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Doun Penh or Daun Penh (Khmer: ដូនពេញ, Don Pénh [ɗoːn pɨɲ], lit. "Grandmother Penh") is a major district (khan) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Many major businesses in Phnom Penh like Sorya Shopping Center and Mokod Pich Jewelry Enterprise are located here. The district has an area of 7.44 km2 (2.87 sq mi). According to the 2019 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 155,069.[2]

Key Information

The district is the commercial hub of Phnom Penh, marked by the Central Market with its unique art deco architecture and several major roads which emanate from and pass near the market. The district is subdivided into 11 sangkats and 134 kroms.

Administration

[edit]
No. Sangkat Postal Code
1 Srah Chak 12201
2 Wat Phnom 12202
3 Phsar Chas 12203
4 Phsar Kandal I 12204
5 Phsar Kandal II 12205
6 Chey Chumneas 12206
7 Chaktomuk 12207
8 Phsar Thmey I 12208
9 Phsar Thmey II 12209
10 Phsar Thmey III 12210
11 Boeng Reang 12211

Places of interest

[edit]
[edit]
  • Throne Hall inside the Royal Palace complex
    Throne Hall inside the Royal Palace complex
  • National Museum of Cambodia
    National Museum of Cambodia
  • Wat Ounalom
    Wat Ounalom
  • Wat Phnom
    Wat Phnom

Education

[edit]

In 2014, due to the large numbers of schools in the areas, there are congestion problems when the schools dismiss classes.[3]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Doun Penh section

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Doun Penh is a (khan) in central , the capital city of , recognized as the urban area's historical, administrative, and commercial heart. Spanning 7.44 square kilometers with a projected population of 203,301 as of 2023, it lies along the confluence of the Tonle Sap and Tonle Bassac rivers, bordered by major thoroughfares including Norodom Boulevard to the east and Monivong Boulevard to the west. The district functions as a key tourist destination and economic center, featuring a dense urban fabric of markets, government buildings, and riverside promenades that blend Khmer heritage with French colonial influences. The name Doun Penh originates from the legend of Lady Penh (Daun Penh), a wealthy widow who, in the mid-14th century, discovered four bronze and one stone statues within a koki tree trunk that had floated to her village during a River flood; interpreting this as a divine sign, she raised a small hill (phnom) and constructed a temple to enshrine them, forming the foundational site of modern . This event, dated around 1373 in traditional accounts, elevated the hill—now —into a sacred landmark that attracted settlers and pilgrims. In 1434, King relocated the Khmer capital from to this secure riverside location following Siamese invasions, marking Doun Penh's emergence as Cambodia's political nucleus; the district later saw the construction of the Royal Palace in 1866 under King Norodom and the Central Market in the 1930s during the French protectorate era. Today, Doun Penh exemplifies Phnom Penh's dynamic evolution, housing 11 sangkats (sub-districts) that include cultural treasures like the National Museum (opened 1920), the ornate within the Royal Palace complex (spanning 174,870 square meters), and the bustling Psar Thmei (Central Market) with its distinctive dome. The area thrives as a and retail hub, with vibrant streets such as 51 (Bassac Lane) and 172 offering riverside bars, restaurants, and the , while supporting a diverse economy driven by , services, and high-end —where, as of 2025, monthly rentals range from $450–$1,200 for studios to $1,800–$4,500 for villas. It also accommodates international schools like the Lycée Français and hosts a mix of local residents, expatriates, and government institutions, underscoring its role in Cambodia's urban and cultural landscape.

Geography

Location and Boundaries

Doun Penh, also known as Daun Penh or Khan Daun Penh, occupies a central position within , , forming the historic core of the city at the confluence of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap River. This strategic riverside location has historically facilitated trade and urban development, positioning the district as a key node in the capital's geography. The district spans an area of 7.737 km² (2.99 sq mi) as of 2019. Its geographic coordinates are approximately 11°34′32″N 104°55′13″E. Doun Penh is bordered by Chamkar Mon to the east, the Bassac River (a branch of the ) and Prampi Makara (also known as Prampir Meakkakra) to the south, the riverside areas along the Tonle Sap to the west, and 7 Makara to the north, as delineated in municipal administrative maps. Doun Penh operates in the Indochina Time zone, UTC+7. The district's postal code is 12200, and its official geocode is 1202.

Topography and Environment

The Doun Penh district is characterized by predominantly flat urban terrain, forming part of Phnom Penh's broader alluvial plain situated at the confluence of the Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap rivers. This low-lying landscape, with much of the area below 10 meters above sea level, facilitates dense urban development but underscores the district's vulnerability to environmental pressures. The terrain's flatness supports extensive built environments, though it is punctuated by the prominent Wat Phnom hill, an artificial mound approximately 27 meters high that stands as the district's highest elevation and a defining natural feature central to its historical and cultural identity. The district's riverside setting along the Bassac River (Tonle Bassac) plays a key role in shaping its physical environment and urban form, with the waterway enabling natural drainage pathways that have historically guided settlement patterns and placement. However, this proximity heightens risks, as seasonal rises in river levels—often exceeding 8 meters—can inundate low-elevation zones, affecting up to 30% of Phnom Penh's total area including central districts like Doun Penh. Urban development has incorporated river-adjacent promenades and embankments to mitigate these hazards, yet ongoing expansion continues to strain natural buffers such as wetlands, which have diminished by around 50% since the early . High urban density in Doun Penh limits available green spaces to roughly 1.1 square meters per person citywide, though targeted areas provide notable exceptions, including parks encircling and landscaped public zones like the Sisowath riverside promenade. These green elements help alleviate the heat island effect and offer recreational outlets amid the built-up core, but broader environmental challenges persist, including air quality degradation from intense traffic and construction dust, with recording consistently elevated levels that pose respiratory risks. The rivers' role in drainage is beneficial during dry periods, yet it exacerbates seasonal flooding, prompting investments in improved systems to protect the district's low-lying expanses.

History

Legendary Founding

The name "Doun Penh," meaning "Grandmother Penh" in Khmer, derives from the legendary figure of Lady Penh (also known as Daun Penh), a wealthy credited with initiating the settlement that became the core of . This nomenclature honors her role in the district's mythological origins, positioning Doun Penh as the city's historic heart. According to local , around 1372 CE, during the dry season, Lady Penh discovered a large koki tree trunk floating in the River near the confluence of four rivers at Chaktomuk. Inside the hollowed trunk, she found four bronze statues and one stone statue, which she interpreted as a divine sign. With the assistance of villagers, she had the tree sawn open and constructed an artificial hill, Phnom Daun Penh (Hill of Lady Penh), to elevate and protect the sacred artifacts, thereby laying the foundation for the site's spiritual importance. This event led to the erection of a atop the hill, which evolved into , Cambodia's oldest and a enduring symbol of the area's Buddhist heritage. The legend culminates in the traditional founding of in 1434 CE, when King relocated the Khmer capital from to the site following Thai invasions, solidifying Doun Penh's status as the city's primordial district.

Colonial Era and Modern Growth

During the French colonial period from 1863 to 1953, Doun Penh was established as the administrative and cultural heart of , serving as the capital's central district under the French protectorate. emphasized wide boulevards and radial roads, with significant expansions to the Royal Palace complex beginning in the 1860s to symbolize Khmer sovereignty amid colonial oversight. Iconic architecture emerged, including the Central Market (Phsar Thmei), constructed in 1937 with a massive central dome spanning 148 feet in diameter, designed to accommodate over 3,000 vendors and reflect modern market functionality. These developments transformed Doun Penh into a blend of European-style villas, shophouses, and public spaces, earning acclaim as one of Southeast Asia's most elegant cities. Following 's independence in 1953, Doun Penh experienced continued expansion under King Norodom Sihanouk's rule through the 1960s, with infrastructure projects incorporating New Khmer Architecture, such as modernist buildings that supported growing administrative and commercial needs. This era fostered a vibrant urban core, but progress halted abruptly during the regime from 1975 to 1979, when the entire population of , including Doun Penh residents, was forcibly evacuated to rural areas, leaving the district a near-empty with many colonial structures repurposed or abandoned. Reconstruction began in earnest after the Vietnamese intervention in January 1979 ousted the Khmer Rouge, allowing residents to return and restoring Doun Penh's status as the national capital's focal point. The 1993 United Nations-backed elections under the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) catalyzed economic revival, introducing foreign investment and privatizing land through policies like Instruction No. 3 in 1989, which spurred resettlement and property ownership in the district. From the 1980s onward, rapid urbanization accelerated, with Phnom Penh's metro area population growing from around 100,000 in 1979 to over 2 million by the 2020s at an average annual rate of 3-4 percent, driven by Doun Penh's role as a commercial hub. The 2010s property boom further intensified density, with land prices in the central district surging from approximately $1,000 per square meter in 2008 to $4,000 by mid-decade, fueling high-rise developments like Phnom Penh Tower and integrating the area into global real estate markets.

Demographics

The population of Doun Penh district, the central administrative area of Phnom Penh, has shown steady urban growth over recent decades, reflecting broader trends in Cambodia's capital. According to the 2008 General Population Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS), the district had 126,550 residents. By the 2019 General Population Census, this figure had increased to 155,069 (73,302 males and 81,767 females), marking the latest official count and indicating an average annual growth rate of approximately 1.9% over the 11-year period. This growth aligns with the district's role as a commercial and administrative hub, contributing to Phnom Penh's overall expansion. Projections for subsequent years suggest continued increase, driven by the metropolitan area's dynamics. Based on Phnom Penh's estimated metro —from 2,281,000 in 2023 to 2,426,000 in 2025—the district's is estimated at approximately 165,000 as of 2025. This estimate assumes proportional scaling from the 2019 baseline, accounting for the district's share of the city's total. Such trends underscore Doun Penh's high , with a of 20,043 people per square kilometer as of 2019, based on its 7.737 km² area, highlighting intense urban concentration. Migration has been a key driver of these changes, with significant influxes from rural Khmer communities seeking employment in the district's service and trade sectors, as well as foreign expatriates drawn to professional opportunities in the capital's core. Rural-to-urban migration patterns, predominant in , have fueled Phnom Penh's districts like Doun Penh, where job availability in commerce and administration attracts internal movers.

Ethnic and Cultural Composition

The ethnic composition of Doun Penh district is predominantly Khmer, mirroring the national demographic where constitute 95.4% of Cambodia's population. This dominance reflects the district's role as a central urban hub in , where the broader city's population is similarly predominantly Khmer. Minority groups include a small but influential Chinese community, estimated at 1-2% nationally and concentrated in commercial areas like markets within Doun Penh, where they have historically played a key role in trade and business. Vietnamese residents form another modest minority, comprising less than 1% nationally and often residing in splash neighborhoods, contributing to the area's diverse commercial landscape. In recent years, Doun Penh has seen a growing , including Westerners, Japanese, and , attracted by opportunities in , and ; while exact figures for the district are limited, foreign immigration accounts for about 0.5% of Cambodia's overall , with higher concentrations in urban centers like . This influx has fostered mixed neighborhoods amid the district's high , blending local and international residents in a dynamic social fabric. Khmer is the primary spoken by the vast majority in Doun Penh, serving as the official tongue and medium of daily communication. English and French are commonly used in commercial and tourist areas, reflecting colonial legacies and global influences, while Chinese dialects prevail in market settings due to the ethnic Chinese presence. Buddhism predominates culturally, practiced by over 97% of Cambodians and deeply embedded in district life, with festivals such as Khmer New Year serving as central communal events that highlight shared traditions.

Government and Administration

Administrative Structure

Doun Penh is one of the 14 khans (districts) within Capital Administration, serving as a key urban core in the Cambodian capital. The district is hierarchically organized under the national administrative framework, with local management aligned to the Ministry of Interior's guidelines for sub-national administration. It is subdivided into 11 sangkats (communes), including , Srah Chak, Phsar Kandal, and Chey Chumneas, which are further divided into 134 kroms (quarters or villages) to facilitate granular local oversight. Each sangkat is governed by a council comprising 5 to 11 elected members, selected through elections to handle community-level planning and coordination. Under the Ministry of Interior, Doun Penh's administrative structure manages essential local services such as , , and maintenance of minor , ensuring alignment with national policies on . These functions support urban efficiency while integrating with broader municipal governance roles.

Local Governance and Services

The governance of Doun Penh is led by a khan appointed by the Royal Government through the Ministry of Interior and accountable to the Capital Administration, ensuring alignment with municipal priorities such as public order and urban management. Supporting this structure, the 's eleven sangkats are administered by chiefs elected every five years through communal elections organized by the National Election Committee, facilitating localized decision-making on community issues. Current leadership includes deputy governors like Chap Dina, who oversee operational aspects including security enforcement. Key public services in Doun Penh are coordinated at the district level, encompassing health, security, and regulatory functions. Public health is supported by community health care clinics within the district, providing primary care and preventive services in coordination with the Ministry of Health. Policing is managed through the District Police Inspectorate at No. 10 Oknha Men Street, including riverside precincts along Sisowath Quay to address tourism-related security, with broader oversight from the Phnom Penh Municipal Police. Market regulations fall under district authority, enforcing hygiene, vendor licensing, and spatial controls in areas like Psar Thmei (Central Market) to maintain commercial order. Utilities such as electricity are supplied by Electricité du Cambodge (EDC), a state enterprise, with district coordination ensuring reliable distribution amid high urban demand. District policies emphasize to mitigate congestion, including initiatives like enhanced signaling and integration as outlined in the Sustainable City Plan 2018-2030. In the 2020s, efforts have intensified on , focusing on and reduction to counter rapid , with the district collaborating on city-wide projects for flood-resilient roads and low-emission mobility. Challenges in Doun Penh's stem from providing high-density services—serving 155,069 residents () in a compact area—with constrained budgets, leading to strains on and service expansion. Limited fiscal resources, reliant on municipal transfers and local revenues, exacerbate issues like traffic bottlenecks and in densely populated zones, necessitating ongoing coordination with national agencies for support.

Economy

Commercial Activities

The commercial activities in Doun Penh district, located in the heart of , constitute a cornerstone of the city's economy, blending vibrant traditional markets with emerging modern retail infrastructure to serve both local residents and regional traders. This district's central location facilitates bustling trade in everyday goods, luxury items, and artisanal products, fostering a dynamic environment where informal and formal sectors coexist. Key hubs like the Central Market drive daily transactions, while specialized enterprises and street-level commerce amplify the area's economic vitality. Phsar Thom Thmei, commonly known as the Central Market, exemplifies Doun Penh's commercial heritage as an iconic landmark constructed between 1935 and 1937, once recognized as one of Southeast Asia's largest markets. Its distinctive yellow dome and four radiating wings accommodate hundreds of vendors offering diverse merchandise such as textiles, electronics, fresh produce, and handicrafts, creating a competitive marketplace that operates from early morning into the evening. Complementing this traditional setup are prominent businesses like the Sorya Shopping Center, Phnom Penh's first modern mall since its opening in 2003, which spans eight stories and provides air-conditioned retail space for apparel, groceries, and targeted at urban shoppers. The Mokod Pich Jewelry Enterprise, the country's leading jewelry firm with over two decades in operation, further bolsters the sector by specializing in , , and pieces from its base near the Central Market. Doun Penh's retail landscape extends to lively thoroughfares like Street 178, often called "Art Street," where rows of boutiques, galleries, and specialty shops sell paintings, sculptures, silverware, and fashion accessories, enhancing the district's appeal as a creative commercial node. As of 2011, the district accounted for about 15.7% of Phnom Penh's total street establishments, totaling 1,744 out of 11,118 citywide. Such activities generate substantial opportunities in trade and services, employing thousands in vending, sales, and related support roles that sustain local livelihoods and contribute to the broader urban economy.

Tourism and Real Estate

Doun Penh's tourism sector thrives on its central location along the Mekong River, where the Riverside Promenade, known as , serves as a vibrant hub for leisure and sightseeing, drawing significant foot traffic from both domestic and international visitors as part of 's broader appeal. welcomed 4.05 million international tourists in the first eight months of 2025, down 5.6% from the same period in 2024, with accounting for a substantial portion due to attractions like the promenade. Luxury hotels such as Raffles Hotel Le Royal, a historic in the district, cater to high-end travelers and contribute to the recovery of the , which generated approximately $3.6 billion in tourism across in 2024. River cruises departing from Phnom Penh's waterfront further bolster the visitor economy, with the national cruises market projected to generate $2.68 million in in 2025. Real estate in Doun Penh commands the highest prices in , reflecting its status as the city's historic and commercial core, with average high-end condo prices reaching approximately $2,650 per square meter in as of 2024. Developments like One 70 , a luxury project on Street 70, are adding high-end units ranging from studios to three-bedroom apartments, enhancing the district's appeal for upscale residential and investment opportunities. Foreign investors can own up to 70% of units in co-owned buildings such as condos, provided they are above the ground floor and the building was constructed after 2009, making Doun Penh attractive for international buyers. Investment trends in point to steady growth, with projections for 5-10% appreciation in residential property values in 2025, driven by ongoing improvements and economic recovery. The services sector supports this dynamism, as Doun Penh hosts numerous offices for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational banks, and diplomatic missions, fueling demand for housing among Phnom Penh's foreign residents, estimated at 150,000 as of 2021.

Culture and Landmarks

Religious and Historical Sites

, a prominent 14th-century hilltop temple complex in the Doun Penh district, serves as a foundational religious site in , encompassing viharas, stupas, and sema stones that mark its sacred boundaries. Established around 1373 following the legend of Lady Daun Penh discovering four bronze and one stone statues within a floating tree trunk during a flood, the complex was built to enshrine these artifacts on a 27-meter artificial hill, which gave the city its name. The main vihara features ornate Khmer-style architecture with guardian nagas and apsaras, while multiple stupas commemorate historical figures, including Lady Penh herself; sema stones, inscribed boundary markers, delineate the for Buddhist monastic rites. This site hosts the annual festival in late October or early November, drawing devotees for rituals, music, and offerings during the holiday, reinforcing its role as a spiritual hub. The Royal Palace, constructed in 1866 under King Norodom as the new capital's royal seat after the relocation from , exemplifies Khmer architectural grandeur within Doun Penh and functions as the official residence of King in its Khemarin Palace section. The complex spans over 175,000 square meters and includes the Throne Hall (Preah Tineang), a ceremonial rebuilt in with intricate silver bas-reliefs depicting the epic, used for coronations and state events. Adjacent is the ( Preah Keo Morakot), originally built in 1892 and reconstructed in 1962, renowned for its floor of 5,329 silver tiles weighing approximately 5 tons, which houses sacred relics like the and a solid gold Maitreya Buddha adorned with 2,086 diamonds. These structures host national ceremonies, such as royal weddings and Buddhist ordinations, underscoring their enduring cultural significance. The National Museum, erected between 1917 and 1920 in a French-colonial style inspired by Khmer motifs under the direction of George Groslier, stands as a key historical repository in Doun Penh, preserving 's artistic legacy from prehistoric to post-ian periods. Located adjacent to the Royal Palace, it safeguards over 14,000 artifacts, including stone sculptures, bronzes, ceramics, and ethnographic items from the era (9th–15th centuries), including iconic statues like the 10th-century standing and the seated Lokesvara. The collection continues to grow through repatriations of looted artifacts, with over 1,000 items returned to since 1996, including several dozen in 2024 and 2025. Cataloged by scholars such as Jean Boisselier, these holdings illuminate Khmer cosmology, royalty, and daily life, with galleries dedicated to ian bronzes and inscriptions. The museum facilitates Buddhist rituals through its display of sacred icons and serves as a venue for national commemorations, promoting cultural preservation post-Khmer Rouge devastation. Collectively, these sites in Doun Penh embody the district's profound religious and historical essence, acting as focal points for Theravada Buddhist practices, royal traditions, and public ceremonies that link contemporary Cambodia to its Khmer heritage.

Markets and Architectural Features

The Central Market, known locally as Phsar Thmei, stands as a prominent commercial landmark in Doun Penh, featuring an iconic Art Deco design with a distinctive yellow central dome and four radiating wings that accommodate diverse vendors. Constructed between 1935 and 1937 under the supervision of French architects Jean Desbois and Louis Chauchon, the structure exemplifies colonial-era engineering, with its cross-shaped layout facilitating efficient pedestrian flow and ventilation in Phnom Penh's tropical climate. This market not only serves as a hub for everyday commerce but also symbolizes the French colonial emphasis on centralized trade infrastructure in Indochina. Along the riverside in Doun Penh, architecture reflects a fusion of Indochinese style, blending French colonial elements like shuttered balconies and facades with traditional Khmer motifs in shophouses and villas dating primarily from the onward. These narrow, multi-story buildings, often with ground-floor shops and upper residential levels, evolved from Chinese merchant influences adapted to local urban needs, creating a vibrant street-level scene along the Tonle Sap River. Street 13, in particular, preserves some of the finest examples of these facades, including ornate details around the nearby Central , highlighting the district's role as a nexus for early 20th-century between French administrators and Asian traders. Contrasting these historic structures, the Sorya Center Point introduces modern elements to Doun Penh's skyline with its eight-story glass and steel facade, opened in 2003 as one of Cambodia's first Western-style malls near the Central Market. This contemporary design incorporates international retail layouts with subtle Khmer decorative accents, underscoring the district's transition from colonial to globalized urban retail. The surrounding further integrates these features through a radial road network emanating from the Central Market area, a legacy of early 20th-century French layouts that connect key commercial nodes like Street 63 and the riverside, promoting efficient traffic flow in the district's core. Preservation efforts in the 2010s have focused on restoring these landmarks amid rapid urbanization, including a major €4.5 million renovation of the Central Market from 2009 to 2011, which repaired the dome, improved drainage, and maintained vendor spaces while adhering to original Art Deco specifications. For shophouses and riverside villas, initiatives like UNESCO-supported seminars and municipal guidelines from the mid-2000s onward emphasized adaptive reuse to counter demolition pressures, with projects in Doun Penh prioritizing facade retention and structural reinforcement to balance development with heritage value. These restorations, often funded by international partners, have helped sustain the district's architectural diversity despite ongoing real estate growth.

Education

Schools and Institutions

Daun Penh district in is home to numerous public primary and secondary schools that serve the local population. Notable institutions include Daun Penh Primary School, located on Pasteur Street, which provides foundational education to young students in the area. Other prominent public schools encompass Sisowat High School, Chatumuk High School, Norodom School, Wat Koh School, and Anuwat High School in Sangkat Chatomuk. According to a 2013 report (data as of 2011/12), the district hosted 8 public primary schools with approximately 11,986 students enrolled, reflecting a high net enrollment rate of 101.1% due to cross-district attendance from neighboring areas like 7 Makara. The district also features a growing number of private and catering to diverse curricula and families. The , located on Street 96 in Sangkat , is a prominent French international school offering from to high school under the French national curriculum, serving both local and students. American Pacific International School's Daun Penh campus, situated at the corner of Streets 51 and 200 in Phsar Thmey III, offers from nursery through grade 12 following the Cambridge International curriculum, emphasizing holistic development and global standards. Eco International School operates a campus in Sangkat Chey Chumneah at #6 Samdech Pan Avenue (Street 214), providing programs from early years to primary levels with a focus on student-led learning and ; the facility underwent a significant expansion with a new building inaugurated in August 2024 to accommodate increasing demand. Additional private options include the campus of Sovannaphumi School and American School, both contributing to the district's educational diversity. Enrollment in Daun Penh's private schools has experienced notable growth in recent years, driven by high demand from the expatriate community attracted to the district's central location and international-oriented facilities. Cambodia's overall private higher education enrollment saw significant increases post-2015.

Access and Infrastructure Challenges

The central location of Doun Penh district contributes to significant in public high schools, exacerbated by the area's high of over 155,000 residents in 7.737 square kilometers. Reports from recent years highlight persistent challenges, such as classes exceeding recommended sizes, which strain teaching resources and limit individualized attention for students. Additionally, severe in routinely delays student commutes, with high school and university students describing daily jams as a major barrier to punctual attendance and overall academic performance. Public school infrastructure in the district faces ongoing issues, including aging buildings that lack adequate maintenance and modern facilities, amid the pressures of urban density. Many schools suffer from insufficient space for classrooms and extracurricular activities, compounded by a broader national shortage of qualified educators and basic amenities like water and sanitation. These conditions particularly affect lower-income families in Doun Penh, where limited physical infrastructure hinders equitable learning environments. Access to quality education remains uneven, with in charging annual fees ranging from $5,000 to $15,000, pricing out many local and migrant households. While in enrollment has improved nationally, with more girls attending than boys in recent years, rural migrants to Doun Penh encounter specific barriers, including difficulties in enrolling children due to documentation issues and unfamiliarity with urban systems. In response, the Cambodian government has pursued expansions since 2019 through the Education Strategic Plan 2019-2023, which aimed to increase access to services and construct additional facilities nationwide, including in urban areas like . Looking ahead, 2025 initiatives focus on digital integration, such as the Digital Education Strategy for Schools, to enhance learning through and address gaps via online resources and teacher training.

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