oxford University that introduced him to the works of W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot, sparking his own writing. He graduated with a BA in 1988.[6][7][5] Following graduation, guided by a mentor's advice to travel rather than pursue an MFA, Wiman devoted himself to early writing pursuits, journeying internationally from places like Guatemala to the Czech Republic to hone his craft.[8][9]Career and Personal Journey
After completing his education, Wiman held early teaching positions in poetry and literature at several institutions, including Stanford University, where he served as a lecturer following his 1992 Wallace Stegner Fellowship; Northwestern University; Lynchburg College in Virginia; and the Prague School of Economics.[3][2][1] In 2003, Wiman was appointed editor of Poetry magazine, the oldest monthly devoted to verse in the English language, a role he held until June 2013. During his tenure, he spearheaded a major redesign of the publication in 2005 to modernize its presentation and broaden its appeal, and he guided a revitalization that shifted emphasis away from self-obsessed confessional poetry toward more diverse and rigorous voices, contributing to several National Magazine Awards for the magazine.[10][3][11] Around the time of his appointment, in 2005 on his 39th birthday, Wiman was diagnosed with Waldenström macroglobulinemia, a rare and incurable form of blood cancer that initially gave him a prognosis of about five years to live. The diagnosis profoundly intersected with his personal life, prompting ongoing treatments including chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant. In spring 2023, Wiman underwent CAR-T cell therapy, achieving complete remission as of December 2023, while reshaping his creative and existential outlook amid persistent uncertainty.[3][12] Raised in a nominally Christian environment in West Texas but having drifted into agnosticism as a young artist, Wiman's diagnosis coincided with a mid-life return to faith around 2004–2005, catalyzed in part by falling in love with his future wife, who shared his evolving spiritual curiosity. This conversion marked a tentative embrace of Christianity, one that he has described as integrating profound doubt with belief, viewing faith not as certainty but as a vital, ongoing tension essential to his daily existence and work.[3][8][13] Since 2013, Wiman has served as the Clement-Muehl Professor of Communication Arts in religion and literature at Yale Divinity School and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, where he teaches courses at the intersection of theology, poetry, and belief. In recent years, he has continued to engage publicly through essays, including a December 2023 profile in The New Yorker exploring his faith amid illness, and appearances such as his keynote at the 2024 Festival of Faith and Writing at Calvin University, where he discussed poetry's role in spiritual life. Looking ahead, Wiman is collaborating with Yale theologian Miroslav Volf on Glimmerings: Letters on Faith Between a Poet and a Theologian, a forthcoming exchange on belief's tensions set for publication in January 2026.[2][14][3][15][16]Literary Style and Influences
Poetic Techniques and Form
Christian Wiman's poetry blends traditional formal structures, such as rhyme and meter, with free verse, creating a dynamic tension that aligns him with the New Formalist movement while infusing these elements with a deeply personal, experiential quality.[17][18] In works like those in Survival Is a Style (2020), he employs pentameter rhyming couplets to ground the poems, as seen in lines such as "a space in which grievers gather, / inviolate ice that the believers weather," where internal rhymes knit contrasting ideas together.[18] This approach allows for flexibility, moving fluidly between conventional patterns and looser structures, often using enjambment and repetition to modulate rhythm without rigid adherence to meter.[19] His awareness of craft is evident in the deliberate use of end rhymes and internal echoes, as in "The Reservoir," where phrases like "a grief in which the land participates, / a dry grief, a grief of heat" employ repetition and rhyme to build rhetorical weight.[20] Central to Wiman's technique is an emphasis on linguistic density, which he articulates in his essay collection Ambition and Survival: Essays on a Way Forward (2007) as a desire for "some density of experience" in poetry that conveys the fullness of lived reality.[21] This manifests in his concise, imagistic lines that evoke rural landscapes with precision and economy, drawing on sparse diction and minimal metaphors to compress vivid sensory details into tight structures.[22] For instance, in poems from earlier collections, he favors controlled syntax and iambic influences reminiscent of Robert Frost's formalism, prioritizing clarity and musicality over ornamentation.[20] Wiman's evolution in form is traceable across his collections, from the more structured, narrative-driven pieces in his debut The Long Home (1998), which demonstrate fluency in traditional form and psychological insight through syllable-by-syllable cadence, to the fragmented styles in Hammer Is the Prayer: Selected Poems (2016).[23][24] In the later work, he constructs entire poems from sentence fragments and associative logic, blending end-rhymes with syntax-blasting enjambment, as in "My Stop Is Grand," where lines like "I have no illusion some fusion ………. of force and form will save me, bewilderment ………. of bonelight ungrave me" disrupt conventional flow for a raw, accumulative intensity.[25] This shift highlights his ongoing experimentation, often violating metrical expectations—such as adding an extra foot in the final stanza of "Poštolka (Prague)"—to heighten emotional and structural impact.[25][17]Themes and Philosophical Influences
Christian Wiman's writing recurrently explores the tension between God's absence and presence, often framing faith as an encounter marked by doubt rather than certainty. This motif emerges prominently after his 2005 diagnosis with the rare blood cancer Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, which intensified his reflections on mortality and the coexistence of suffering with moments of awe. In his work, suffering is not resolved through divine consolation but is intertwined with a profound appreciation for life's fragility, as seen in his portrayal of pain as a catalyst for spiritual awareness rather than escape.[3][26] Central to Wiman's philosophy is the interplay between doubt and belief, shaped by his gradual Christian conversion in the late 1990s and his ongoing spiritual interrogations. He describes faith as beginning in bleakness and impossibility, echoing theologian H. J. Iwand's assertion that "Our faith begins at the point where atheists suppose that it must be at an end." This tension manifests as an "agony of unbelief," where God's absence is felt more acutely than presence, yet belief persists as an imaginative act essential to human existence. Wiman's approach draws on apophatic theology, which seeks to comprehend the divine through negation and silence, emphasizing that true faith accommodates uncertainty.[3][27] Wiman's thematic concerns are influenced by poets such as Basil Bunting, Lorine Niedecker, and Robert Frost, whose precision in capturing the ordinary and sonic textures inform his engagement with everyday transcendence. Broader philosophical inspirations include Simone Weil, whose ideas on affliction and attention resonate in his navigation of faith's voids, and John Donne, whose metaphysical wrestling with divine intimacy and human frailty underscores Wiman's exploration of spiritual longing. These influences highlight a commitment to poetry as a medium for confronting existential realities without resolution.[27][28][29] Over time, Wiman's themes evolve from intimate memoiristic reflections in works like My Bright Abyss (2013), where personal crisis intersects with theological meditation, to expansive essays examining poetry's capacity to sustain spiritual life amid despair. He posits "lived experience" as a vital counter to abstract theology, arguing that genuine faith arises from embodied encounters—such as enduring chronic illness—rather than doctrinal abstraction. In Zero at the Bone (2023), this concept manifests in entries on despair as a metaphysical condition, countered not by optimism but by awe, which he deems "the only true antidote to the plague of modern despair." Here, reflections on personal suffering, like his cancer's progression, illustrate how poetry channels lived anguish into a form of resistant wonder.[30][31]Works
Poetry Collections
Christian Wiman's debut poetry collection, The Long Home, was published in 1998 by Story Line Press and won the Nicholas Roerich Poetry Prize for its innovative blend of formal structure and personal narrative.[23] The volume draws on Wiman's West Texas upbringing, employing early experiments with meter and rhyme to evoke rural landscapes and familial legacies, marking a foundational exploration of place and inheritance in his oeuvre.[22] A reprint by Copper Canyon Press followed in 2007, broadening its accessibility.[32] Hard Night (Copper Canyon Press, 2005) features personal lyrics of solitude and loss, culminating in the longer poem "Being Serious," with a profound reverence for form to contain the unwieldy emotions of human experience.[33] In Every Riven Thing (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), Wiman confronts themes of brokenness and grace amid his 2005 cancer diagnosis, crafting poems that fuse stark imagery with spiritual urgency to affirm resilience in suffering.[34] The collection, his first in five years, received acclaim for its raw intensity, with The New Yorker selecting it as one of the eleven best poetry books of 2010.[35] Once in the West (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014) revisits the expansive vistas of Wiman's Texas origins through lyrical sequences that interweave memory, mortality, and the sublime, earning the 2014 Balcones Poetry Prize for its masterful evocation of western American terrain.[36] Critics praised its taut forms and philosophical depth, positioning it as a pivotal work in contemporary American poetry.[22] Wiman's Hammer Is the Prayer: Selected Poems (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016) compiles selections from three decades of work, emphasizing elemental motifs like fire and stone to meditate on survival, faith, and the divine amid personal adversity.[37] This retrospective highlights his evolving voice, from formal precision to fragmented intensity, without introducing new original poems.[17] Survival Is a Style (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020) presents new poems exploring survival, family, mortality, and the tensions between faith and doubt, with musical variety and a poetics that attends to the beauty of fading life and spiritual uncertainty.[38] Since 2020, Wiman has contributed individual poems to anthologies and literary journals such as The New Yorker and Poetry, but has not published additional full-length poetry collections as of November 2025.[22]Prose Books and Essays
Christian Wiman's prose works explore the intersections of poetry, faith, doubt, and mortality, often drawing from his personal experiences with illness and spiritual seeking. His essays and memoirs blend critical insight with introspective narrative, offering reflections on the role of art in confronting human uncertainty. Ambition and Survival: Becoming a Poet (2007) is a collection of essays that delve into the challenges of poetic creation, examining ambition as both a driving force and a potential source of despair in the face of personal and artistic doubt.[39] Wiman reflects on his own journey as a poet, including periods of creative blockage and the influence of mortality—particularly his diagnosis with a rare cancer—on reigniting his passion for writing and faith.[40] The book combines personal anecdotes with broader meditations on poets like Emily Dickinson and Wallace Stevens, arguing that survival in art requires embracing uncertainty rather than seeking absolute certainty.[39] In My Bright Abyss: Meditation of a Modern Believer (2013), Wiman chronicles his spiritual evolution amid a diagnosis of incurable blood cancer, weaving memoir with essays on faith, suffering, and poetry. The work grapples with the tension between doubt and belief, portraying faith not as a resolved state but as an ongoing, painful engagement with divine mystery, informed by his bone marrow transplant and recovery.[41] Drawing on Christian theology and literary figures like George Herbert, Wiman argues that true belief emerges from the "abyss" of human limitation, offering solace to those wrestling with secular modernity and personal crisis.[42] He Held Radical Light: The Art of Faith, the Faith of Art (2018) consists of essays and interviews that probe the sacred dimensions of poetry, positioning art as a conduit for encountering the divine amid oblivion and memory. Wiman converses with poets such as Mary Oliver and Fanny Howe, exploring how creative practice sustains faith during illness and loss, and asserts that poetry's "radical light" illuminates eternity without resolving its paradoxes.[43] The book serves as a tribute to the redemptive power of language, blending memoir with philosophical inquiry into why humans persist in making art despite despair.[44] Zero at the Bone: Fifty Entries Against Despair (2023, paperback 2024) comprises fifty short, genre-blending pieces that dissect despair's allure while countering it through poetry, theology, and personal reflection. Wiman draws on his ongoing experience with cancer to unpack themes of shame, silence, and spiritual survival, incorporating quotes from Wordsworth and Simone Weil to illustrate faith as an act of "crazy and holy attention" amid suffering.[45] The entries reject simplistic optimism, instead advocating for a vigilant, awe-filled engagement with life's bewilderments as a bulwark against nihilism.[46] Beyond book-length works, Wiman has published standalone essays in prominent outlets, such as "Music and Mystery" in Harper's Magazine (August 2024), which meditates on Seamus Heaney's letters and the poetic career's confrontation with mortality and transcendence.[47] Forthcoming is Glimmerings: Letters on Faith Between a Poet and a Theologian (2026), co-authored with Miroslav Volf, featuring an exchange of letters addressing tensions in contemporary belief.[16]Translations and Editorial Projects
Christian Wiman's contributions as a translator center on his work with the Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, resulting in the volume Stolen Air: Selected Poems of Osip Mandelstam (Ecco, 2012), which features fifty poems rendered into English to capture the original's musicality and intensity.[22] In this project, Wiman collaborated with poet Ilya Kaminsky for an introduction, emphasizing Mandelstam's defiance amid oppression, and his translations prioritize rhythmic fidelity over literal accuracy, drawing on interlinear aids since Wiman does not speak Russian.[48] This remains his primary translated volume, though he has rendered individual poems by other poets for periodicals during his editorial tenure.[4] As editor of Poetry magazine from 2003 to 2013, Wiman oversaw the publication's expansion, including special issues on translation and international voices, which broadened access to global poetry.[22] A key editorial project from this period was the centennial anthology The Open Door: 100 Poems, 100 Years of Poetry Magazine (University of Chicago Press, 2012), co-edited with Don Share, which selects one poem per year from the magazine's archives to illustrate evolving poetic traditions.[49] Post-Poetry, Wiman edited thematic anthologies such as Joy: 100 Poems (Yale University Press, 2017), gathering modern works exploring joy's elusive nature amid suffering, and Home: 100 Poems (Yale University Press, 2021), which compiles pieces on belonging and displacement from theological and literary perspectives.[50] These collections reflect his interest in poetry's intersections with faith and human experience, shaping his own writing through exposure to diverse forms.[51] Overall, Wiman has served as author, editor, or translator for fifteen books, with his editorial efforts promoting underrepresented voices and fostering dialogues between poetry and spirituality.[2]Awards and Honors
Wiman has received numerous awards and honors for his poetry, editorial work, and contributions to literature and theology.Fellowships
- Wallace Stegner Fellowship, Stanford University (1992)[3]
- Ruth Lilly Poetry Fellowship (1994)[3]
- Guggenheim Fellowship (2012)[52]
Awards
- Nicholas Roerich Poetry Prize for The Long Home (1998)[22]
- Three National Magazine Awards for Poetry magazine (2003–2013)[2]
- Commonwealth Prize from the English Speaking Union for Every Riven Thing (2010)[22]
- National Book Critics Circle Award finalist for Once in the West (2014)[53]
- Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry (2016)[54]
- Lifetime Achievement Award, Conference on Christianity and Literature (2020)[55]
Honorary Degrees
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, North Central College[22]
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Lakeland University[55]