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Continuidad de los parques
Continuidad de los parques
from Wikipedia
"Continuidad de los parques"
Short story by Julio Cortázar
LanguageSpanish
GenreShort Story
Publication
Published in1964

"Continuidad de los parques" ("The Continuity of Parks") is a short story in Spanish by Argentine writer Julio Cortázar (1914–1984). It was first published in 1964 in the Final del juego.

Plot

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The story begins with a landowner reading a novel that he had started a few days earlier. He had been sidetracked by business matters and a trip to town to discuss a matter of joint ownership, but on his return to his estate, he resumes reading the novel. He sits in a high-backed, green velvet armchair, savoring the "almost perverse pleasure" of reading the story while enjoying his cigarettes and the view of the park from his study window. In his novel, a man and woman, two lovers, meet in the woods to carry out a plan.

The novel that the businessman is reading is about a couple of lovers who are meeting in a cabin in the woods. He has a wound on the face from a branch, and she is waiting for him. She wants to caress him but he rejects her because they have planned this meeting to finalize how they were going to kill someone. They review their alibis and eliminate possible errors. Nightfall is approaching. In the second paragraph, the woman goes north, while the man approaches a house on the estate. Armed with the dagger, the man goes inside the house, all according to plan and sees his victim: a man sitting in a green velvet armchair reading a novel.[1][2]

At that moment, the two stories join, as the (real) reader realizes that the man in the chair is the victim of the two lovers in the novel he is reading.

Characters

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  • The man reading – Despite owning an estate and attending to matters of joint ownership in town, the man enjoys the privacy of reading a romantic murder mystery in his study. Through his perspective, the narrator describes the dual consciousness in the experience of reading. He is absorbed into the fictional world of his novel while still being aware of kinesthetic sensations of his own world, such as the texture of the chair, the cigarettes at hand, and the wind blowing outside.
  • The heroine – A woman is meeting her lover at a mountain cabin in the woods. She is apprehensive, caught in a "sordid dilemma", and is meeting for the last time in the cabin to finalize plans and alibis before heading north.
  • The hero – He is the woman's lover. The wound on his face from a branch and his rejection of the woman's caresses suggests his impatience and tension. He carries a dagger and has been given information about the layout of house, the absence of dogs and estate manager, and the location of his victim. Through his point of view, the narrator vividly describes his movements, the details of the house, and his victim—a man reading.

Analysis

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"The Continuity of Parks" is, according to Lauro Zavala, "simultaneously the fiction and metafiction most studied in the history of literature".[3] In the story, reality and fiction intertwine through a story within a story. The frame story presents a man reading a novel on his return to his home estate after completing some "urgent business" in town. The novel that he is reading, the embedded story, describes two lovers who meet in a cabin in the woods, with a plan to destroy "that other body". The structure of the story is broken when one of the characters of the novel, the embedded story, introduces himself into the reality of the frame story.

The reader of the novel is an ironic adaptation of Cortázar's passive reader, who "does not want problems but solutions, or false problems that allow others to suffer comfortably sitting in his chair, without committing himself to the drama that should also be his". At the end of the story, the drama he does not want to be a part of is his own.

The name of the story refers to the different contexts, or reality planes, which are identified as "parks". The first is the author and reader of "The Continuity of Parks", the second is the frame story of a man of business reading a novel, and the third is the embedded story about the two lovers. The fourth is the conflict between an editor who claims that there is a fourth park, and another editor who disputes this interpretation.

The story is divided in two paragraphs of 380 and 170 words. The first paragraph presents the frame story of the man reading and the embedded story of the lovers meeting in a cabin in the woods. The second paragraph provides detailed description, an excess of information, that constitutes a case of paralysis. There are several allusions that parody the murder mystery, both in its rules and in its logic.

The story begins by introducing a landowner who escapes from his business responsibilities by taking refuge in his study to read a novel. He seems to take pleasure in sitting in a high-backed armchair covered in green velvet as he reads and looks out the windows. This space is not accidental: everything is organized and closed to the outside. The novel that he reads has the style of a simple plot and realistic characters, with a final scene that shows two lovers in a cabin planning a murder, creating a disturbing atmosphere in the story within the story. The actions of the fictitious reader are described with words that suggest passivity (rest, armchair, sprawl, etc.) while the actions of the lovers present suspenseful action (blood, kisses, dagger, etc.).

The text presents a labyrinthine temporal succession. The real reader begins reading the story as innocently as the character reading his novel. The closer to the end of the story and the embedded novel respectively, both readers feel that something terrible will happen. In the last paragraph the reader-character becomes a victim and the real reader becomes guilty for imagining the death of the character. The lack of closure of the story for not having read the novel makes the end disappear, evidencing the guilt of the real reader, who has become victimized or an accomplice in the death of the character while watching the crime. But it is also a double crime, since the real reader is also a real victim because the end of the story has disappeared, at the same time that he is an imaginary victim by his own imagination. This conclusion multiplies the doubts instead of revealing the mystery. When the character reader dies, the two realities are confused.

References

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from Grokipedia
"Continuidad de los parques" (Continuity of Parks) is a by Argentine writer (1914–1984), first published in 1964 in the expanded edition of his collection Final del juego (originally appearing in Revista Mexicana de Literatura in 1961). The narrative centers on a man who, after attending to estate matters, retires to his study overlooking a park to resume reading a about two lovers plotting the murder of the estate's owner; as the assassins advance, the story merges the fictional plot with the reader's reality, implying that the protagonist is the victim in a green velvet armchair. This brief tale, often classified as a cuento corto or short-short story, exemplifies Cortázar's innovative metafictional techniques, where the act of reading becomes integral to the plot, engaging the as a complicit participant and questioning the boundaries between and life. Key themes include the fusion of reality and fantasy, the voyeuristic role of , and the of narrative levels, achieved through seamless transitions and grammatical manipulations that heighten and disorientation. Widely regarded as a of Cortázar's oeuvre, "Continuidad de los parques" has influenced on Latin American fantastic literature, serving as a model for exploring structures and the psychological implications of immersive reading. Its enduring significance lies in demonstrating how ordinary settings, like a domestic study, can erupt into the , reflecting broader modernist concerns with and authorship in 20th-century .

Background and Context

Author and Literary Career

Julio Cortázar was born on August 26, 1914, in Brussels, Belgium, to Argentine parents who were abroad on diplomatic business. His family returned to Argentina in 1918 following World War I, and he spent his childhood in Banfield, a suburb of Buenos Aires, where he developed an early interest in literature amid a modest, book-filled household. In 1951, seeking greater cultural and professional opportunities, Cortázar relocated to Paris, France, where he worked as a translator for UNESCO and lived until his death from leukemia on February 12, 1984. Cortázar's early writing in adhered to more conventional realism, but his move to catalyzed a profound shift toward experimental during the 1950s, drawing on influences from French surrealism, the improvisational rhythms of , and the metaphysical intricacies of Luis Borges's stories. This evolution reflected his immersion in Europe's milieu, where he rejected linear narratives in favor of fragmented, dreamlike structures that blurred reality and fantasy. A pivotal milestone in this transition was the publication of his debut , Bestiario, in 1951, which introduced fantastical elements intertwined with everyday settings and established Cortázar as an innovator in Latin American prose. These stories, often featuring uncanny intrusions of the irrational, laid the groundwork for his later metafictional experiments. Cortázar emerged as a central figure in the of the 1960s, a literary movement that elevated regional voices to global prominence through bold stylistic risks and thematic depth. Throughout his career, Cortázar pioneered innovative forms, including second-person perspectives that directly implicate and metafictional devices that expose the artifice of , techniques that first appeared in nascent forms in Bestiario and matured in subsequent works. These approaches challenged traditional boundaries between author, character, and audience, anticipating the seamless continuity of fiction and reality in "Continuidad de los parques," published in 1956.

Publication History

"Continuidad de los parques" first appeared in print in 1956, included in the original edition of Julio Cortázar's Final del juego, published by Los Presentes in and containing nine stories. This edition exemplified Cortázar's growing interest in narrative innovation during his experimental phase in the . The story was later included in the expanded 1964 edition of Final del juego, published by Editorial Sudamericana in , which added nine new stories to the original volume. The story was subsequently reprinted in various collections by Cortázar. Later editions of his , such as the multi-volume Obras completas published from the onward by Galaxia Gutenberg and other imprints, have consistently included the tale alongside his broader corpus. In English, the story received its first translation by Paul as "Continuity of Parks" in 1967, appearing in the collection and Other Stories from . It was also part of the 1968 Pantheon edition , an expanded selection translated by Blackburn that introduced several of Cortázar's pieces to a wider anglophone audience. Blackburn's version later appeared in post-1970 anthologies of , such as selections in Latin American Short Stories compilations edited by various presses.

Narrative Elements

Plot Summary

The story centers on an unnamed estate owner who, after handling urgent business affairs in the city, returns home by train and eagerly resumes reading a novel he had set aside days earlier. Settling into his study that afternoon, he sinks into a large green velvet armchair positioned with its back to the door, facing a broad window that offers a view of the surrounding park dotted with ancient oaks. Completely absorbed, he lights a cigarette and delves into the novel's climactic final chapters, oblivious to his surroundings as the daylight begins to wane. Within the novel, a pair of illicit lovers convene in a remote mountain cabin to finalize their scheme to assassinate the woman’s husband. The woman arrives first, soon joined by her lover, whose face bears fresh scratches from a thorny branch encountered en route; they share a fervent kiss before reviewing the meticulously planned , including alibis, potential hazards, and precise directions to infiltrate the estate undetected—the dogs trained not to bark, the caretaker absent that evening. Clutching a , the lover departs southward along a wooded avenue toward the house, while the woman heads north into the forest. He navigates the estate’s layout as instructed: entering via a side , crossing a blue chamber and gallery, ascending a carpeted stairway past two bedroom doors, and finally reaching the study. There, he beholds the estate owner seated in the green velvet armchair, head visible above it as he reads intently—the very depicting their plot—before raising the dagger to strike, with the door creaking open behind the oblivious reader to complete the seamless continuity between the two narratives.

Characters

The of Continuidad de los parques is an unnamed wealthy estate owner who serves as the central figure, portrayed as a deeply immersed reader seeking refuge in within his opulent study. His traits are conveyed through sensory details, including settling comfortably in the green velvet armchair with his left hand caressing it repeatedly, the evening air dancing beyond the large windows under the oaks, and lighting a as he becomes absorbed by the . Within the metafictional novel that the protagonist reads, the key figures are an unnamed lover and his mistress, who act as archetypal participants in a tale of passion and , their depictions limited to functional attributes like resolve and apprehension without direct or personal histories. These characters emphasize the story's seamless blending of realities, serving primarily as narrative mirrors to the outer world rather than fully fleshed individuals. Overall, the story features no named characters, extensive backstories, or spoken , underscoring their archetypal roles and the emphasis on perceptual immersion over psychological depth.

Themes and Interpretation

Central Themes

One of the central themes in Julio Cortázar's "Continuidad de los parques" is the blurring of boundaries between and , where the levels converge seamlessly, allowing the events of the to invade the protagonist's world. The estate owner, immersed in reading about a murder plot, becomes unwittingly part of that very plot as the fictional assassin approaches his study, illustrating how literature can erode the divide between imagined and . This continuity underscores the story's exploration of as an extension of rather than a separate realm. Metafiction and reader involvement form another core idea, as the tale self-consciously draws attention to the act of reading and positions the audience as active participants in the unfolding drama. By shifting verb tenses and perspectives, Cortázar implicates in a voyeuristic , mirroring the protagonist's absorption and challenging the traditional passivity of literary consumption. This technique questions the power of narrative immersion, suggesting that readers, like the , surrender to the text's seductive pull, blurring their own boundaries with the story. The intertwining of and emerges through the lovers' adulterous scheme to the estate owner, where passion fuels a deadly that reflects hidden perils in intimate relationships. The novel-within-the-story depicts the affair's sensual tension propelling the violent act, highlighting how desire can or enable destruction in domestic settings. Finally, the theme of isolation versus connection is evident in the protagonist's solitary immersion in his armchair, contrasting with the narrative's role in forging an inescapable link between disparate worlds. His physical seclusion amplifies the story's connective force, as the fictional plot bridges his isolation to a fatal interdependence.

Narrative Techniques

One of the most striking narrative techniques in Julio Cortázar's "Continuidad de los parques" is the seamless continuity between the frame story—a wealthy landowner settling into his study to read—and the embedded novel depicting lovers plotting a murder, with no explicit breaks or transitions to signal the shift. This unbroken flow is crafted through precise verb tense modulation: the preterite tense, used 13 times in the opening to convey completed, sequential actions in the frame (e.g., "Dejó el cigarrillo en el borde del escritorio"), yields to the imperfect tense, employed 33 times to depict the ongoing, immersive events of the inner narrative (e.g., "Primero entraba la mujer, recelosa"). Such grammatical choices create a hypnotic progression, drawing the reader into a singular, accelerating stream that mimics the protagonist's deepening absorption. The third-person omniscient perspective further supports this immersion by subtly shifting from detached external to internalized focalization aligned with the protagonist's , fostering a voyeuristic without abrupt changes. Initially, the narrator provides broad over the estate and the man's routine, but as the reading intensifies, the viewpoint narrows to echo his perceptual filter, such as retaining character names "sin esfuerzo" from the . This gradual alignment eliminates psychological distance, positioning as an extension of the protagonist's and heightening the narrative's stalker-like intrusion into private realms. Cortázar's sensory and minimalist amplifies tension through sparse, evocative details that prioritize tactile and visual immediacy over elaborate exposition, such as the "últimos rayos del sol" illuminating the park's confines or the protagonist's hand "acariciando el terciopelo verde del apoyabrazos." These elements evoke a languid yet charged atmosphere, using brevity to underscore the act of reading as a physical, almost engagement that builds suspense incrementally. The prose's economy—totaling just 543 words—avoids redundancy, allowing sensory anchors to propel the forward while embedding the reader in the scene's intimacy. Irony and foreshadowing operate through understated motifs, notably the "parques" that recur to connect the estate's tranquil grounds with the lovers' perilous meeting spot in the novel, subtly presaging the collapse of boundaries. The protagonist's meticulous preparations for uninterrupted reading mirror the assassins' plotting, creating ironic parallelism where his leisure becomes fatal vulnerability; hints like the door's shadow advancing "implacable" foreshadow the fictional killers' approach into his reality. These devices culminate in a reflexive twist, implicating the reader in the voyeuristic irony of witnessing the murder. Such techniques enable the story's exploration of blurred realities in a single, taut sentence.

Critical Reception and Legacy

Initial Reviews

Upon publication in the 1956 collection Final del juego, "Continuidad de los parques" garnered positive attention in Argentine literary circles for its innovative narrative structure. Cortázar had contributed eight pieces to Sur magazine between 1948 and 1953, including essays and poetry. Peers in Argentine literary circles recognized elements aligning with interests in labyrinthine narratives and blurred realities. Early international notice remained limited until the of the , though positive mentions appeared in French journals following Cortázar's relocation to in , where his stories began circulating among literary communities. Common critiques at the time pointed to the story's brevity and ambiguity as drawbacks when compared to traditional realism, with some reviewers arguing it prioritized form over emotional depth or . A near-contemporary assessment by Abelardo Castillo positioned Cortázar among Argentina's premier writers, underscoring the impact of his collections despite such reservations.

Scholarly Analysis and Influence

Since the 1970s, scholarly interpretations of "Continuidad de los parques" have increasingly positioned the story within frameworks, particularly through its use of and to blur boundaries between narrative levels and reality. Critics such as Brian McHale have highlighted how the tale exemplifies fiction's ontological shifts, where the reader's immersion leads to a collapse of diegetic worlds, as seen in the protagonist's seamless integration into the fictional murder plot he reads. Ihab Hassan's broader conceptualization of as embracing indeterminacy and self-reflexivity has been applied to Cortázar's work. These post-1970s analyses build on earlier responses to the story's 1956 publication, which noted its innovative structure but did not fully anticipate its enduring role in deconstructing reader-text relations. The story's influence extends to Latin American literature, particularly in the Boom generation's experimentation with hybrid realities and media intertextuality, inspiring authors to blend fiction with everyday life in ways that echo Cortázar's seamless narrative continuity. For instance, Manuel Puig's Betrayed by Rita Hayworth (1968) draws on similar techniques of embedding popular culture and personal narrative to dissolve boundaries between artifice and authenticity, reflecting the Boom's broader adoption of metafictional devices pioneered in Cortázar's short fiction. This impact is evident in the story's role as a precursor to the Boom's innovative forms, as discussed in overviews of Argentine literary evolution. Academic milestones underscore the story's pedagogical significance, with its inclusion in university curricula, where it illustrates Latin American narrative innovation. In cultural legacy, the story has inspired theatrical adaptations in , such as the 1965 production Intimidad de los parques, which combined "Continuidad de los parques" with another Cortázar tale to explore spatial and narrative intrusion on stage. Its loops have also permeated , where scholars cite it as a literary antecedent for of and , as in analyses of "impossible puzzle films" that manipulate viewer expectations through embedded realities. These references highlight the story's ongoing resonance in discussions of perturbatory narration across media. Recent scholarship, such as analyses in unnatural (as of 2021), continues to explore its structural innovations.

References

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