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Erdek is a municipality and district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 307 km2,[3] and its population is 32,021 (2024).[4] Located on the Kapıdağ Peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Erdek at the south of the Sea of Marmara, Erdek is a popular domestic holiday destination with several hotels dating back to the 1960s. The surrounding area has a rugged geology and topography with evergreen wooded areas and large olive groves. It is dominated by Mt Dindymus (782m). Erdek district also included the islands of Koyun and Paşalimanı.

Key Information

In the summer ferries travel from Erdek to Avşa Adası, one of the Marmara Islands in the Sea of Marmara. The harbour overlooks tiny Zeytinlik island where there is a research station devoted to olives.[5]

History

[edit]
Main article: Artace (Mysia)

During the Hittite era it was known as Artukka.[6] Later it became a colony of Miletus.[7][8] Together with other Greek cities, it took part in the Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire, but was burnt by the Persians; it seems unlikely that it was rebuilt in ancient times since Strabo does not mention it.[8] In the Roman period it was known as Artace.[9]

During the Ottoman period, Erdek was the centre of the Sanjak of Karasi. According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82–1893, the kaza of Erdek had a total population of 33,007, consisting of 29,165 Greeks, 3,070 Muslims, 300 Jews, 18 Armenians and 454 foreign citizens.[10]

In the 1960s, before Bodrum and Marmaris became popular vacation spots, Erdek was a fashionable holiday resort for Istanbul residents. The Pinar Oteli was the most popular place to stay then and is still in business today.[11]

Composition

[edit]

There are 28 neighbourhoods (including villages) in Erdek District:[12]

  • Alaaddin
  • Aşağıyapıcı
  • Atatürk
  • Balıklı
  • Ballıpınar
  • Belkıs
  • Çakılköy
  • Çeltikçi
  • Doğanlar
  • Halitpaşa
  • Hamamlı
  • Harmanlı
  • İlhanköy
  • Karşıyaka
  • Kestanelik
  • Narlı
  • Ocaklar
  • Ormanlı
  • Paşalimanı
  • Poyrazlı
  • Sahil
  • Şahinburgaz
  • Tatlısu
  • Turan
  • Tuzla
  • Yalı
  • Yukarıyapıcı
  • Zeytinli

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]

Erdek is twinned with:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Erdek

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Erdek is a coastal and municipality in , northwestern , situated on the Kapıdağ Peninsula along the southern shore of the , encompassing the Gulf of Erdek. With a population of 32,021 as of 2024, it serves as a prominent destination, renowned for its sandy beaches, clear waters, and rich archaeological heritage dating back to ancient times. The town experiences a characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters, which enhances its appeal as a summer . Historically, Erdek traces its origins to the ancient settlement of Artake, established around the 7th century BCE and influenced by , Hellenic, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations before Ottoman conquest in 1339 by Süleyman Pasha. The region features significant archaeological sites, including the nearby ancient city of , one of the most important Hellenistic and Roman settlements in , known for its monumental structures such as a massive bridge and amphitheater. An in Erdek displays artifacts from these eras, underscoring the area's role in early maritime trade and cultural exchange along the Marmara Sea. Geographically, the district covers an area of 311.8 square kilometers with a of 102.7 inhabitants per square kilometer, featuring a mix of coastal plains, hills, and islands like Paşalimanı to the south. Its economy revolves around seasonal , supported by numerous beaches along with and limited . Key attractions include the Kapıdağ Peninsula's natural landscapes, drawing visitors for both relaxation and exploration of its blend of natural beauty and historical depth.

Geography

Location and topography

Erdek is situated on the Kapıdağ Peninsula in , northwestern , at geographic coordinates 40°23′53″N 27°47′29″E. The town and district occupy the north coast of the Gulf of Erdek, a sheltered that borders the southern reaches of the . This positioning places Erdek within a transitional zone between the Marmara and Aegean regions, characterized by its proximity to maritime routes and coastal ecosystems. The of Erdek features rugged shaped by tectonic activity and , with evergreen woodlands and extensive groves covering much of the . The rises inland to Mount Dindymus, the dominant peak reaching an elevation of approximately 780 meters, providing a backdrop of hilly terrain that contrasts with the flat coastal plains. Marine terraces and pebbled-sandy shores further define the area's geomorphological profile, with elevations varying from to several meters along the gulf's northern edge. The district encompasses an area of 307 km², including 34.75 km of coastline and 14.5 km of beaches suitable for . These coastal features consist primarily of fine sand and pebbles, supporting a diverse along the gulf. Erdek district administratively includes the nearby islands of Koyun Island and Paşalimanı Island in the . The local landscape is also influenced by the proximity of ancient sites such as Kyzikos, located about 7 km southeast of the town center, where archaeological remains blend into the surrounding hills and shores.

Climate

Erdek experiences a characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This classification, specifically the hot-summer Mediterranean subtype (Csa), features distinct seasonal patterns influenced by the region's coastal position. The annual average temperature in Erdek is 15.2 °C (59.3 °F). Winters are mild, with average temperatures around 10 °C in , including lows near 5 °C. Summers are warm, reaching highs of up to 30 °C in , while sees average highs of 26 °C and lows of 19 °C. The proximity to the Sea of Marmara moderates these temperatures, preventing extreme variations, and contributes to breezy conditions, particularly during summer months. Precipitation totals approximately 660 mm annually, with the majority occurring during the winter months from to . is typically the wettest month, while summers remain arid, with minimal rainfall in and . This pattern supports local , notably olive cultivation, which thrives in the mild winters and dry summers. The climate also drives seasonal , peaking in the warmer, drier months.

History

Ancient and classical periods

The region encompassing modern Erdek may correspond to Artukka mentioned in Hittite texts as a coastal settlement within the Aššuwa land confederation during the Late , though this identification remains hypothetical, reflecting early Anatolian political and economic networks along the Propontis shores. In the Archaic period, the site evolved into the Greek colony of Artake (Ἀρτάκη), a maritime outpost on the Mysian coast near , facilitating trade and cultural exchange across the Aegean and Propontis. During the Roman era, the site retained the name , appearing in geographical descriptions as a modest on the peninsula opposite , though Strabo's account emphasizes the adjacent wooded mountain and offshore island of the same name rather than significant urban structures, indicating limited development. The nearby city of Kyzikos, situated on the Kapıdağ Peninsula approximately 40 stadia from Artace, emerged as a prominent Hellenistic and Roman center, boasting monumental architecture such as the grand —one of the largest temples in antiquity with approximately 60 Corinthian columns—and an extensive amphitheater accommodating public spectacles. Kyzikos also featured a for civic assemblies and defensive elements like the hexagonal Altıköe (Altıgen) tower, part of its robust fortifications overlooking the . Archaeological remnants from these ancient phases, including coastal ruins, pottery shards, and structural foundations, remain visible around Erdek, underscoring the area's enduring ties to classical maritime history and the strategic Propontis corridor.

Ottoman and modern eras

Erdek was conquered by the Ottomans in 1339 by Süleyman Pasha, son of Orhan Gazi, and later became part of the Sanjak of Karasi, reflecting its strategic importance as a port town. According to the Ottoman census conducted between 1881 and 1893, the kaza of Erdek had a total population of 33,007, comprising a majority of Greeks at 29,165 (approximately 88%) and Muslims at 3,070 (about 9%), with smaller numbers of other groups including 300 Armenians and 472 Jews. This demographic composition underscored the town's multicultural fabric, with Greeks dominating economic activities such as trade and fishing along the Marmara coast. In the early 20th century, Erdek was profoundly affected by the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) and the subsequent population exchange mandated by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which compelled the departure of its Greek Orthodox inhabitants to Greece in exchange for Muslim populations from Greek territories. This mübadele reshaped the town's social structure, as incoming Muslim refugees from regions like Macedonia and Thrace resettled in vacated Greek properties, contributing to a more homogeneous Turkish-Muslim community. Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Erdek integrated into the new national framework as part of Balıkesir Province, with its economy gradually shifting toward agriculture and local trade amid broader modernization efforts. Erdek's modern development accelerated in the , when it emerged as one of Turkey's pioneering domestic holiday resorts, attracting residents seeking seaside escapes well before the rise of and as tourist hotspots. The opening of the Pınar Oteli in 1962 marked a milestone, serving as one of the country's earliest purpose-built tourist facilities and symbolizing the town's pivot toward hospitality infrastructure. In the decades following the , Erdek experienced significant growth in -related amenities, including the expansion of hotels and the introduction of regular ferry services connecting the peninsula to and nearby islands, enhancing accessibility for vacationers. Erdek Naval Base, located nearby, has contributed to the area's strategic profile. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Erdek solidified its status as a district within —formally recognized in administrative reforms—and witnessed a boom driven by its beaches and historical sites, drawing thousands of visitors annually and transforming it into a key regional leisure destination.

Demographics

The population of Erdek stood at 32,021 as of the end of 2024, according to the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). This figure represents a slight decline of 247 from 32,268 in 2023, reflecting a recent minor fluctuation amid broader regional demographic patterns. The district spans an area of 307 km², resulting in a population density of approximately 104 inhabitants per square kilometer.
YearDistrict Population
199026,547
200032,020
200733,187
201033,248
202032,037
202332,268
202432,021
Historical records indicate that Erdek's population was 33,007 during the Ottoman census period of 1881–1893, with a significant portion comprising Greek Orthodox residents. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey led to a sharp decline as the Greek majority departed, but the population gradually recovered in the subsequent decades through internal migration and the rise of tourism, reaching over 33,000 by the early 2000s before stabilizing near current levels. Erdek's settlement pattern is predominantly coastal, centered on the main town and adjacent areas along the Kapıdağ Peninsula, with smaller rural villages inland. This distribution is augmented by a substantial seasonal influx of visitors during the summer tourism peak, which can multiply the effective population significantly due to holidaymakers from across Turkey. Recent trends as of 2024 show a slight decline, potentially influenced by migration and demographic shifts, though historical regional plans from 2014–2023 anticipated growth driven by retiree migration and tourism. Updated projections beyond 2023 are not available from official sources.

Ethnic composition

During the late Ottoman period, Erdek exhibited a diverse ethnic composition dominated by Greeks. According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82–1893, the kaza of Erdek had a total population of 33,007, comprising 29,165 Greeks (approximately 88%), 3,070 Muslims, 300 Jews, 18 Armenians, and 454 foreign citizens. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, formalized under the , profoundly altered this demographic landscape. This compulsory relocation involved the departure of nearly all Orthodox Greeks from (excluding Istanbul and Imbros) to Greece, affecting regions like Erdek in western Turkey, and the resettlement of Muslim populations from Greece into Turkey. As a result, Erdek transitioned to a Turkish Muslim majority, with the incoming migrants primarily from Greek Macedonia and Thrace. In contemporary times, Erdek's population is overwhelmingly ethnic Turkish. Turkey's last ethnic census was in 1965, with subsequent estimates indicating ethnic Turks constitute 70–75% nationally as of recent studies. No official recent censuses provide detailed ethnic breakdowns for the district, but small minorities such as Circassians or Balkan immigrants from earlier migrations may persist in limited numbers. Religiously, the community is predominantly Sunni Muslim, aligning with Turkey's overall 99% Muslim population, though traces of historical Christian influences from former Greek and Armenian residents are evident in preserved churches and cultural sites. Turkish serves as the dominant language, with some Greek linguistic heritage lingering in local toponyms and historical inscriptions. Modern diversity in Erdek is enhanced by seasonal influxes of domestic tourists and retirees from inland Turkish regions, drawn to its Aegean coastal setting, contributing to a transient multicultural element during summer months.

Administration

Local government

Erdek functions as both a municipality and a district within Balıkesir Province in northwestern Turkey, serving as a key administrative unit in the Marmara Region. The local government operates under the framework of Turkey's municipal law (No. 5393), which establishes a structure led by an elected mayor and a municipal council comprising representatives from various political parties. The current mayor, Burhan Karışık, oversees executive functions, while the council handles legislative matters such as budgeting and policy approval. Erdek adheres to Turkey Time (TRT), UTC+3, with a postal code of 10500 and an area code of 0266 for local communications. The municipal government manages essential public services, including the development and maintenance of tourism infrastructure, which is vital given Erdek's role as a coastal resort destination on the Kapıdağ Peninsula. This encompasses oversight of marinas, beaches, and seasonal facilities to support visitor influx, alongside urban planning initiatives for sustainable growth and environmental protection. Local planning efforts focus on zoning regulations and infrastructure projects to balance residential, commercial, and natural areas. Additionally, the administration coordinates with national authorities on regional security, including the nearby Erdek Naval Base, a significant Turkish Navy installation that enhances maritime defense in the Sea of Marmara. These services support a population of approximately 32,000 residents. Recent developments in Erdek's governance stem from Turkey's 2012 local government reforms under Law No. 6360, which reorganized districts by merging smaller town municipalities (beldes) into larger units like Erdek to streamline administration and improve service delivery. This restructuring expanded Erdek's district boundaries, incorporating adjacent areas and enhancing its capacity for coordinated planning and resource allocation, in line with broader national efforts to modernize local self-government.

Neighborhoods

Erdek district comprises 28 administrative neighborhoods (mahalle), encompassing a diverse range of settlement types from densely built urban cores to scattered rural hamlets. These include central neighborhoods such as Alaettin, Atatürk, Halitpaşa, Yalı, Zeytinli, and Sahil, alongside more outlying areas like Aşağıyapıcı, Balıklı, Ballıpınar, Belkıs, Çakıl, Çeltikçi, Doğanlar, Hamamlı, Harmanlı, İlhan, Karşıyaka, Kestanelik, Narlı, Ocaklar, Ormanlı, Poyrazlı, Şahınburgaz, Tatlısu, Turan, Tuzla, Yukarıyapıcı, and Paşalimanı. The neighborhoods reflect a blend of urban centers, traditional villages, and emerging resort zones, with several retaining historical connections to ancient coastal communities and Ottoman-era structures. For instance, Sahil stands out as a key coastal neighborhood oriented toward tourism, featuring waterfront developments and seasonal visitor infrastructure along the Marmara Sea shoreline. In contrast, Paşalimanı serves as a rural hub linked to Paşalimanı Island, part of a cluster of island-based neighborhoods including Balıklı, Harmanlı, Poyrazlı, and Tuzla, emphasizing agricultural landscapes and limited connectivity to the mainland. Urbanization in Erdek's coastal neighborhoods accelerated from the 1960s onward, spurred by national tourism policies that prioritized seaside development and infrastructure investments in Marmara Region locales. This growth transformed peripheral areas into integrated resort extensions while preserving the district's varied topographic roles, from peninsula enclaves to island outposts.

Economy

Tourism

Erdek has been a pioneering domestic resort destination in Turkey since the late 1950s, when tourism infrastructure began to develop with the establishment of early facilities like the Pınar Otel in 1962, one of the country's first tourist hotels. By the 1960s, it emerged as a favored holiday spot for Istanbul residents, predating the popularity of Aegean destinations like Bodrum and Marmaris. Summer ferry services to nearby Avşa Adası in the Marmara Islands further enhanced accessibility, connecting the mainland to island attractions and boosting seasonal travel. The town's tourism infrastructure supports a high volume of visitors through its 14.5 km of beaches, ranking third in Balıkesir province for beach length and fourth for overall coastline at 34.75 km. It features 15 hotels, numerous motels, and seasonal accommodations providing 4,697 beds, alongside recreational facilities along 12 km of sandy shores. Key visitor attractions include these beaches and the proximity to the Marmara Islands, visible from the coast, which draw an annual influx of domestic tourists seeking relaxation amid forested Kapıdağ Peninsula landscapes. The mild Mediterranean climate enables peak summer tourism, with calm waters ideal for families and groups. Tourism serves as Erdek's primary industry, generating key revenue and employment opportunities, particularly in hospitality and services, while approximately 35% of local residences function as second homes for seasonal use. It attracts families and retirees drawn to the affordable, serene environment, significantly bolstering the local economy during high season. Despite its importance, the sector faces challenges from its highly seasonal nature, concentrated in just two summer months, leading to underutilization of infrastructure year-round. Limited diversification, inadequate entertainment options, and competition from more developed Aegean resorts exacerbate issues like fluctuating visitor numbers and infrastructure strain.

Agriculture and fisheries

Agriculture in Erdek is predominantly centered on olive cultivation, which dominates the local landscape due to the region's suitable Mediterranean climate and fertile soils. The district features extensive olive groves, contributing significantly to Balıkesir Province's total of over 15 million olive trees across key areas including Erdek. These orchards support the production of both table olives and olive oil, with Erdek's output forming a vital part of the provincial economy that, as of 2019, accounted for 64% of Balıkesir's overall economic activity through agriculture and animal husbandry. In Bandırma and Erdek, olives play a crucial role in sustaining local livelihoods, with cultivation practices adapted to the subtropical conditions of long, dry summers. Beyond olives, other agricultural activities include the production of local fruits in rural areas, such as hard-shelled fruits that represent 55% of Balıkesir's fruit output, alongside vegetables and arable crops. The region's evergreen forests, covering approximately 625,000 hectares in Balıkesir with species like red pine, beech, and oak, bolster forestry efforts that provide supplementary resources and support sustainable land use. Fisheries in Erdek leverage the district's coastal position along the Gulf of Erdek and the , facilitating small-scale operations focused on the area's rich marine biodiversity. Studies on fish populations in Erdek Bay highlight the presence of diverse species in shallow seagrass and sandy habitats, sustaining local fishing communities through seasonal catches. The 's unique ecological features, including its role in fish migration, further enhance these activities, though they remain modest in scale compared to broader regional fisheries. However, recurrent mucilage outbreaks, including in 2024 and 2025, have threatened marine biodiversity and local fishing yields. While tourism drives much of Erdek's seasonal economy, agriculture and fisheries provide essential year-round employment and stability for residents, with olive products forming a key export component that bolsters Balıkesir's contributions to Turkey's olive oil shipments abroad. These sectors employ a significant portion of the local workforce outside peak tourist periods, ensuring economic resilience. Sustainability efforts in olive cultivation emphasize adaptation to the Mediterranean climate, including research into eco-physiological responses to warming temperatures and dry conditions that affect yield and quality. Provincial initiatives promote organic practices and good agricultural methods to mitigate climate impacts, supporting long-term viability in areas like Erdek where global warming poses challenges to traditional farming.

Culture and landmarks

Historical sites

Erdek's historical sites primarily revolve around the ancient city of Kyzikos, located approximately 7 kilometers southeast of the town on the Kapıdağ Peninsula, which preserves significant Greco-Roman and Byzantine remnants. Founded as a Milesian colony around 756 BC, Kyzikos served as a major Ionian center on the Sea of Marmara, renowned for its strategic naval position and architectural achievements. The most prominent ruins at Kyzikos include the Temple of Hadrian, constructed in the 2nd century AD and considered one of the largest temples in antiquity, featuring colossal Corinthian capitals weighing up to 20 tons each. Other key structures encompass the amphitheater, one of the largest in the ancient world and uniquely intersected by a stream, as well as the bouleuterion, a civic assembly hall with remnants of its seating and mosaic floors. Defensive elements such as towers, potentially including those associated with nearby Altıköe fortifications, highlight the city's role in regional defense. These ruins, though partially overgrown and under ongoing excavation, offer insights into Kyzikos's prosperity during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The Erdek Open Air Museum, established in 1948, displays architectural pieces and artifacts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, primarily excavated from Kyzikos Ancient City and surrounding areas. Further afield, the Byzantine-era Kirazlı Manastırı, situated about 17 kilometers from the Bandırma-Erdek highway amid the Kapıdağ forests between Yukarı Yapıcı and Ballıpınar villages, consists of monastery ruins, a church, and associated buildings dating to the medieval period. Accessible primarily by trekking on unpaved paths, the site appeals to history enthusiasts seeking isolated Byzantine heritage, with structures largely reclaimed by vegetation since its abandonment around 1922. Additional remnants in Erdek trace to its ancient identity as Artace, a Greek colony with Roman overlays, including scattered foundations and artifacts from its era as a coastal settlement. Kyzikos itself held naval significance, hosting key battles like the 410 BC Athenian victory over Sparta and later serving as an Arab naval base during the 7th-century Islamic expansions, underscoring the region's maritime history. These sites are safeguarded under Turkey's Law No. 2863 on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property, enforced by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, which mandates protection of archaeological zones and prohibits unauthorized excavations. Guided tours, often led by local experts, are available from or Bandırma, facilitating safe access and interpretation of the ruins. Collectively, Erdek's historical landmarks connect to classical antiquity's intellectual and military legacy, drawing cultural tourists to explore this under-visited trove of Ionian and Byzantine history.

Beaches and recreational facilities

Erdek boasts approximately 14.5 kilometers of sandy beaches along its 34.75-kilometer coastline, ranking fourth in coastline length among Balıkesir Province's districts. These shores feature fine golden sands and clear turquoise waters, making them particularly suitable for swimming and sunbathing, with popular stretches including Çuğra Beach and Kurbağalıdere Public Beach. The beaches are framed by olive groves and pine-covered hills, providing shaded areas and scenic backdrops that enhance the relaxed seaside experience. A range of modern amenities supports visitors, including numerous hotels and resorts directly on or near the beaches, such as those along the 12-kilometer central coastal strip equipped with touristic accommodations and campsites. Water sports facilities are readily available, with options for diving through local centers like Erdek Dalış Kulübü and rentals for jet skiing and sailing at beachfront properties. In total, the area offers 4,697 beds across 15 tourism facilities and 15 public campsites, catering to diverse budgets and group sizes. Recreational pursuits extend beyond the shore into the surrounding landscape, with hiking opportunities in the evergreen forests of the nearby Kapıdağ Peninsula, ideal for nature walks amid pine trees and mountain views. Boating excursions in the Gulf of Erdek provide serene cruises, while summer ferry services connect to nearby islands such as Paşalimanı and Marmara, with increased schedules during peak season to facilitate day trips. The beaches and facilities emphasize accessibility and family-friendliness, featuring shallow entry points into the sea that are safe for children and elderly visitors, alongside nearby promenades for leisurely strolls and waterfront parks for picnics. Usage peaks in summer months due to the region's mild , drawing crowds for two to four months annually, though efforts are underway to extend appeal year-round through additional amenities.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Erdek is twinned with in Italy, a partnership formalized on August 10, 2000. This relationship emphasizes cultural exchange and tourism promotion, leveraging the shared characteristics of both locations as ancient coastal towns with rich historical legacies—Otranto as the site of the Roman Hydruntum and Erdek as the ancient Artake. The primary purposes of this twinning include strengthening international relations between the municipalities and facilitating the exchange of best practices in heritage preservation and local governance. Collaborative efforts typically involve joint cultural events, student exchanges, and shared projects aimed at fostering mutual understanding and development. Erdek has historical ties to Nea Artaki in Greece; the latter was established in 1923 by Greek refugees from Erdek (formerly known as Artaki) following the Greco-Turkish population exchange.

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  62. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1593277-d17766686-Reviews-Erdek_Dalis_Kulubu-Erdek_Turkish_Aegean_Coast.html
  63. https://www.agoda.com/city/erdek-tr.html
  64. https://www.gmka.gov.tr/dokumanlar/yayinlar/GMKA-Regional-Plan-2014-2023.pdf
  65. https://sailingclick.com/marina/erdek-marina/
  66. https://www.beachatlas.com/erdek
  67. https://www.cvent.com/venues/erdek/hotel/hotel-arteka/venue-830a5776-d8fa-4e6d-aa4d-3fc3bfc4662d
  68. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/yerelyonetimler/dokumanlar/belediyelere--8230-53440-20210701123252.xlsx
  69. https://www.tbb.gov.tr/tr/kardes-sehirler
  70. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/arem/turkiyenin-kardes-sehirleri
  71. https://www.kardessehirler.org.tr/tdbb-kardes-sehirler-kilavuzu
  72. https://uclg-mewa.org/calismalarimiz/kardes-sehirler/
  73. https://www.tbb.gov.tr/tr/neden-kardes-sehir
  74. https://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Artaki
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