Elephantopus

Elephantopus
	Elephantopus scaber in India
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Vernonioideae
Tribe:	Vernonieae
Genus:	Elephantopus; L.
Type species
	Elephantopus scaber; L.
Synonyms
	Elephantosis Less.; Anaschovadi Adans.; Elephantopsis (Sch.Bip.) C.F.Baker; Chaetospira S.F.Blake;

Elephantopus is a genus of perennial plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae).^[3]^[4]^[5]

The genus is widespread over much of Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Americas.^[2] Several species are native to the southeastern United States,^[6]^[7] and at least one is native to India and the Himalayas.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Uses

Elephantopus scaber is a traditional medicine^[11] and other species, including E. mollis^[12] and E. carolinianus,^[13] have also been investigated for medicinal properties. Elephantopus scaber contains elephantopin which is a germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone containing two lactone rings and an epoxide functional group.^[14]

Species

Accepted species^[2]

Elephantopus angolensis O.Hoffm. - Angola
Elephantopus arenarius Britton & P.Wilson ex Britton - Cuba
Elephantopus arenosus Krasch. - Brazil
Elephantopus biflorus (Less.) Sch.Bip. - Brazil
Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch.- southeastern + south-central United States; Cuba, Puerto Rico
Elephantopus dilatatus Gleason - Costa Rica, Panama
Elephantopus elatus Bertol. - southeastern United States
Elephantopus elongatus Gardner- Brazil
Elephantopus hirtiflorus DC. - Brazil, Venezuela
Elephantopus mendoncae Philipson - Angola
Elephantopus micropappus Less.- Brazil
Elephantopus mollis Kunth native to Latin America + West Indies; widely naturalized in tropics of Africa, Asia, Australia, various islands
Elephantopus multisetus O.Hoffm. ex T.Durand & De Wild. - Angola, Zaire, Tanzania
Elephantopus nudatus A.Gray - southeastern + south-central United States, east Texas to Maryland
Elephantopus nudicaulis Poir. - Mexico
Elephantopus palustris Gardner - Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
Elephantopus piauiensis R.Barros & Semir - Brazil
Elephantopus pratensis C.Wright - Cuba
Elephantopus racemosus Gardner- Brazil
Elephantopus riparius Gardner- Brazil
Elephantopus scaber L.- China, India, southeast Asia, northern Australia; naturalized in Africa, Madagascar, Latin America
Elephantopus senegalensis (Klatt) Oliv. & Hiern- tropical Africa
Elephantopus tomentosus L. - southern United States
Elephantopus vernonioides S. Moore - Africa
Elephantopus virgatus Desv. ex Ham. - Guyana
Elephantopus welwitschii Hiern - Africa

Formerly placed here

Orthopappus angustifolius (Sw.) Gleason (as Elephantopus angustifolius Sw.)

References

*Elephantopus tomentosus* in the United States

^ Baker, C. F. 1902. A revision of the Elephantopeae--1. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 12: 43-56 in English
^ ^a ^b ^c Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 814 in Latin
^ Baker, C. F. 1902. A revision of the Elephantopeae--1. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 12: plate IX line drawings of fruits of several species of Elephantopus and Pseudelephantopus (captions on page 56)
^ Clonts, J. A. 1972. A Revision of the Genus Elephantopus Including Orthopappus and Pseudelephantopus (Compositae). Ph.D. thesis. Mississippi State University.
^ "Elephantopus L." United States Department of Agriculture plants profile.
^ Flora of North America, Elephant’s foot, Elephantopus Linnaeus
^ Press, J.R.; Shrestha, K.K. & Sutton, D.A. "Elephantopus L." Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 368 地胆草属 di dan cao shu Elephantopus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.
^ Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2015-08-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
^ Poli, A; Nicolau, M; Simoes, Cm; Nicolau, Rm; Zanin, M (August 1992). "Preliminary pharmacologic evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: in vivo studies". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 37 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90005-C. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 1453704.
^ Tabopda, Tk; Liu, J; Ngadjui, Bt; Luu, B (Apr 2007). "Cytotoxic triterpene and sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus mollis and induction of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells". Planta Medica. 73 (4): 376–80. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967132. ISSN 0032-0943. PMID 17366372.
^ Lee, Kh; Cowherd, Cm; Wolo, Mt (September 1975). "Antitumor agents. XV: Deoxyelephantopin, an antitumor principle from Elephantopus carolinianus Willd". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64 (9): 1572–3. doi:10.1002/jps.2600640938. ISSN 0022-3549. PMID 1185584.
^ Rajkapoor B, Jayakar B, Anandan R (Jan–Feb 2002). "Antitumor activity of Elephantopus scaber linn against Dalton's ascitis lymphoma". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64 (1): 71–3. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30.

Media related to Elephantopus at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Baker, C. F. 1902. A revision of the Elephantopeae--1. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 12: 43-56 in English

[a-2] Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist

[3] Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 814 in Latin

[4] Baker, C. F. 1902. A revision of the Elephantopeae--1. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 12: plate IX line drawings of fruits of several species of Elephantopus and Pseudelephantopus (captions on page 56)

[5] Clonts, J. A. 1972. A Revision of the Genus Elephantopus Including Orthopappus and Pseudelephantopus (Compositae). Ph.D. thesis. Mississippi State University.

[6] "Elephantopus L." United States Department of Agriculture plants profile.

[7] Flora of North America, Elephant’s foot, Elephantopus Linnaeus

[8] Press, J.R.; Shrestha, K.K. & Sutton, D.A. "Elephantopus L." Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. Retrieved 2009-06-15.

[9] Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 368 地胆草属 di dan cao shu Elephantopus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.

[10] Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2015-08-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro

[poli-11] Poli, A; Nicolau, M; Simoes, Cm; Nicolau, Rm; Zanin, M (August 1992). "Preliminary pharmacologic evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: in vivo studies". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 37 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90005-C. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 1453704.

[Tabopda-12] Tabopda, Tk; Liu, J; Ngadjui, Bt; Luu, B (Apr 2007). "Cytotoxic triterpene and sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus mollis and induction of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells". Planta Medica. 73 (4): 376–80. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967132. ISSN 0032-0943. PMID 17366372.

[Lee-13] Lee, Kh; Cowherd, Cm; Wolo, Mt (September 1975). "Antitumor agents. XV: Deoxyelephantopin, an antitumor principle from Elephantopus carolinianus Willd". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64 (9): 1572–3. doi:10.1002/jps.2600640938. ISSN 0022-3549. PMID 1185584.

[IJPS-14] Rajkapoor B, Jayakar B, Anandan R (Jan–Feb 2002). "Antitumor activity of Elephantopus scaber linn against Dalton's ascitis lymphoma". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64 (1): 71–3. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30.

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Elephantopus

Elephantopus scaber in India
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Vernonioideae
Tribe:	Vernonieae
Genus:	Elephantopus L.
Type species
Elephantopus scaber L.^[1]
Synonyms^[2]
Elephantosis Less. Anaschovadi Adans. Elephantopsis (Sch.Bip.) C.F.Baker Chaetospira S.F.Blake