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Echinacea purpurea
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Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea purpurea, the eastern purple coneflower, purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or Echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States, as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and the Ohio Valley. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.
Echinacea purpurea is an herbaceous perennial up to 120 centimeters (47 inches) tall by 25 cm (10 in) wide at maturity. Depending on the climate, it blooms throughout summer into autumn. Its cone-shaped flowering heads are usually, but not always, purple in the wild. Its individual flowers (florets) within the flower head are hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs in each flower. It is pollinated by butterflies and bees. The alternate leaves, borne by a petiole from 0 to 17 cm (0 to 7 in), are oval to lanceolate, 5–30 cm (2–12 in) long by 5–12 cm (2–5 in) wide; the margin is tightened to toothed.
The inflorescence is a capitulum, 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) in diameter, formed by a prominent domed central protuberance consisting of multiple small yellow florets. These are surrounded by a ring of pink or purple ligulate florets. The tubular florets are hermaphrodite while the ligular florets are sterile. The involucral bracts are linear to lanceolate. The plant prefers well-drained soils in full sun. The fruit is an achene, sought after by birds.
Echinacea is derived from Greek, meaning 'spiny one', in reference to the spiny sea urchins 'εχίνοι' which the ripe flower heads of species of this genus resemble. The epithet purpurea means 'reddish-purple'.
The species was named Rudbeckia purpurea by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus took the placement in the genus Rudbeckia from Jan Frederik Gronovius. He and Linnaeus based the name on a description under the name "Chrysanthemum americanum" given by Leonard Plukenet, published in 1696. In 1794, Conrad Moench placed it in genus Echinacea as Echinacea purpurea.
In 1818, Thomas Nuttall described what he thought to be a variety and named it Rudbeckia purpurea var. serotina. In 1823, Robert Sweet raised this variety to the rank of species as Rudbeckia serotina. In 1832, George Don moved it to the genus Echinacea as Echinacea serotina. In 2001, Shannon Binns et al. discovered a misapplication of the name Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench for the taxon correctly named Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) G.Don in 1832. The authors proposed to conserve the name with a conserved type so as not to change a long standing name which would have caused confusion among gardeners and herbalists.
Echinacea purpurea is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and the Ohio Valley. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.
Echinacea purpurea is grown as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is ideal for curbs, walkways, or beds. The flowers can also go into the composition of fresh bouquets. Numerous cultivars have been developed for flower quality and plant form. The plant grows in sun or light shade. It thrives in either dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought once established. The cultivars 'Ruby Giant' and 'Elbrook' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
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Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea purpurea, the eastern purple coneflower, purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or Echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States, as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and the Ohio Valley. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.
Echinacea purpurea is an herbaceous perennial up to 120 centimeters (47 inches) tall by 25 cm (10 in) wide at maturity. Depending on the climate, it blooms throughout summer into autumn. Its cone-shaped flowering heads are usually, but not always, purple in the wild. Its individual flowers (florets) within the flower head are hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs in each flower. It is pollinated by butterflies and bees. The alternate leaves, borne by a petiole from 0 to 17 cm (0 to 7 in), are oval to lanceolate, 5–30 cm (2–12 in) long by 5–12 cm (2–5 in) wide; the margin is tightened to toothed.
The inflorescence is a capitulum, 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) in diameter, formed by a prominent domed central protuberance consisting of multiple small yellow florets. These are surrounded by a ring of pink or purple ligulate florets. The tubular florets are hermaphrodite while the ligular florets are sterile. The involucral bracts are linear to lanceolate. The plant prefers well-drained soils in full sun. The fruit is an achene, sought after by birds.
Echinacea is derived from Greek, meaning 'spiny one', in reference to the spiny sea urchins 'εχίνοι' which the ripe flower heads of species of this genus resemble. The epithet purpurea means 'reddish-purple'.
The species was named Rudbeckia purpurea by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus took the placement in the genus Rudbeckia from Jan Frederik Gronovius. He and Linnaeus based the name on a description under the name "Chrysanthemum americanum" given by Leonard Plukenet, published in 1696. In 1794, Conrad Moench placed it in genus Echinacea as Echinacea purpurea.
In 1818, Thomas Nuttall described what he thought to be a variety and named it Rudbeckia purpurea var. serotina. In 1823, Robert Sweet raised this variety to the rank of species as Rudbeckia serotina. In 1832, George Don moved it to the genus Echinacea as Echinacea serotina. In 2001, Shannon Binns et al. discovered a misapplication of the name Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench for the taxon correctly named Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) G.Don in 1832. The authors proposed to conserve the name with a conserved type so as not to change a long standing name which would have caused confusion among gardeners and herbalists.
Echinacea purpurea is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and the Ohio Valley. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.
Echinacea purpurea is grown as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is ideal for curbs, walkways, or beds. The flowers can also go into the composition of fresh bouquets. Numerous cultivars have been developed for flower quality and plant form. The plant grows in sun or light shade. It thrives in either dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought once established. The cultivars 'Ruby Giant' and 'Elbrook' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
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