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Economy of Tibet
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Economy of Tibet
The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture. Due to limited arable land, livestock raising is the primary occupation mainly on the Tibetan Plateau, among them are sheep, cattle, goats, camels, yaks, donkeys and horses. The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, oats, rapeseeds, cotton and assorted fruits and vegetables. In recent years the economy has begun evolving into a multiple structure with agriculture and tertiary industry developing side by side.
Tibetologist Andrew Martin Fischer states that, according to a Chinese census of 2000, Tibetans remain predominantly rural, with an overall rural Tibetan resident rate of 87.2%, including 91.4% in Qinghai, 90.9% in Gansu, 89.5% in Sichuan, 84.8% in the Tibet Autonomous Region, and 80% in Yunnan. Due to the scarcity of arable land, livestock herding is the primary occupation on the Tibetan Plateau.
According to the Illustrated White Paper published by the central government in 2009 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Democratic Reform in Tibet, a modern industry with Tibetan characteristics has developed, with mining, construction materials, handicrafts, and Tibetan medicine as its pillars, and electricity production, processing of agricultural and livestock products, and food production as auxiliary sectors. Modern commerce, tourism, catering, leisure, and other industries, unknown under the old regime, were booming and constituted the primary industries of the region. From 2001 to 2009, Beijing invested 45.4 billion dollars in the economic development of the Tibet Autonomous Region. This has had beneficial effects on economic growth, living standards, and infrastructure.
Andrew Martin Fischer states that the discourse on growth does not mention the "context of continued political disempowerment of Tibetans," where massive subsidy strategies directly serve the government or Chinese companies based outside Tibetan sectors. This situation enables the appropriation of the local economy by non-Tibetan populations, despite the significance of the subsidies. Fischer notes that the majority of construction projects are awarded to companies outside Tibet, which primarily employ Han Chinese workers. These companies reinvest their profits in their home provinces rather than in Tibet's economy. Sinologist Jean-Luc Domenach considers that "while Tibetans have partially regained control over their religious practices and customs, they have hardly strengthened their economic and social influence. Meanwhile, with economic development, Chinese settlers have arrived in increasing numbers, while the idea that Tibet is merely a charming tourist curiosity has spread in Chinese cities".
Tibet is a historic country in Asia, consisting of three Tibetan provinces: Kham, Ü-Tsang, and Amdo. Today, it mainly comprises the autonomous Tibetan administrative subdivisions of the People's Republic of China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Tibet consists mainly of a high plateau, the Tibetan Plateau, surrounded on three sides by the world's highest mountain ranges: the Himalayas to the south, the Karakoram to the west, and the Kunlun Mountains to the north. Often referred to as “the Roof of the World,” Tibet has an average altitude of 5,000 meters, and its highest peak, Mount Everest, rises to 8,849 meters.
The Tibet Autonomous Region covers 1,200,000 km2. The northern plateau (Changtang) comprises high-altitude regions, the central plateau around Lhasa comprises major agricultural regions, and the southeastern plateau (land of gorges) has significant forest resources, being China's second largest forest biomass zone. The majority of Tibetans live in agricultural areas, which account for 2% of the region's total area. There are approximately 500,000 nomadic herders in Tibet. The Tibet Autonomous Region is rich in minerals, some of which are rare in other parts of China. Its chromium and copper deposits are the largest in the country. Tibet has the world's largest borax and uranium deposits and half of the world's lithium reserves. In order to increase mining activities in the northeast and west of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the latter has been classified as a special economic zone. The Tibet Autonomous Region has the largest hydroelectric potential in Asia. Tibet has a rich cultural and ecological heritage, and national parks have been created, including the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary in 1992.
Like the Nepalese and the Chinese, Tibetans did not use gold for their currency, unlike Europeans. In 1650, the 5th Dalai Lama signed a treaty with the king of Patan, Siddhi Narasimha Malla, allowing Nepal to mint currency using silver ingots supplied by the Tibetans. The Malla kings received a 12% commission. This currency was used in Tibet until 1792, when the Tibetan government began minting its own currency.
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Economy of Tibet
The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture. Due to limited arable land, livestock raising is the primary occupation mainly on the Tibetan Plateau, among them are sheep, cattle, goats, camels, yaks, donkeys and horses. The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, oats, rapeseeds, cotton and assorted fruits and vegetables. In recent years the economy has begun evolving into a multiple structure with agriculture and tertiary industry developing side by side.
Tibetologist Andrew Martin Fischer states that, according to a Chinese census of 2000, Tibetans remain predominantly rural, with an overall rural Tibetan resident rate of 87.2%, including 91.4% in Qinghai, 90.9% in Gansu, 89.5% in Sichuan, 84.8% in the Tibet Autonomous Region, and 80% in Yunnan. Due to the scarcity of arable land, livestock herding is the primary occupation on the Tibetan Plateau.
According to the Illustrated White Paper published by the central government in 2009 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Democratic Reform in Tibet, a modern industry with Tibetan characteristics has developed, with mining, construction materials, handicrafts, and Tibetan medicine as its pillars, and electricity production, processing of agricultural and livestock products, and food production as auxiliary sectors. Modern commerce, tourism, catering, leisure, and other industries, unknown under the old regime, were booming and constituted the primary industries of the region. From 2001 to 2009, Beijing invested 45.4 billion dollars in the economic development of the Tibet Autonomous Region. This has had beneficial effects on economic growth, living standards, and infrastructure.
Andrew Martin Fischer states that the discourse on growth does not mention the "context of continued political disempowerment of Tibetans," where massive subsidy strategies directly serve the government or Chinese companies based outside Tibetan sectors. This situation enables the appropriation of the local economy by non-Tibetan populations, despite the significance of the subsidies. Fischer notes that the majority of construction projects are awarded to companies outside Tibet, which primarily employ Han Chinese workers. These companies reinvest their profits in their home provinces rather than in Tibet's economy. Sinologist Jean-Luc Domenach considers that "while Tibetans have partially regained control over their religious practices and customs, they have hardly strengthened their economic and social influence. Meanwhile, with economic development, Chinese settlers have arrived in increasing numbers, while the idea that Tibet is merely a charming tourist curiosity has spread in Chinese cities".
Tibet is a historic country in Asia, consisting of three Tibetan provinces: Kham, Ü-Tsang, and Amdo. Today, it mainly comprises the autonomous Tibetan administrative subdivisions of the People's Republic of China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Tibet consists mainly of a high plateau, the Tibetan Plateau, surrounded on three sides by the world's highest mountain ranges: the Himalayas to the south, the Karakoram to the west, and the Kunlun Mountains to the north. Often referred to as “the Roof of the World,” Tibet has an average altitude of 5,000 meters, and its highest peak, Mount Everest, rises to 8,849 meters.
The Tibet Autonomous Region covers 1,200,000 km2. The northern plateau (Changtang) comprises high-altitude regions, the central plateau around Lhasa comprises major agricultural regions, and the southeastern plateau (land of gorges) has significant forest resources, being China's second largest forest biomass zone. The majority of Tibetans live in agricultural areas, which account for 2% of the region's total area. There are approximately 500,000 nomadic herders in Tibet. The Tibet Autonomous Region is rich in minerals, some of which are rare in other parts of China. Its chromium and copper deposits are the largest in the country. Tibet has the world's largest borax and uranium deposits and half of the world's lithium reserves. In order to increase mining activities in the northeast and west of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the latter has been classified as a special economic zone. The Tibet Autonomous Region has the largest hydroelectric potential in Asia. Tibet has a rich cultural and ecological heritage, and national parks have been created, including the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary in 1992.
Like the Nepalese and the Chinese, Tibetans did not use gold for their currency, unlike Europeans. In 1650, the 5th Dalai Lama signed a treaty with the king of Patan, Siddhi Narasimha Malla, allowing Nepal to mint currency using silver ingots supplied by the Tibetans. The Malla kings received a 12% commission. This currency was used in Tibet until 1792, when the Tibetan government began minting its own currency.